The Historia Vie Hierosolimitane of Gilo of Paris and a Second, Anonymous Author [PDF]

OXFORD

MEDIEVAL

TEXTS

General Editors D.

E. GREENWAY

F. HARVEY

M. LAPIDGE

TS PORTAGE HIEROSOLEIMITANE

Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2023 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/historiaviesichi0000gilo

THE AISTORIA VIE HIEROSOLIMITANE OF GILO OF PARIS AND A SECOND, ANONYMOUS AUTHOR

EDITED

C. W.

AND

GROco*ck

CLARENDON

TRANSLATED

AND

PRESS 1997

J. E. SIBERRY

OXFORD

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© C. W. Groco*ck andJ.E. Siberry 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. Within the UK, exceptions are allowed in respect ofany fair dealing for the purpose ofresearch or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms and in other countries should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press,

at the address above. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gilo, ofParis, d. ca. 1142.

[De via Hierosolymitana. English| The Historia vie [sic] Hierosolimitane / of Gilo ofParis, and a second, anonymous author; introduction and notes by C. W. Groco*ck andf.E. Siberry.—Critical ed. and English translation / by C. W. Groco*ck. p. em. —( Oxford medieval texts) 1. Christian poetry, Latin (Medieval and modern) —Translations into English. 2. Epic poetry, Latin (Medieval and modern) — Translations into English. 3. Jerusalem —History —Latin Kingdom, — 1099—1244—Poetry. 4. Bohemond I, Prince ofAntioch, 10582—1111— Poetry. 5. Christian poetry, Latin (Medieval and modern)

6. Godfrey, ofBouillon, ca. 1060—1100—Poetry. 7. Epic poetry, Latin (Medieval and modern) 8. Crusades —First, 1096—1099—Poetry. I. Croco*ck, C. W. IL. Siberry, Elizabeth. II. Title. IV. Series. PA8330.G53D4313 1996 873.03 —dc20 g6—2390 ISBN o—19—822274—2 13579108642 Typeset byJoshua Associates Limited, Oxford Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Bookcraft Ltd.,

Midsomer-Norton

Nr. Bath, Somerset

ay| ASTI) E100 +

PA\ ¥220

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PREFACE

a7 Tuts volume of Oxford Medieval Texts began its life as a Ph.D. thesis by Dr C. W. Groco*ck at Bedford College, University of London. The work as it stands is a collaborative venture by Drs Groco*ck and Elizabeth Siberry. The Latin text, translation, and apparatus are by Dr Groco*ck, as are the sections of the introduction and notes related to textual, metrical, and literary matters; the historical notes

and historical sections of the introduction are the work of Dr Siberry. Our thanks are due to our respective mentors, Professors Barrie Hall and Jonathan Riley-Smith, for their ongoing help, guidance, and encouragement in the preparation of this work. The authors are also indebted to the general editors of OMT for their patience, careful guidance, and generous assistance while the typescript was being prepared for the press. C.W.G.

J.-E, March 1995

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CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

xiii

INTRODUCTION

I. The Poem

xiii

II. The Authors

III. IV. V. VI. VI. VIII. IX. X.

XVili

Date Stylistic Features Metre and Rhyme The Manuscripts Relationship of the Manuscripts Previous Editions Relationships with Other Sources Editorial Conventions

SIGLA HISTORIA

Book Book Book Book Book Book Book Book Book

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

I II III IV (1) V (II) VI VII (III) VIII (IV) IX (V)

APPENDIX: References to Non-Gilo Manuscripts INDEX

GENERAL

CITATIONS INDEX

AND

ALLUSIONS

XXiV XXIV XXVIil XXXVIil

xlii liii lvii lxiv

ABBREVIATIONS

Note: unless otherwise stated below, all references to primary sources are made by page. Albert of Aachen

Albert of Aachen, Historia Hierosolimitana, in RHC, Hist. occ. iv. 265-713.

Anonymus Littorensis Archives de l’Orient latin

in RHC, Hist. occ. v. 253-92.

Baldric of Dol Balduini II Historia Nicaena uel Antiochena Bernold of St Blasien

Caffaro

ed. P. Riant, 2 vols. (Paris, 1881-4). Historia Ierosolimitana, in RHC, Hist. occ. iv. I-III.

in RHC, Hist. occ. v. 133-85. Chronicon, in MGH, Scriptores in Folio et Quarto, v. 385-467. Caffaro de Caschifelone, De Liberatione

Ciuitatum Orientis, ed. L. T. Belgrano, in Fonti per la Storia d'ltalia, 5 vols. Chanson d’Antioche

Crusade and Settlement

(Rome, 1890-1929), i. La Chanson d’Antioche, ed. S. DuparcQuioc, 2 vols. (Paris, 1976-8), cited by line. Crusade and Settlement: Papers Read at the First Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East and Presented to R. C. Smail, ed. P. W.

Edbury (Cardiff, 198s). Curtius, European Literature

E. R. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. W. R. Trask (London, 1953).

David, Robert Curthose

C. W. David, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (Cambridge, 1920). R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban IT, i: Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam,

Decreta Claromontensia

1972).

Duparc-Quioc, ‘Poeme latin’

Ekkehard of Aura,

EMerosolymita Faral, Arts poétiques

ABBREVIATIONS

S. Duparc-Quioc, ‘Un poéme latin du xu® siécle sur la premiére Croisade par Gilon de Toucy, augmenté par Fulco’, Zeitschrift fiir franzosische Sprache und Literatur, NF ii (1987), 35-49. in RHC, Hist. occ. v. 1-40. E. Faral, Les Arts poétiques du XII’ et du XIII siécle: recherches et documents sur la technique littéraire du Moyen Age (Paris, 1924).

Fulcher of Chartres

Fulcher von Chartres, Historia Hierosolimi-

Gesta Francorum

tana, ed. H. Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg, 1913). The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Ferusalem, ed. R. Hill (NMT, 1962).

Gesta Triumphalia per Pisanos Facta Groco*ck, ‘Ovid the Crusader’

ed. L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum

Guibert of Nogent

Scriptores, vi. 99-106. C. W. Groco*ck, ‘Ovid the Crusader’, Ovid Renewed, ed. C. Martindale (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 55—69. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Fran-

Hagenmeyer, ‘Zimmern’

cos, in RHC, Hist. occ. iv. 113-263. H. Hagenmeyer, ‘Etude sur la Chron-

HGL

Historia Gotfridi

ique de Zimmern: renseignements qu’elle fournit sur la Premiere Croisade’, Archives de l’Orient latin, ii (1884), 17-88. Histoire générale de Languedoc, ed. C. Devic andJ. Vaissette, rev. A. Molinier etal. (Toulouse, 1879-1904). Anonymi Rhenani Historia et Gesta Ducis

Gotfridi, in RHC, Hist. occ. v. 439-524. Ibn al-’Athir

Klopsch, Einfuhrung

Kamil al-tawarikh (Sum of the Histories’), in RHC, Hist. or. i. 189-744, ii/1. 1-180. P. Klopsch, Einftihrung in die

mittellateinische 1972).

Verslehre

(Darmstadt,

“a

Die Kreuzzugsbriefe

Matthew of Edessa Meeting of Two Worlds

Norberg, Jntroduction

Orderic Vitalis

Outremer

Peter the Venerable

Peter Tudebode

ABBREVIATIONS

H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088-1100 (Innsbruck, IgOI). Chronicle, in RHC, Doc. arm. i. 1-150. Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange between East and West during the Period of the Crusades, ed. V. P. Goss (KalamaZ00, 1986). D. Norberg, Introduction a l'étude de la versification latine médiévale (Stockholm, 1958). The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. M. Chibnall, 6 vols. (OMT, 1969-80). Outremer: Studies in the Crusading Kingdom ofFerusalem, presented to F. Prawer, ed. B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer, and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem, 1982). The Letters of Peter the Venerable, ed. G. Constable, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), cited by letter. Petrus Tudebodus, Historia de Hieroso-

lymitano Itinere, ed.J.H. and L. L. Hill (Paris, 1977). J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844-64).

BE Ralph of Caen

Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, in RHC,

Raymond of Aguilers

Hist. occ. iii. 587-716. Le Liber de Raymond d’Aguilers, ed. J. H. et L. L. Hill (Paris, 1969).

RHC Doce. arm. Hisst. occ. Hist. or.

Riley-Smith, “The motives’

Recueil des historiens des Croisades (Paris, Académie des Inscriptions et BellesLettres, 1841-1906). Documents arméniens Historiens occidentaux Historiens orientaux J. S. C. Riley-Smith, “The motives of the earliest Crusaders and the settlement of Latin Palestine’, English Histor-

ical Review, xcviii (1983), 721-36.

xii

Riley-Smith, ‘Death on the First Crusade’

Riley-Smith, [dea of Crusading Riley-Smith, “The First Crusade and St Peter’ Robert of Rheims Runciman, Hist. Crus.

SCH Setton, History ofthe Crusades Siberry, Criticism of Crusading Smail, Crusading Warfare Tudebodus Imitatus et Continuatus

William of Tyre

ABBREVIATIONS

J. S. C. Riley-Smith, ‘Death on the First Crusade’, in The End of Strife, ed. D. M. Loades (Edinburgh, 1984), pp. 14-32. J. S.C. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea ofCrusading (London, 1986). in Outremer, q.v. above, pp. 41-64. Robertus Monachus, Historia Merosoli-

mitana, in RHC, Hist. occ. iii. 717-893. S. Runciman, A History ofthe Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1951-4). Studies in Church History. K. M. Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades, 6 vols. (Madison and Milwaukee, 1969-90). J. E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, 1095-1274 (Oxford, 1985). R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare, 10971193 (Cambridge, 1956). in RHC, Hist. occ. iii. 165-229. Willelmi Tyrensis Archiepiscopi Chronicon, edarReiH! BG Huygens) 2: vols. (Corpus Christianorum. — Continuatio Medievalis, 63,63A; Turnhout, 1986).

INTRODUCTION

Le DEbBeP OEM THE text of the medieval Latin epic poem Historia uie Hierosolimitane which is presented in this volume of Oxford Medieval Texts is unusual in that it is the work of not one but two authors, whose perspectives and interests in the First Crusade were as different as

were their respective poetic styles. The first author, Gilo of Paris, narrates a tale which resembles very closely in its contents the anonymous Gesta Francorum, and displays a command of Latin hexameters which (by twelfth-century standards) is both competent and fairly classicizing, though the earlier part of his work does make extensive use of leonine rhyme. The text of Gilo’s poem survives in two very similar recensions, in five manuscripts.! A sixth manuscript alone, manuscript G, contains both the poem by Gilo and additional work of a second, anonymous, poet, whose approach to the First Crusade and whose source material reveal him to be an ardent supporter of Godfrey of Bouillon (whereas for Gilo, the hero of the crusade was Bohemond), and whose poetic style is at variance with that of Gilo, employing as it does consistent end-rhyme and linear constructions which are quite clumsy compared to Gilo’s altogether neater verses. This second poet is referred to in this edition as the Charleville Poet, from the present location of the manuscript which contains his work at Charleville-Meézieres. He has in previous editions been referred to as ‘Fulco’, though the attribution of this name to him appears to be unfounded (see the discussion below, Section II). Gilo’s part of the poem presented here is complete as it stands, as the anonymous continuator makes clear; the second poet does not attempt to rewrite it, but rather adopts an extremely deferential attitude to it (cf. iii. 445-8). In fact his work is far from being a later reworking of Gilo’s poem, which begins with the siege of Nicaea and ends with the election of Godfrey as ruler. The text preserved in the CharlevilleMéziéres manuscript contains Gilo’s poem with further passages ' See below, Sect. V.

XiV

INTRODUCTION

(four whole books and two substantial additional sections added on to the end of Gilo’s books) written by the second poet to incorporate episodes such as the council of Clermont, the journeys of the various groups of crusaders across Europe, including the disastrous ‘Peasants’ Crusade’, and the expeditions to Edessa and Egypt, in order to complete the story as he knew it from the sources available to him. The present volume went to press before reference could be made to John France’s new study Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994). The authorship of the poem as set out in this edition (and indeed in MS G, the sole repository of the Charleville Poet’s work) can therefore be attributed as follows:

BOOK.

AUTHOR

i ii iii

Charleville Poet: the Council of Clermont Charleville Poet: the Peasants’ Crusade Charleville Poet: the arrival of the armies at Constantin-

iv Vv vi Vii Vili

AND

SUBJECT

ople (vv. i-59, 120-355) Gilo of Paris: the siege of Nicaea (vv. 60-119, 356-435) Charleville Poet: supplementary episodes involving Godfrey (vv. 1-460) Gilo of Paris: the first siege of Antioch (vv. 461-76) Charleville Poet: brief conclusion Charleville Poet: the expeditions to Edessa and to Babylon (Cairo) Gilo of Paris: the second siege of Antioch Gilo of Paris: the capture of Albara, Ma‘arrat anNu‘man, and Tortosa

Gilo of Paris: the siege and capture of Jerusalem

In style, content, and emphasis, there are noticeable differences between the two authors. For example, like the lay author of the Gesta Francorum,’ Gilo chose Bohemond as the hero of his tale, whereas the Charleville Poet favoured Godfrey of Bouillon. Indeed he only mentioned Bohemond by name twice.’ Both also included some unique details, and this suggests that they were drawing upon local traditions, or had access to eyewitness accounts. In order to underline the key role played by Godfrey of Bouillon, the Charleville Poet was quite capable of manipulating the facts and > Gesta Francorum, pp. xi-xvi.

3 ji, 2433 iii. 419.

THE POEM

accepted chronology of the expedition. For example, in his account, Godfrey heads the list of Western nobles who took part in the First Crusade,‘ and becomes the first leader to arrive in Constantinople;° after a victorious skirmish with Byzantine forces he and his men cross over into Asia Minor,’ and he thereby becomes the only leader not to swear an oath to the Byzantine emperor, Alexius Comnenus.’ In fact Raymond of Toulouse was the first of the leaders to take the cross and may even have been consulted about the expedition before Urban IIs sermon at Clermont.’ Hugh of Vermandois was already in the Byzantine capital when Godfrey arrived on the outskirts of the city in December 1096, and it was Raymond rather than Godfrey who refused to take the oath to Alexius. Finally Godfrey was forced to sail to Asia Minor after his troops had been defeated in a skirmish with the Byzantine army.’ In addition, in his description of the march across Hungary, the Charleville Poet uses an exhortatory speech to his forces as a vehicle to underline Godfrey’s devotion both to God and to the Crusade,"° and the route which he describes

takes little account of the journeys of the other crusading leaders.!! The chronology of book ii is also rather confused, because the Charleville Poet chose to treat the Peasants’ Crusade as one large and united expedition, rather than as a series of separate armies. This was to underline the main theme of the book, namely, the contrast between the unruly Germans who accompanied Peter the Hermit and the more disciplined body led by Godfrey, whose devotion to God is consistently underscored by the Charleville Poet. In the additional material added to book iv, the Charleville Poet also made Godfrey, as well as his brother Baldwin, journey through

Cilicia!’ and he attributed the embassy from Edessa in book vito the * i.174. As the hero of the Charleville Poet’s work, Godfrey of Bouillon naturally heads this list of prominent crusaders.

> iii. 218-31. ° iii. 408-12. In fact after some initial successes in skirmishes outside the walls of Constantinople, Godfrey’s men were defeated by the seasoned Byzantine troops. 7 iii. 427-40. g See. H. and L. L. Hill, Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, ro41 (ou 1042) —1105 (Toulouse,

1959), Pp- 23-6.

» Again the Charleville Poet emphasizes Godfrey’s role as hero ofthe crusade, making him the first leader both to arrive in Constantinople and to cross over into Asia Minor. This emphasis is not simply due to his origins in Lorraine, as Duparc-Quioc points out (‘Poéme latin’, p. 38): Albert of Aachen makes it clear that the passage oftime altered the emphasis placed on the different leaders of the crusade when he writes Bohemondi semper fama claruit... nunc Godefridi primum nomen scintillabat (Albert of Aachen, pp. 344-5).

10 iii. 75-108.

1 i, 270-304.

2 iv. 356-97 and nn.

Xvi

INTRODUCTION

fame of Godfrey, whereas both Fulcher of Chartres and Albert of Aachen wrote that the people of Edessa asked specifically for

Baldwin.

In book vi, which is partly devoted to Baldwin’s

exploits, the Charleville Poet took care to distance the brother of his hero from any involvement in the deposition and subsequent murder of the Armenian ruler of Edessa, Thoros.'* There are other indications that the poet’s own interests were centred on Lorraine. For example, he refers to Henry IV as the ruler of Lorraine, rather than as Emperor of Germany’ and alludes to the dispute over the county of Flanders, which involved two of the leading figures of the First Crusade, Robert of Flanders

and Baldwin of Hainault."® The Charleville Poet, however, did not slavishly follow local tradition. Recent research has shown that the story that Peter the Hermit had been on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and there received an appeal for aid from the Patriarch which he subsequently delivered to the Pope, was.a Lotharingian tradition.!’ It was

repeated by Albert of Aachen,!* but not by the Charleville Poet. The latter’s graphic account of the defeat of the Germans at Xerigordon is also unique,’ and he is the only source to describe in such detail the disheartening effect upon morale which their encounter with the survivors of the Peasants’ Crusade had upon Godfrey’s forces.”° Of particular interest, however, is the implication in book i that Godfrey’s participation in the First Crusade owed much to a personal appeal for aid from Patriarch Euthymius of Jerusalem. No other source mentions this detail, but a mission from the Patriarch, led by Abbot Sergius of Jerusalem, did travel to France in 1088 on business matters concerning the abbey’s European properties.”’ Thus far no reference has been traced to any appeal for military aid made at this time, but it is conceivable that the opportunity was taken to discuss the plight of the Holy City with prominent lay figures. It is quite likely that the Charleville Poet was the recipient of oral tradition about Godfrey of Bouillon, the existence and nature of which has been examined in relation to the vernacular Chansons 3 vi. 68-75, go-5, and n. 15 1, 86.

4 vi. 150-5, 288-01. 16.4 °208—12.

'7 FE. O. Blake and C. Morris, ‘A hermit goes to war: Peter and the origins of the First

Crusade’, SCH xxii (1985), 79-107.

'8 Albert of Aachen, pp. 272-3. 20 iii. 15-64.

19 ii, 117-20. si s7oandinine 556%

I. THE POEM

XVii

de Croisade, but without any real reference to the quasi-legendary material found both in the Charleville Poet and in Albert of Aachen.” Bouillon is only 20 km. to the east of Charleville, and assuming (as seems likely) that the poet was a member of one of the religious foundations whose libraries eventually found their way to the municipal library at Charleville, he would have been ideally situated to know about and to draw upon such a tradition. The use of orally transmitted material would also explain the divergences between the Charleville Poet’s account and that of Albert of Aachen. There remains one problem: is all the additional work found in the Charleville manuscript the work of one poet, or was a multiplicity of writers involved? Mas-Latrie® lays great store on the conclusion to book iii, where ‘Fulco’ (as he names the Charleville Poet) professes to leave all the rest of the telling of the story to Gilo. Mas-Latrie claims that although the additions to books iv and v (as well as the complete book vi) are clearly not Gilo’s work, they ought not to be attributed to ‘Fulco’ either: ‘ces morceaux intercalaires seraient donc d’un troisiéme auteur, écrivant postérieurement a Albert d’Aix et, tres probablement aussi, postérieurement a Foulques’.”* Mas-Latrie also notes that some typographical means ought to be employed to differentiate the work of Gilo and the additional material. Riant made no attempt to do so, whereas in the present edition the additional work is clearly distinguished by printing text and translation in italic. The problem concerning the authorship of the additional material pivots on the veracity of the Charleville Poet’s statement at the end of book iii that he is leaving all the remainder of the storytelling to Gilo. On stylistic grounds it is clear that the additions found in MS G after this are not by Gilo, but are very similar in both style and content to books i-iii. These similarities include: lists, an interest in matters geographical, digressions, a characteristic use of the Bible,” and above all a concentration on Godfrey of Bouillon as the central figure of the crusade. The situation is perhaps best explained by the contents of Gilo’s poem itself; not only does it omit the subject-matter of books i-iii, it also fails to include 2 See e.g. P. Knoch, Studien zu Albert von Aachen (Stuttgart, 1966), p. 67, who maintains that his primary source was a ‘Lotharingian Crusade chronicle’.

3 RHC (Hist. occ.), v, pp. cxl—cxliii. 4 Thid., p. cxliii; Duparc-Quioc, ‘Poéme latin’, pp. 36-7. 25 See Groco*ck, ‘Ovid the Crusader’, pp. 55-7.

XViii

INTRODUCTION

any mention of other episodes (such as Godfrey’s fight with a bear) that the Charleville Poet knew and felt ought to be included. Above all, we need to remember that the twelfth century had little regard for the notions of ownership of a text, plagiarism, or literary falsehood that are commonplace in our own day. The metrical practices evidenced in the additions to books iv and v and in book vi also point to their being the work of the same author as books i-iii.2° In conclusion, it seems likely that, despite the statement we read at the end of book iii, all the additional material contained in

the Charleville manuscript is the work of a single author. IL -LHE

AUTHORS

At the end of book ix, Gilo of Paris identifies himself as Gilo nomine, Parisiensis incola, Tutiaci non inficiandus alumnus.

(ix. 374-5) Gilo, a resident of Paris and a native of Toucy, which by no means disowns me.

And in the Prologue to book iv (which is found in only three of the six MSS which preserve Gilo’s work), he refers to himself as someone of advancing age, who had already attempted to write an epic poem and who had composed ‘light verse’ in his youth. More details are found in the explicit to MSS B and C, which reads: explicit libellus Gilonis, Parisiensis clerici, postea Cluniacensis monachi,

inde cardinalis episcopi, de via Iherosolimitana, quando expulsis et occisis paganis devicte sunt Nicea, Antiochia et Iherusalem a Christianis. Here ends the little book of Gilo, a cleric of Paris, afterwards monk at Cluny, thereafter cardinal-bishop, about the journey to Jerusalem, when Nicaea, Antioch, and Jerusalem were conquered by the Christians, and the pagans driven out and killed.

Finally, the Charleville poet refers to him as ‘domnus Gilo Parisiensis’, ‘my lord Gilo of Paris’, in the explicit of book iii.2” From these scattered references it is possible to identify the author as Gilo, a Cluniac monk from Toucy in the county of Auxerre, who subsequently became cardinal-bishop of Tusculum *6 See below, Section IV.

ZT NAAT:

Il. THE AUTHORS

xix

(Frascati). Unfortunately nothing is known about the early part of his life, but he appears to have spent some time as a clerk in Paris before he became a monk at Cluny. He subsequently went to Rome, where he was elected cardinal-bishop of Tusculum. Gilo first appears as such in papal documents on 28 December 1121;”° it is possible that he was drawn into the papal entourage when Calixtus II visited Cluny early in January 1120.”’ This was also the occasion when the pope canonized a former abbot of that house, St

Hugh.*? While he was resident in Rome, Gilo composed a life of St

Hugh.*! There has been some controversy about the dating of this work,” but in the dedicatory letter to Abbot Pons of Melgueil, which prefaces the work, Gilo makes it clear that it was written after his arrival in this city: Dignum profecto fuit ut uita illius Romae particulatim scriberetur, qui, dum uiuit, Romanorum principum, Petri dico et Pauli, maximus cultor exstitisse cognoscitur. | Truly it was fitting that his Life should be written at Rome above all places, for while he lived he is known to have stood out as a very great devotee of the princes of Rome, that is, of Peter and Paul.

Gilo also laments that he exchanged the peace of the cloister for the corruption of Rome.*? The writing of this letter (and of the poem) must therefore be dated after St Hugh’s canonization in 1120 and before the resignation of Abbot Pons in the spring of 1122. Gilo’s life of St Hugh seems to have been widely read and was the principal source used by a later and more famous biographer, Hildebert of Lavardin.** In the 1120s, Gilo undertook two embassies on behalf of Popes Calixtus II and Honorius II. The first of these was to Hungary and Poland. A few brief references to this legation have survived in medieval Polish cartularies. Gilo is 8 Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed. P. Jaffé et al., 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1881-8), i. 802,

citation no. 6940 (5073); PL clxiii. 1227. Gilo is the third signatory, using the formula ego Aegidius Tusculanus Episcopus, to the bull Ad uniuersos fideles. 29 See Calixtus II, Bullaire, ed. U. Robert (Paris, 1891), nos. 120-4.

30 The

Chronica Cluniacensis (Bibliothéque Nationale, MS

lat. 9875), quoted by

U. Robert, Histoire du Pape Calixte IT (Paris and Besancon, 1891), p. 99 n. 3. 31 For the text of this, see Vie de saint Hugues, abbédeCluny, 1024-1109, ed. A. L’Huillier (Solesmes, 1888), pp. 574-618. * Tbid., pp. 569-72; T. Schieffer, ‘Notice sur les vies de saint Hugues, abbé de Cluny’, Le Moyen Age, 3rd ser., vii (1936), 85-7.

33 Gilo of Paris, Epistolae, in PL clxxiii. 1389-90. 34 Schieffer, ‘Notice’, pp. 88—9; Hildebert ofLeMans, Vita Sancti Hugonis, in PL clix.

857-94

INTRODUCTION

known to have authenticated a list of donations which had been

made to the Benedictine house of Tyniec in 1105,* and he also

reached an agreement with King Bolestaw III Krzywousty (“Wrymouth’) of Poland about the boundaries of the new diocese of Wioctawek. These were later confirmed by Pope Eugenius III in

April 1148.36 Gilo also issued a document from the Carinthian monastery of Arnoldstein, in the diocese of Aquileia, dated 1126.%” This prompted the German historian Bachmann to place Gilo’s mission some time between 1125 and 1128," but it should also be noted that the Arnoldstein charter has only survived in a fifteenthcentury copy and its date of 1126 may therefore be considered unreliable. In fact Gilo’s legation is more likely to have taken place between 6 April 1123 and 7 March 1125, when his name is missing from papal documents*’ and probably before the death of Calixtus II in December 1124.*° In April 1125 Gilo was certainly in Rome, for he appeared as one of the signatories of a series of privileges

given to Cluny by Calixtus’ successor Honorius II.”! Gilo’s second mission was to the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. Its purpose was to settle a long-standing dispute about the ecclesiastical province of Tyre, which was claimed as a suffragan see by the patriarchs of both Antioch and Jerusalem. When the new archbishop of Tyre, the historian William, was consecrated in 1127, Honorius II confirmed that his see should be subject to the patriarch

of Jerusalem,

but Bernard

of Valence,

the patriarch

Antioch, refused to accept this. In the spring of 1128, William of Tyre and Roger, bishop of Ramleh, arrived in Rome to plead their case and as a result of their visit the pope restated his previous ruling. It was still not accepted, however, by the other party, Bernard, and Gilo was therefore sent to the Latin kingdom in 1129 to enforce the papal decree.*” Not surprisingly there is a reference % Codex Diplomaticus Monasterii Tynecensis, ed. W. Ketrzynski and S. Smolka (Lwoéw, 1875), pp. 1-3. These privileges were subsequently confirmed by Popes Gregory IX and X in 1229 and 1275. See ibid., pp. 19-28, 54-6. © Eugenius III, Opera, in PL clxxx. 1328-9.

*” Germania Pontificia, ed. A. Brackmann, 3 vols. (Gottingen, 1911-35), i. 134. * See J. Bachmann, Die papstlichen Legaten in Deutschland und Skandinavien (1125—59) (Berlin, 1913), pp. 15-16. %° Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed.Jaffé, i. 780.

*° See P. David, ‘Le monachisme bénédictin et l’Ordre de Cluny dans la Pologne médiévale’, Revue Mabillon, xxvii (1937), 43-54, 125-38, 157-87, at p. 161.

‘| Honorius II, Epistolae, in PL clxvi. 1225-7. * See J. G. Rowe, “The papacy and the ecclesiastical province of Tyre (1110-1187)’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, xliii (1960-1), 174-8.

Il. THE AUTHORS

XXi

to this legation.in William of Tyre’s Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum. \n fact William quotes a letter of warning sent by

Pope Honorius to the patriarch of Antioch.* One of Gilo’s letters to Bernard has also survived, in which he urges the patriarch to

settle his quarrel and be reconciled with Rome.

His pleas,

however, do not seem to have been heeded, and the affiliation of

Tyre remained a matter of controversy until Bernard’s death in

Bass? Soon after his return to the West in 1130, Gilo became involved in the schism between the two rival popes, Innocent II and Ana-

cletus IJ.*° He chose to side with the latter, although Innocent had the support of powerful figures within the church such as Bernard of Clairvaux and Peter the Venerable, abbot of Gilo’s former house, Cluny, as well as the support of King Henry I of England and the Emperor Lothar of Germany. Gilo became Anacletus’ representative in France and took up residence in Poitiers, shortly after another of the antipope’s supporters, Gérard of Angouléme, was elected archbishop of Bordeaux in 1131.*” Indeed he acted as witness to one of the archbishop’s first acts, the grant of the church of Saint-Pierre-de-Bensac to the monks of Sainte-Croix at Bordeaux.** Peter the Venerable was among those who sought to persuade Gilo to abandon Anacletus and in a letter dated some time between 1130 and 1134, he appealed to him to be reconciled to

Innocent. Peter and Gilo may even have met in Poitiers in 1133.” But even in 1135, when Gérard was excommunicated by the papal legate Geoffrey of Chartres, Gilo refused to change his allegiance. In the same year, Gilo witnessed two further charters for Saint-

Hilaire and Montierneuf as a supporter of Anacletus.*° In 1136 the 3 William of Tyre, i. 617-18. William refers to Gilo as uirum eloquentem et litteratum admodum. The same letter is found in PL clxvi. 1281. * Gilo of Paris, Epistolae, in PL clxxiii. 1389-94. *® See B. Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States (London, 1980), pp. 27-9. © See F. J. Schmale, Studien zum Schisma des Jahres 1130 (Cologne, 1961), pp. 335 77-9: 7 Ernaldus, Vita Sancti Bernardi, in PL clxxxv. 286. See also H. Bloch, “The schism of Anacletus II and the Glanfeuil forgeries of Peter the Deacon’, Traditio, viii (1952), 159264, at pp. 169, 171. 48 A. Maratu, Girard, évéque d’Angouléme, légat du Saint-Siége, 1060-1136 (Angouléme,

1866), pp. 306-7, 370-1. 9 Peter the Venerable, epp. 40 and 66 (i. 134-6, ii. 126), and appendixJ. °0 W.Janssen, ‘Die papstlichen Legaten in Frankreich vom Schisma Anaklets II. bis zum Tode Coelestins III. (1130-98)’, Kélner historische Abhandlungen, v (1961), 5-15, at

p. 14 and n. 48; Gallia Christiana in prouincias ecclesiasticas distributa, ed. Congregation of Saint-Maur, 16 vols. (Paris, 1715-1865; repr. Farnborough, 1970), ii, Instrumenta, 355.

XXxii

INTRODUCTION

schismatics lost the support of Duke William of Aquitaine and in

March Gérard died.*! Little is known about the next period of Gilo’s life, but it is possible that he met Peter the Venerable again in Grenoble in 1137 and after Anacletus’ death, in January 1138, Peter wrote a second letter urging Gilo to return to the fold.*’ Gilo seems to have heeded this advice and his name appears again on papal documents

between 21 June 1138 and 1 March 1139.°? However, at the Second Lateran Council in 1139, Innocent II denounced all the followers

of Anacletus, including Gérard of Angouléme and Gilo.** Gilo seems to have died shortly afterwards and certainly he was dead before April 1142, when Imarus is mentioned in papal letters as

cardinal-bishop of Tusculum.*° When one comes to consider the author of the additional material found only in the Charleville manuscript, a problem immediately rears its head. Sirmond stated that the author of books 1-iii

was a certain Fulk (Fulco),**.and all subsequent editions of this poem have attributed this part of the work to a writer of that name.’ Indeed, it has even been suggested that he may have been the same person as the Magister Fulco who taught at the schools in

Rheims and was dean there from 1165 to 1175.°° However, a question-mark was placed against the attribution to ‘Fulco’ by Berthereau,” who makes the pertinent remark quis et unde fuerit Fulco nusquam apparet (“There is no mention of who this Fulco was or where he came from’). In the manuscript itself (and the contents of their various editions make it clear that all the previous editors 5! Maratu, Girard, p. 323. 2 Peter the Venerable, i. 195-7; ii. 141, 293. 53 Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed. Jaffe, i. 840. 54 Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta, ed. G. Alberigo et al. (Bologna, 1973), p. 203; Chronique de Morigny, ed. L. Mirot (Paris, 1909), pp. 72-3. *> Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, ed. Jaffé, i. 840; Peter the Venerable, App.J. °° In Historia Francorum Scriptores, ed. A. Du Chesne (Paris, 1639-48), iv. 890. *” See below, Sect. VIII. The error was repeated as recently as 1987 by Suzanne Duparc-Quioc, who accepts Du Chesne’s identification of the anonymous

poet as

‘Fulco’ without question (‘Poeme latin’, p. 35 and n. 4). 8 J. R. Williams, ‘The cathedral school of Rheims in the time of Master Alberic, 1118-1136’, Traditio, xx (1964), 93-114, at p. 112 and n. 123. See also J. W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and his Circle, 2 vols. (Princeton, 1970), i. 154-5, ii. 107. * ‘Recueil sur les Croisades, X’: Berthereau’s original notes are contained in Paris, BN Fr. go8o, fo. 127". They are calendared in Archives de l’Orient latin, ii (1884), 105=30, ‘Inventaire sommaire des manuscrits relatifs a histoire et a la géographie de l’Orient latin, I. Inventaire des recueils Berthereau’, at p. 130.

Il. THE AUTHORS

XXIi1

who have attributed the work to ‘Fulco’ have known Charleville manuscript, and no other sources), the writer gives his own name, and the name ‘Fulco’ does not Sirmond himself gives no source for the name; the text he

only the nowhere appear. presents demonstrates that no leaves have been lost from the MS, and that the text was in as poor a state in his day as it is now. In the absence of any positive identification of authorship, the poem contained in this manuscript must be regarded as anonymous, and its author is referred to in this edition as the ‘Charleville Poet’. A study of the Charleville Poet’s contribution to the work shows that he was an accomplished writer, and the form of the Charleville manuscript itself suggests that it was the personal possession of an individual, rather than part of a library. It is very

small, is coarsely bound (the binding is almost certainly original)” in wooden boards, and is written on poorly palimpsested parchment entirely in a single hand. The presence in the same manuscript of the works of Avitus and the Ecloga Theoduli, which were texts commonly used in the schools, may imply that the Charleville Poet was a teacher. Other evidence for this supposition is the poet’s knowledge of the classics, which is by no means as evident as is the case with Gilo, or better-known twelfth-century poets such as Walter of Chatillon, but which is evident none the less. The poet also has a vivid interest in geography and ethnography, which is illustrated by the copious lists which he includes in his work. The decorations in the text imply a provenance from the Champagne area, which would accord with its presence in Charle-

ville, though its exact origin is unknown.°! As Williams has pointed out, most of the Charleville manuscripts came from religious houses which had close links with Rheims, such as Signy and Mont-Dieu.® However, it may also be significant that Charleville is only 20 km. due east of Lower Lorraine and Bouillon. From the evidence of the poem and the manuscript, it would therefore seem that the Charleville Poet came from the Champagne area or the vicinity of Bouillon. He chose as his hero a notable local figure, 6° P. Gasnault, Le Manuscrit médiéval (Paris, 1976), p. 20; L. Gilissen, La Reliure occiden-

tale antérieure a41400 (Turnhout, 1983), pp. 37-9, and pl. X. 61 The decoration ofthe initial capital to book i is very similar in execution to, though less ornate than, those found in Rheims MS 372, a manuscript of St Hilary and Boethius: see the illustration in Trésors de la bibliothéque municipale de Reims, ed. M. de Lemps and R. Laslier (Rheims, 1978), ex. 25.

§ Williams, ‘Cathedral school’, p. 112.

XXiV

INTRODUCTION

Godfrey of Bouillon and, apart from his desire to add important details to what he had considered an incomplete account of the First Crusade, his work clearly has another, specific, purpose: to glorify Godfrey, the duke of Lorraine, who became the first ruler of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

ACL Ee

At one point (ix. 374-5) Gilo states that he was resident in Paris at the time of the poem’s completion, but apart from this passing observation we have no real indication of its date.*? Several previous editors of the work have suggested 1119 as the date of its composition, presumably on the grounds of a brief reference to King Baldwin I implying that at the time of writing he was no longer ruler of the Latin kingdom: iste minor natu fuit eius denique frater, qui post se rexit Solimorum sceptra decenter.

(vi. 94-5) This was his younger brother, and he ruled Jerusalem worthily after him.

This was obviously taken as a clear terminus post quem for the work; Baldwin died in 1118. However, book vi is now identified as the work of the Charleville Poet, and not of Gilo, and can therefore

provide a terminus post quem only for the Charleville Poet’s work.” We can therefore only speculate that Gilo’s part of the poem was written whilst he was a clerk in Paris, and before he became a monk at Cluny, in other words before 1120 at the very latest, and probably in the first decade of the century. Gilo’s part of the poem should therefore be classed with the other histories of the First Crusade written by ecclesiastics in the West such as Guibert of Nogent, in the first two decades of the twelfth century.”

STYERISTICSBEATURES

1. General The two poets whose combined work makes up the Historia uie Hierosolimitane are noticeably different with regard to their general 63 See above, Sect. I. 6 Tbid. 6° See below, Section IX, pp. lvii-lxi, lxiii-lxiv.

SIVeS

TV EIS TiC

RAD UIRE'S

XXV

style. Gilo writes in a restrained, careful manner for the most part, using periodically structured sentences. He occasionally employs a pithy, epigrammatic style, as for example at v. 130-6, 230-1, 369, and vii. 151-2. This may be encouraged to some extent by the use in the early part of his work of the leonine rhyme-scheme, which tends to militate against the more linear sentences found in the Charleville Poet. Other features of Gilo’s writing include the frequent use of zeugma (cf. viii. 35), and of the ablative absolute. The Charleville Poet, on the other hand, writes in a paratactic style, utilizing series of main verbs strung together by et and other conjunctions, and has a tendency not to employ subordination. In this his style recalls some of the linear features found in vernacular epic of the time (cf. i. 35-41). He also resorts to redundancy, adding words simply to make up the line where required (e.g. vi. 262).

2. Speeches The two poets are very different in the way they represent speeches. Gilo follows classical models in the inclusion of sometimes lengthy speeches in oratio recta. These recall the speeches found in Vergil and Lucan, except for the elegiac lament of Humberga

(v. 437-58), which,

as is demonstrated

elsewhere,

belongs firmly in the Ovidian tradition. Especially noteworthy are the 45-59, speech shorter and ix.

lengthy pre-battle speeches attributed to Bohemond in vii. and to Adhémar of Le Puy in vii. 378-99. Another long is put in the mouth of Peter the Hermit in vii. 343-56, and speeches are to be found at vii. 85-6, 358-60, 405-9, 437-9, 202-4.

The Charleville Poet, on the other hand, consistently uses oratio obliqua for his speeches, despite the fact that many of them are as lengthy as those penned by Gilo (cf. iii. 75-108, 115-22, 295-308, Vi. 448-69). It is a very unusual feature of the Charleville Poet’s work that he only resorts to oratio recta in two places, iii. g5—100 and vi. 448-53, reverting to oratio obliqua on both occasions.

3. Other features Another notable feature of the Charleville Poet is his frequent use of lists, which is a commonplace both in late Latin epic and in 6° Groco*ck, ‘Ovid the Crusader’, pp. 66-7.

XXVi

INTRODUCTION

vernacular epic too. Lengthy lists are included in his poem of the peoples and rivers of the Middle East (i. 59-64), of rivers (i. 15964), nations (i. 165-8), peoples (i. 184-6), participants in the

crusade (i. 195-244), ports in Italy (i. 261-4), areas of Greece (iii.

181-4), and biblical writers on Antioch (iv. 404-15). The nearest Gilo comes to this practice is on the solitary occasion found at v. 221-2. Repetition of words is found in the Charleville Poet at i. 27-8 (in proprias .. ./in proprios), and at iii. 335-6, an example of polyptoton which seems to owe a good deal to Statius Theb. viii. 398-9. Gilo also employs repetition, though to a much lesser extent (cf. alterutrum .. ./alterutrumque at v. 284-5). Stock phrases do occur in both poets, though, as with other features noted, they are more common

in the Charleville Poet than in Gilo, who shows a much greater ability to vary his phrases and vocabulary. Thus milia densa mouet is found at i. 197 and i. 230; sancti sub honore sepulchri at i. 230, 11. 139, iil. 126, and (with minor variations) at ili. 271; peditumque equitumque at ii. 4 and iv. 368; and, finally, concursus ad aulam at vi. 129 and 258. There is just one instance of this in Gilo, wenerat illa dies being found at both ix. 119 and ix. 271. Interiectio ex persona poetae is a major feature of both Latin and vernacular medieval poetry, and it is to be found in both poets, in the Charleville Poet at i. 249 and iii. 1-8, where he carefully signposts his intentions, and in Gilo at v. 80-2, v. 190, vii. 203-6, vii. 389, Vill. 121, Viil. 173, Vill. 265, and ix. 56. A variant ofthis occurs in

the concluding verses to the Charleville Poet’s books (i. 307-8, ii. 303-4, ili. 445-9, vi. 482-3). ; There are marked differences between the two poets in the names they use to denote certain places and groups of people. For example, in referring to the Franks, the Charleville Poet uses both Galli and Franci, whereas Gilo uses only Franci or Francigenae. Similarly, the Charleville Poet refers to the English as Brytanni (i. 168), Gilo as Angli (v. 129, 130, 229). Turci, denoting the Saracens, is found only in Gilo. The people of Venice are called Veneti by the Charleville Poet (i. 167, 261, 264) but Venetici by Gilo (vii. 91). Another difference is seen in the way the Charleville Poet uses abstract terms to refer to God, as at i. 7, i. 75, and iii. 153, and to refer to other entities at i. 35 and vi. 150. Gilo restricts himself to the more common terms, such as Deus, which the Charleville Poet

also uses.

IV. STYLISTIC FEATURES

XXV1i

4. Imagery and mythology Differences can also be detected in the way the two poets use imagery. The Charleville Poet tends to employ single-line images, which recall the imagery found in the Chanson de Roland and other vernacular epics: e.g. i. 52, confixam segetem potuisses cernere ferri, and i. 190, ac si concuterent elisa tonitrua fulmen. Other examples occur at ii. 214 (which owes much to Vergil), 217, 275, iii. 376, and iv. 79. Another similarity to the Roland is found at iii. 387. Images occupying more than one single line in the Charleville Poet are found at ii. 156-7 and iii. 41-2, and a lengthier series of biblical images occurs at iii. g7—100. Gilo also makes use of oneline images, such as Hugo comes magnus, leo seuis, mitibus agnus at iv. 29, and this also demonstrates the pithiness of his style. Other instances are to be seen at iv. 55, iv. 340, Vv. 277, V. 303, Vil. 473, and viii. 99. Gilo differs from the Charleville Poet, however, in his inclusion of some very fine similes, varying in length between three and six lines. These owe a great deal in their style to Vergil, but do not follow that author slavishly. They are to be found at iv. 234-6, iv. 262-4, v. 156-9, v. 341-4, and ix. 324-9. The last of these in particular is crafted very carefully, the first two lines setting the scene of a storm in the mountains (in plano uelut a summis cum montibus ingens |grando cadit mixtisque simul tonat imbribus ether), the next two describing the effects of the swollen rivers, each more devastating

than the one before (tunc collecta petunt demissas flumina ualles |saxa trahunt siluasque ferunt totaque uagantur |agri planitie), and culminating finally with the despairing groan of the rustic observing the

scene (gemitus dat rusticus imo |pectore). Both poets display a knowledge of classical mythology, though the Charleville Poet seems on the whole to be freer in his use of classical stories and images. His opening rejection of the pagan Muses (i. 15-32) is a commonplace in medieval literature, and is discussed in the notes on these verses; but this rejection is belied by the references to Phlegrae certamina at i. 64, the reminiscence from Caesar’s De bello Gallico at i. 106, and the mentions of Acheron (ii. 186), Hercules (iii. 170), Hero and Leander (iii. 191), the “horn of plenty’ (iii. 325), brevibus Gyaris (iii. 380), and Semiramis (vi. 18). Gilo tends to be less adventurous in his use of classical epithets, but still makes reference to Homerus, using stock phraseology (v.

23), Bellona (v. 295), Tideus and other heroes of classical epic

XXViii

INTRODUCTION

(v. 353-4), Tempe (v. 426), to the recherché Matuta (vii. 83), and to Erebus (viii. 270). He also claims that not even the talented poets of ancient times could fittingly tell what deeds were done by the heroes of his own work (non Maro non Macer, v. 374). In so far as classical poets may be seen to have contributed to the style of these authors, the influence of Vergil, Lucan, Statius, and Ovid’s Metamorphoses is apparent in both, as is only to be expected. The Charleville Poet also has some unusual reminiscences of Juvenal, and Gilo has some of Claudian and, quite strikingly, of Ovid’s ele-

giac poetry, especially in his Prologue.* These differences in the styles of the two poets are mirroredin the differences they show in their metrical technique. Gilo emerges as being more polished while the Charleville Poet seems less learned, but wears what learning he has on his sleeve. They are also mirrored in the differing interests each has in the events of the crusade. Gilo is straightforward and precise in both his language and in the story he has to tell, whereas the Charleville Poet leans much more towards folk-tale and vernacular epic in the manner of telling his story, and in the source material on which he draws. Together, they provide a particularly varied and fascinating source for the history of, and attitudes towards, the First Crusade.

V. METRE

AND

RHYME

The two poets vary in their poetic style and practice as much as in any other matter, although both appear to conform to the norms of classicizing verse which saw a resurgence in twelfth-century France.® Their poetry illustrates in differing degrees the way in which the root stock of metrical, classicizing verse had had grafted into it developments such as rhyme, resulting in the various types of rhymed hexameters found in eleventh- and twelfth-century poetry. Different influences are evident in the manner in which each of the poets writes; Gilo is conservative, reflecting his monastic background, and is old-fashioned in his extensive use of leonines in the earlier part of the poem, as is illustrated below. The Charleville Poet perhaps had more exposure to secular schools, and his style is in general looser, and more ‘modern’. He is, for example, extremely fluid in his use of elision, something which °” Groco*ck, ‘Ovid the Crusader’, pp. 66-7.

°*® Klopsch, Einfiihrung, p. 72.

V. METRE

AND RHYME

XX1X

Gilo avoids completely, but on the other hand the caesura patterns in his verses are much more fixed, and the differing styles evinced in his prologue show that Gilo was a conscious master of his poetic art, and was fully able to shape the style of his verse according to the subject-matter and also to the mode in which he wished to relate his tale. The Charleville Poet refers (i. 6) to his work with the phrase wersibus et numeris. This is a hendiadys for ‘metrical verse’, as in Ovid, Amores, 1. i. 27, Remedia Amoris, 381. Gilo also uses the

word numeris in his Prologue, v. 14, and refers to the epic poem he is about to embark on as a carmen. In matters of general style and content, the Charleville Poet can be extremely precise, and evidently had access to extremely detailed source material on occasion (cf. i. 103-50, his account of the council of Clermont, and i. 204, where he specifies the relationship of Philip and Hugh in exact detail). He speaks in i. 248 of a pagina or written source which he has used in assembling a list of participants in the crusade, and this is almost certainly a reference to written source material on which he was able to draw. At the same time, he frequently makes use of ‘padding’ (e.g. at i. 240). His style also tends on occasion to mirror that of vernacular poetry, particularly when he makes use of non-periodic, linear sentence constructions, with strings of phrases connected by et, and a heavy emphasis on double-rhymed couplets. 1. Caesura

Caesura patterns are closely related to the rhyme-schemes which a poet chose to use. In the case of the leonine rhyme, the pattern of the rhyme itself leads almost invariably to a strong third-foot

caesura.” Gilo’s work in particular shows how the adoption of a given rhyme-scheme (notably the leonines, in the earlier books) fixes the caesura rigidly in a predetermined position. In book iv, all the lines have a strong third-foot caesura, except for 19, 230, and 347, which have second- and fourth-foot caesuras, as in addition do 57-8,

153-7, 305, and 313-14, which are all rhymed as ¢rinini salientes, a scheme which fixes the caesura rigidly in the same way that leonines do.” iv. 204 has a fourth-foot caesura, and is in caudati, the second half of a couplet which rhymes with the preceding leonine. 6 Norberg, Introduction, p. 65; Klopsch, Einfiihrung, pp. 47-8. 70 Norberg, Introduction, p. 66; Klopsch, Einfiihrung, pp. 65, 77-8.

XXX

INTRODUCTION

Book v is a hotchpotch of leonines, caudati, and trinini salientes (couplets, or strings of verses, with internal rhyme at the end of the second and fourth feet and end-rhyme; see below for full analysis). As aresult the strong third-foot caesura is prevalent in the leonines

and caudati, with second- and fourth-foot positions obligatory in trinini salientes and verses with which they form couplets (314-15, 343-4, 355-6, 367-8). Book vii shows more variation, with 58 verses having their caesuras in second- and fourth-foot positions, and a further 19 in the fourth-foot position; vii. 436, with the Vergilian ending tunc ita fatur, has a diaeresis after the fourth foot, as may vii. 60 (though this might be second- and fourth-foot). The ‘battle scene’, vii. 331-459, shows a remarkable variety of caesura positions, and in many ways is a much more fluid and vivid piece of writing than is found elsewhere. Twenty-eight of the verses with second- and fourth-foot caesura are found in this section, written entirely in caudati.

Book viii continues in similar vein, with 73 verses in this book having caesuras at the second and fourth foot, and a further six with fourth-foot caesura only. viii. 129 has a weak third-foot break, and viii. 269—a rarity, consisting of four dactyls—has both a bucolic and a weak third-foot caesura; Gilo begins the line with a

tag from Lucan (De bello ciuili, i. 509), where in the original it comes at the end of the verse. Book ix continues with this same manner of variety of caesura positions, 86 of its 376 verses having a caesura at the second and fourth feet, and 1o with fourth-foot caesura only. One unusual verse is ix. 11, a type of leonine rhyme with a weak third-foot caesura, supported by second- and fourth-foot caesura. The Charleville Poet is much more rigid than Gilo in using ‘set position’ for the caesura.

Books i, ii, and iii are all written in

caudati, which in theory should allow more flexibility, but his verses show none of the variety that is found in Gilo’s caudati verses in books vii-ix. A strong third-foot caesura is found in all the verses of book i save two, 57 and 194; 57 has (at most) a secondfoot caesura, and 194 has elision after the strong third-foot position. In book ii, only lines 126, with a weak third-foot caesura

supported by breaks in the second and fourth feet, and 8, with a caesura

in the fourth foot, deviate from the standard

pattern

employed by the poet. Book iii maintains the same pattern, with only two verses varying from the strong third-foot pattern: in line 30, elision is employed at the usual caesura position. The other

-V. METRE AND RHYME

Xxxi

exception in this book is line 274 (second- and fourth-foot—again attributable to elision at the strong third-foot position). Line 169 appears to be an accidental leonine. The additions to book iv by the Charleville Poet contain five of the few leonines he writes (iv. 86, 357, 360, 407, and 417; the others are V. 461, vi. 15, 28). At iv. 357 the leonine is employed to help the additions blend in with the earlier material, and then lead on to

become the first of two caudati. One verse in the additional material to book iv has its caesura at second- and fourth-foot positions, and iv. 81 has fourth-foot alone—again, due to elision before the strong third-foot position. Much of this section of the work is unfortunately in too poor a condition for hard and fast conclusions to be drawn. The additional material to book v continues the pattern of strong third-foot caesuras, except v. 476, which has elision in the third foot, and a diaeresis after the fourth foot. Book vi follows the

same pattern, with only vi. 236, 287, and 356 having second- and fourth-foot caesura, and two verses (221 and 284) having fourthfoot caesura only. Line 153 has a ‘weak’ fourth-foot caesura where, like the examples described above, there is elision before the third foot. Two verses in the Charleville Poet’s work have no caesura at all (iii. 30, vi. 81, though the latter is corrupt). 2. Elision and hiatus

Gilo is very careful to avoid both elision and hiatus; occasional slips in the metre in the first recension of his work, preserved in MSS ADG, are corrected in the ‘refined’ version contained in BCF, as is illustrated below.’! Gilo shares this desire to avoid hiatus as far as possible with the author of the medieval poem

Ruodlieb, among many others (including ‘Marcus Valerius’), and there is only one example of hiatus at the caesura, at ix. 94. The only exceptions to Gilo’s strict practice with regard to elision are six Vergilian encl*tic monosyllable endings with est (e.g. tanta est, vii. 320), a feature found also at ix. 1, 14, 147, 305, and 307. 7! Klopsch, Einftthrung, pp. 79-85; Norberg, Introduction, pp. 32-3. ? F. Munari, Marci Valerii Bucolica (Florence, 1955), pp. 47-8. However, F. Dolbeau, ‘Les bucoliques de Marcus Valerius sont-elles une ceuvre médiévale’, Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch, xxii (1987), 166-70, at pp. 166-8, assembles some cogent arguments which cast doubt on the commonly accepted 12th-c. date for ‘Marcis Valerius’, and prefers a date in late antiquity for the poems.

XXXil

INTRODUCTION

The Charleville Poet, on the other hand, employs elision on occasions far too numerous to mention, making use of both

synaloepha and ecthlipsis’ (i.e. the running-together of vowels, and the absorption of final -m and initial -h). Most medieval poets used elision sparingly, though two exceptions were Joseph of Exeter and Walter of Chatillon, whom Klopsch calls ‘Vertreter des

antikisierenden Epos’,’* a classical poet by proxy, a not particularly suitable description for the Charleville Poet. The number of occasions in which elision is employed in each book is as shown in Table 1. TaB_eE 1. The Charleville Poet’s use ofelision Book

Elisions

Verses

308

15.26

304

19-41

ili ivaddns. v addns. vi

78 18 4 79

448 60 16 483

17.41 30.00 25.00 16.36

285

1619

18.60

TOTAL

At i. 37, i. 115, and vi. 354, urbem Hierusalem is allowed to stand, because the beginning of Hierusalem was to be treated as a consonant. Similarly, walli Hierusalem is found at ii. 198. There are two examples of hiatus at the caesura in the Charleville Poet, both in

book ii, at Il. 150 and 239.’° 3. Metrical analysis Statistical analysis of the different parts of the poem reveals both similarities and differences between the styles of the two poets. Some of the figures are distorted because of the small number of lines to be considered, especially in the case of the additions to ® Klopsch, Einftihrung, pp. 80-2, and Munari, Marci Valerii Bucolica, pp. 47-8, give comparative statistics for other medieval poets. ™ Klopsch, Einftihrung, p. 82.

> Tbid., p. 87.

V. METRE AND RHYME

XXXlil

book v. The method used follows that laid down by Duckworth’s”® Vergil and Classical Hexameter Poetry: A Study in Metrical Variety, which uses statistical analysis of the possible patterns in the hexameter to draw distinctions between the preferences and habits of different Latin poets. As Table 2 shows, both Gilo and the Charleville Poet are fond of ppss and psss, and this preference is paralleled by the two major twelfth-century hexameter poets, Joseph of Exeter and Walter of Chatillon; sample examination of their works gives percentages of 13.5 and 12.5 for ppss, and 8.5 and ro for psss respectively. On the whole the Charleville Poet’s writing is more spondaic than Gilo’s, especially in the additions to books iv and v, and he also has a greater liking for the unusual pattern sssp, particularly in books i and iii. The rhyme-schemes adopted by the poets are also a significant factor in the metrical patterns which are used in their work: the Charleville Poet sticks closely to the use of caudati endrhymes, as will be seen in the discussion below, whereas Gilo uses a variety of schemes; such patterns as Dsps or DpDs are virtually dictated by rhyme-patterns like trinini salientes. 4. Productio ob caesuram and short -o in final position In common with the practice of the majority of medieval Latin poets, both Gilo and the Charleville Poet admit a short syllable before the caesura on numerous occasions (e.g. Gilo at iv. 16; v. 93, 94; vii. 9, Charleville Poet at i. 151, 250, 297; ii. 128, 237, 254, 260; iii. 28, 43, 44, 58; iv. 85; vi. 187, 416);’’ and both permit the ablative gerund to stand where the final -o0 must be scanned short. In one instance, vii. 9, miserendo in ADG is replaced by the more correct miserata in BCF, though uigilando is found in this position in the ‘verse with the final -o scanned short (though in one instance only) in Juvenal, Sat. iii. 232. Mayor notes similarities to this in Nemesianus and Maximianus,’* and the phenomenon is also found in Sidonius Apollinaris, who was a popular poet in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Norberg” notes that Walter of Chatillon only permits productio with a penthemimeral caesura. In fact, in the case of the gerund, final -o is almost always short 7° G. E. Duckworth, Vergil and Classical Hexameter Poetry: A Study In Metrical Variety (Ann Arbor, 1969). 71 Klopsch, Einfuhrung, pp. 74-6; Norberg, /ntroduction, p. 68. 8 Juvenal, Thirteen Satires, ed.J.E. B. Mayor (2nd edn., London, 1886), ad loc. Norberg, /ntroduction, p. 68.

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lef OF thy OO'Oy {$6 69°1 geS GoS VLYS Ot Urban II had stated that laymen should seek permission from their priest or bishop before they embarked upon the crusade. See Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 138; Robert of Rheims, p. 729. For an analysis of the various accounts of Urban’s sermon, see P. J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095-1290 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991),

pp. I-33. * See Robert of Rheims, p. 729; Gesta Francorum, p. 7. Unlike the author ofthe Géesta, Robert was actually present at the council of Clermont. The phrase velle Deum is an

BOOK

in its depths the limbs of the godly were torn apart and the name holy above every name’ was blasphemed, how the temple of God was trampled over and the sepulchre despised; therefore they needed to strive to make the city turn, so that, coming to her senses at last, she should seek herself within herself,” [125] and turning away from empty falsehood should return to the true being; now indeed the time had come to show pity on her. Let the Lord Pope, with wisdom in his heart, look to what needed to be done, so that the holy places might be regained, for their forces with one mind were ready [130] to undergo every danger for the praise of God; not fire nor flood nor weapon could keep that unstoppable host from sallying forth, all with the same prayer, ifthe protection and favour of God was with them, and ifthe will and blessing of the bishops was not lacking$ [135] The whole assembly thundered with these and other words, so that anyone could well believe that this was indeed God’s

will* Then the heir to the apostles reflected on each separate aspect, and when he saw that one and the same resolution united them all, he took counsel with

the primates and bishops, [140] pouring out holy prayers and petitions to the Lord God with them, and then praying in addition he absolved them from all sin.» Then he relaxed the constraints on their devout desire, and ordered

them, for mercy for their sins, to endure hardship® and to bear with patience the suffering which bore upon them. [145] And so that an ever-present comfort might not be lacking to them, but rather that his blessing might always be sufficiently at hand, he established the bishop ofLe Puy (or, as we say, Anician)’ as the leader ofthe holy expedition, and, forfear that he might obvious reference to the reaction ‘Deus le volt’ reportedly provoked by Urban’s speech. See Cole, loc. cit.

5 Decreta Claromontensia, p. 74. There has been much discussion ofthe meaning of the indulgence given by Urban II. In fact it appears to have been simply a statement that the crusade was a severe and therefore satisfactory penance for all previous sins. He did not offer total absolution, but rather remission of the penance imposed by the Church for all

sins properly confessed. See Riley-Smith, Idea of Crusading, pp. 27-9; R. Somerville, ‘The council of Clermont and the First Crusade’, Studia Gratiana, xx (1976), 325-37, at p. 329; M. Villey, La Croisade: Essai sur la formation d’une théorie juridique (Paris, 1942),

PP. 142-5.

° Ovid, Met. ix. 289, Claudian, Prob. Olybr. 131.

7 i.e., Adhémar of Monteuil, bishop of Le Puy. According to one account (Chronicon Sancti Theoffred in Cartulaire de Saint-Chaffre du Monastier (Paris, 1881), pp. 13-14), Adhémar had already been to the Holy Land as a pilgrim. Coming from the line of the counts of Valentinois, he was an ideal choice as spiritual leader of the expedition. On his appointment, see Urban II’s letter to the people of Flanders, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 136-7. A discussion on Adhémar’s role in the First Crusade is found in J. A. Brundage, ‘Adhémar of Le Puy: the bishop and his critics’, Speculum, xxxiv (1959), 20113; cf. also J. H. and L. L. Hill, ‘Contemporary accounts and later reputation of Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy’, Medievalia et Humanistica, ix (1955), 30-9; H. E. Mayer, ‘Zur Beurteilung Adhemars von Le Puy’, Deutsches Archiv fiir Erforschung des Mittelalters, xvi (1960), 547-533 J. Richard, ‘La papauté et la direction de la premiére croisade’, Journal des savants, 1960, 45-59.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Ac, ne ferre minus solus sua pondera possit, Collegam posuit quem clara Aurengia misit.'

150

His ducibus? freta diuinitus agmina sacra Insumunt contra cuncta aspera pectora digna. Non urbes, castra retinent, non praedia larga, Non thalami, nati, non sollicitudo paterna,* Quin pro laude Dei concorditer arma capescant Turatisque animis in cuncta pericula currant.

155

Ergo parant sese fidei, ferrique nitore Stipantur passim pedites equitumque caterue, Quos* Liger atque Elaber, Matrona et Sequana* mittit, Quos? Arar et Rhodanus,” Durentia et Isara promit, Exona et Esia quos agitat magnusque Garumna, Quos Scaldes, Mosa, Rhenus® pariterque Mosella, Quos Athesis pulcher preterfluit Heridanusque,

160

Quos Tyberis, Macra, Vulturnus Crustumiumque.

Concurrunt Itali, Galli, pariterque Alemanni,° Noricii,’ Sueui, tum Saxones atque Boemii. Pisani® ac Veneti propulsant equora remis,

165

Oceanus flauis distendit uela Brytannis.° Procedunt® alacres diuersis partibus, atque

fo. 63°

Condic*nt ubi se socient terraque marique.'°

170

Nunc libet ex parte populos memorare ducesque'' Quorum uirtute uiguit uia sacra fidesque.

Incl*tus ille ducum Godefridus’? culmen honosque Omnibus exemplum bonitatis militieque. * quos

Groco*ck;

quas

cod.

>’ Rodanus

pr.

©‘ Renus

pr.

4 pprocedunt m. pr. ' William, bishop of Orange. He was present at the council of Clermont (William of Tyre, i. 137) and in September 1097 was sent on an embassy to Genoa (Caffaro, p. 101). He died on 2 Dec. 1098 at Ma’arrat-an-Nu’man (see below, at viii. 272). * The only other sources remotely similar to this narrative here are Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 138-43, Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, p. 5, and Peter Tudebode, p. 32. 3 See below, iii. 23-4. The theme of sacrifice when parting from families, lands, and possessions is found in most other crusading narratives, and was intended to underline the crusader’s devotion. See Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 153-63, and lines 23-4 of Gilo’s Prologue, below; see also Riley-Smith, ‘Crusading as an act of love’, pp. 178-80. * Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina, v. 27-9; Caesar, De bello Gallico, i. 1. 2. A similar list of rivers, which may well have been the Charleville Poet’s inspiration, occurs in Lucan,

Bellum ciuile, i. 419-40, and one of peoples in Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm., v. 474-9.

“

BOOK I

not manage his onerous duties so well alone, [150] he gave him a colleague

sent from renowned Orange.' Relying by God’s will on these leaders,’ the holy armies strengthened their hearts worthily against every hardship. Neither their cities and castles, nor their immense wealth, nor their wives and children, nor the anxious care of

their parents? [155] held them back from taking up arms with one heart for the praise of God, and with souls sworn to the task they sped off to face every danger. Therefore they made themselves ready for this act offaith, and everywhere bands ofinfantry and knights crowded together, glittering with shining metal. They came from the Loire and the Allier, the Marne and the Seine,* [160] the Saone, the Rhone,* the Durance and the Isére, the Aisne and the Oise, the mighty Garonne, the Schelde, the Meuse, the Rhine, and the Moselle too, from beside the lovely Adige and the Po, the Tiber, the Magra, the Volturno, and the Corica. [165] There hastened there Italians, Gauls and Alemannians,® Noricians,’ Swabians, Saxons, and Bohemians. Pisans® and Venetians struck the seas with their oars, and the ocean swelled

the sails of the fair-haired British.? They set out eagerly from their various regions, [170] and decided together where they should join forces by land and sea.'° Now is a suitable point to recall in part those peoples and leaders" by whose

excellence the holy journey offaith flourished. That renowned Godfrey, foremost glory of the dukes, was the example of goodness and soldiery to > Tibullus, Carm. i. 7. 11. ° For the German participnts on the First Crusade, see R. Rohricht, Die Deutschen im Heiligen Lande 650-1291 (Innsbruck, 1894; repr. Aalen, 1968); Hagenmeyer, ‘Zimmern’,

ii. 22-3. 7 Noricum, a Roman province lying between the Danube and the Alps, corresponding roughly to modern Austria. ’ See ‘Gesta triumphalia per Pisanos facta’, RIS vi (2), 89; Giovanni Villani, Cronica, ed. F. Gherardi Dragomanni (Florence, 1844), i. 171-2; Orderic Vitalis, v. 30; F. Cardini, ‘L’inizio del movimento crociato in Toscana’, Studi di storia medievale e

moderna per Ernesto Sestan, i (Florence, 1980), pp. 147-57. The Pisan expedition was headed by Archbishop Daimbert of Pisa, who later became patriarch of Jerusalem. » Lucan, Bellum ciuile, iii. 78. On the English, see A. Grabois, ‘Anglo-Norman Eng-

land and the Holy Land’, Anglo-Norman Studies, vii (1984), 132-41, at pp. 135-6. © Lucan, Bellum ciuile, i. 201. For similar lists of the nationalities which took part in the First Crusade, see Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, MGH, Scriptores in Folio, vi. 367;

Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, p. 16. "Lists of the leaders of the crusade are also given by Guibert of Nogent, p. 148; Peter Tudebode, pp. 33, 37; Albert of Aachen, pp. 313-14. 2 As the hero of the Charleville Poet’s work, Godfrey of Bouillon naturally heads this list of prominent crusaders; in later myth he became associated with the swanknight legend (cf. the epic cycle Le Chevalier au Cygne; see below, Gilo, v. 352n.)

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Siue hastam taculans equaret Parthica tela,

175

Comminus aut feriens terebraret ferrea suta,* Seu gladio pugnans carnes resecaret et ossa, Siue eques atque pedes propelleret agmina densa, Mie, inimicittis cunctis sibi conciliatis,

Cunctis possessis pro Christi pace relictis Arripuit callem Christum sectando uocantem. Quem iuxta gemini fratres comitantur euntem, | Stipantur circum proceres* equites peditesque, Vtraque Belgica quos Transrhenanique dedere, Namque Alemannorum quicquid uel Vindelicorum Siue Sueuorum petiit uitale sepulchrum,* Illis elegit sua iungere coetibus arma, Nosse minus nthilo uocalia mutaque signa. Eius enim resonans turbat gentilia nomen Ac si concuterent elisa tonitrua fulmen,

180

185

190

Eius uexillis uolitantibus intremit hostis,

Ipsius gladio socius defenditur omnis, Ipsius populos currentes undique ad arma Conperimus creuisse ad milia septuaginta.*

Ex hinc Rotbertus,> Morinorum uiuida uirtus,° Quos nunc Flandrenses appellat temporis usus,

195

Milia densa mouet, cuius memorabile dextra

Promeruit nomen Parthorum cede probata. fo. 63°

Post hunc magnifice Rotbertus’ claruit alter, Qui Normannorum ductor praesignis et acer Propulit egregias in Christi bella cohortes Cum quibus anthideas alacer uolat in legiones.

200

2 scuta Riant

' Eustace III was the elder brother and succeeded his father Eustace II as count of Boulogne. He returned to the West after the crusade, but the younger brother, Baldwin, later became Baldwin I of the Latin Kingdom ofJerusalem. After his death in 1118, Eustace was offered the throne, but it ultimately passed to his cousin Baldwin of Le Bourg. See William of Tyre, i. 549-50. ” The members of Godfrey of Bouillon’s household or domus are listed by RileySmith, ‘The motives’, pp. 724-6. Those from Bouillon itself who took the cross are

BOOK |

all, [175] whether in throwing the spear as far as a Parthian shoots his arrow, or piercing chain mail in close-quarters combat, or cutting into flesh and bone, fighting with the sword, or urging on the close-packed ranks on horseback or on foot. He made peace with all those at enmity with him, [180] left all his possessions for the peace of Christ, and struck out on his way, following Christ who called him on. His two brothers rode along beside him,}

and his nobles,’ knights and infantry, issuingforth from both Belgiums and the lands beyond the Rhine, crowded around him, [185] for whichever ofthe Alemannians or the Vindelicians or the Swabians sought the living sepulchre,* they chose to join their arms with his company, and no less to recognize his summons and standards. His resounding name shook the pagans [190] as ifunleashed thunderbolts and lightning struck them. The foe shuddered at his fluttering banners, every ally was defended by his sword, and we understand that the peoples flocking to his forces from all sides grew to

seventy thousand.* [195] Then there was. Robert,’ the vigour and glory of the Morini® (who have now come to be called ‘men of Flanders’); he brought thousands in serried ranks, and his memorable right hand well deserved the renown it won,

as the slaughter ofthe Parthians well shows. After him shone forth in splendour the other Robert,’ [200] the foremost and ardent leader ofthe Normans; he urged his outstanding forces on into Christ’s battles, and flew with them energetically against the legions hostile to God. mentioned

by a local chronicler in the Chronicon Sancti Huberti Andaginensis, MGH,

Scriptores in Folio, viii. 615.

3 Cf. above, i. 40. * This figure is clearly an exaggeration, but Raymond ofa*guilers noted that when the march to Jerusalem began, Godfrey’s army was larger than either Tancred’s or Robert of Flanders’, and equal to that of Robert of Normandy. > Robert IJ, count of Flanders, the son of Robert I ‘the Frisian’, who went on pil-

grimage to the Holy Land between 1087 and 1088, and subsequently sent 500 Flemish knights to assist Alexius Comnenus. Robert I was also the alleged recipient ofthe letter from the Byzantine Emperor. See E. Joranson, “The problem of the spurious letter of

Emperor Alexius to the count of Flanders’, American Historical Review, lv (1950), 811-333 M. de Waha, ‘La lettre d’Alexis Comnéne a Robert I le Frison: une revision’, Byzantion,

xlvii (1977), 113-25. On the career of Robert II, see M. M. Knappen, ‘Robert of Flanders in the First Crusade’, in The Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to Dana C. Munro

(New York, 1928), pp. 79-100. ® Proba, Cent. Verg. 664 = Vergil, Aen. v. 754. 7 Robert, duke of Normandy, son of William the Conqueror. He was also the cousin of Robert II of Flanders, and his sister Adela was married to Stephen of Blois. See below, p. 17, n. 6. For a list of his companions, see C. W. David, Robert Curthose (Cambridge, Mass., 1920), app. D.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

At comes eximius Hugo’ cognomine Magnus, Phylippi regis uterinus frater et unus, Agmina nobilium comitantia Francigenarum Duxit in exitium memorabile Nilicolarum.? Rector Montensis,> populus quem nomine prisco Neruius assequitur, Heidonariusque* moderno, Cui patrui tulerat Morinos dampnabile crimen,* Arnulfum perimens dominum pariterque nepotem,

205

210

Proruit, instructis in Christi prelia turmis,

Coniuge cum natis, domibus, castrisque relictis. Hine Stephanus? comitis Tetbaldi clara propago Calcat iter sacrum, circumdatus agmine denso,

Sed spe siue metu media inter prelia uictus Effectu gemino sociis fit inutile pignus, Cum primo regis Constantinopolitani® Diuitiis captus ceruicem flecteret ipsi, Ac post desperans Dominum fore cunctipotentem Exiit Antiochi foedis egressibus urbem, Atque fuga turpi retrogradus absque pudore,

215

220

Consimiles secum traxit, stimulante pauore;

Quin et subsidio conclusis aduenientem Armorum et uictus stipendia multa ferentem Predictum regem retro celerare coegit

225

Dum socios omnes falso periisse retexit.' Ista tamen longo post tempore gesta fuere, Que nunc hic breuiter suffecerit inseruisse. @ Heinodatius Riant

' Hugh, brother of King Philip I, was the second son of Henry I of France, hence /e Maisné, ‘younger’, which was consistently corrupted by Latin writers into Magnus; see L. Bréhier, Histoire anonymede la Premiére Croisade (Paris, 1924), p. 5. He had obtained the small county of Vermandois through marriage. > This reference is puzzling if taken literally to mean the Fatimid rulers of Egypt. They were the crusaders’ opponents at Jerusalem and at the battle of Ascalon, but Hugh was not present on either occasion; he had returned to the West after the capture of Ascalon. The word Nilicolae is probably used for the sake of the rhyme. 3 Baldwin II of Hainault, count of Mons, and first cousin of Robert II of Flanders. He

may have been at the council of Clermont (PL cl. 1388-9), and was afterwards a member of Godfrey of Bouillon’s contingent. After the capture of Antioch, he accom-

BOOK |

The famous Count Hugh,' known as the Great, was also there; he was the

one and only brother of King Philip, [205] and he led the assembled companies of noble Franks to the notable destruction of the Nile-dwelling peoples.” The ruler ofMons? was followed by the people named in ancient times Nervii and in modern days ‘ofHainault’. He lost the county ofFlanders through the dastardly crime of his uncle,* [210] who killed Arnulf, at the same time his liege-lord and his nephew. Leaving behind wife and children, home and castle, he blazed forth with his troops drawn up to do battle for Christ. Next to tread the holy journey was Stephen,* the famous offspring of Count Theobald. He was accompanied by a close-packed throng, [215] but whether through hope or through fear, he was overcome twice over in the midst ofthe fighting, and became a worthless pledge to his companions; first, he succumbed to the riches of the king of Constantinople,® and bowed his neck to him; and afterwards, despairing that the Lord God really was all-powerful, [220] he left the city of Antioch, disgracefully slipping away, and, having embarked without shame on this evil flight, he took those like him along with him, spurred on by terror, [225] and even forced the aforementioned king to hurry in retreat (though he was coming to help those who were besieged, bringing great supplies of weapons and provisions) when he falsely related that all his allies had perished.’ However, these things were done much later on; it is enough to have included a brief note ofthem here. panied Hugh of Vermandois on an embassy to the Byzantine emperor, but disappeared

after a skirmish in Asia Minor. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 434-5. * The Charleville Poet here makes another ‘local’ allusion. When Baldwin VI of Flanders died in 1070, he left the county of Hainault, which he had acquired through his wife Richilde, to his youngest son Baldwin, and Flanders to his nephew Arnulf, under

the guardianship of his brother Robert ‘the Frisian’. In the ensuing squabbles, influenced by racial rivalries between Flemings and Walloons and by Richilde’s own plotting, Arnulf was killed (in the battle of Brinkhove, 21 Feb. 1071) and Robert became ruler of Flanders. Baldwin retained only Hainault. > Stephen, son of Theobald III, count of Blois and Chartres. For further details on his career, see Brundage, ‘An errant crusader: Stephen of Blois’, Traditio, xvi (1960), 380-95; P. Rousset, ‘Etienne de Blois, croisé, fuyard et martyr’, Genava, Ns xi (1963),

183-95. For Gilo of Paris’s own account of Stephen’s treachery, see vii. 498-503. 6 Stephen wrote to his wife Adela of the reception and gifts which he had received at Constantinople: see Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 138-40. 7 See the Gesta Francorum, pp. 63-5; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 77. Stephen met the Byzantine Emperor, who was marching to relieve the crusaders at Antioch, at Philomel-

ium.

18 fo. 64°

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Hinc comes Egidii' discernens iura beati Milia densa mouet sancti sub honore sepulchri,’ Que sibi dat magnis opibus Prouintia? florens, Queque ministrauit populose Gothia* pollens. At trans aerias diuersis tractibus Alpes, * Quas® diuersi uoce compellant circa habitantes— Nam Gothias, Graias, Penninas Iuliadasque? Appellare solent positi propiusque proculque— Qui Rutuli, Marsi, Samnites atque Peligni,° Qui Ligures, Itali, Tusci pariterque Sabini, Vmbri, Lucani, Calabri simul atque Sabelli, Aurunci, Volsci uel qui memorantur Etrusci, Queque etiam gentes sparguntur in Apula rura, Quis conferre manus uisum est in prelia dura, ° Sub iuga Tancradi’ et Boimundi® corripuere Et contra fidei refugas patria arma tulere.

Multi praeterea comites proceresque minores Inter primores quos enumerauimus omnes

230

235

240

245

Adiunxere suas collato robore uires,

Galli siue Itali, uel quos dat pagina plures, Quos ne lecturis (siqui tamen esse ualebunt Quos positis curis hec uilia nostra tenebunt) Rusticitas calami? pariat fastidia longa,

250

Non est consilium per nomina promere cuncta.

Omnibus his pastor bene prouidus ac moderator Presul Haimarus Podii fuit atque sacrator, Cumque sodale suo quem clara Aurengia misit'® Vt pater in natos curam conferre sategit,

255

* Prouincia Sirmond, Riant > quas Riant, correctly in my opinion; quos cod., Sirmond © this whole verse was omitted by Sirmond and Riant ' Raymond IV, count of Toulouse, was the principal lord of southern France. According to Baldric of Dol, p. 16, his envoys arrived at Clermont shortly after Urban II had made his appeal; this speedy response has been taken to imply that he had been consulted by the pope about the project during the latter’s journey through France. Raymond’s progress on the crusade was chronicled by his chaplain Raymond of

Aguilers. See J. H. and L. L. Hill, Raymond IV deSaint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042) —1105 (Toulouse, 1959). PIGE i197 itinr26: 3 The marquisate of Gothia stretched from Narbonne in the south to the banks of the Rhone at Orange. For its involvement in the crusade, see Raymond of Aguilers, p. 52.

BOOK

Next was the count ofSaint-Gilles,' aman who knew what was right; [230] he brought thousands in serried ranks for the honour ofthe Holy Sepulchre,’ men given by wealthy Provence, with her vast riches, and supplied in great numbers by the flourishing marquisate of Gothia.* In various lands over the lofty Alps,* to which those dwelling round about give divers names [235] (for those who dwell near to them and far off are accustomed to call them the Gothic, Graian, the Pennine, and Julian Alps),° there gathered Rutulians, Marsians, Samnites and Paelignians, Ligurians, Italians, Tuscans and Sabines, Umbrians, Lucanians, Calabrians and Sabellians, [240] Auruncians, Volscians, and those called Etruscans; the

people also who are scattered in the country districts ofApulia, to whom it seemed right to contribute their contingents in the hardships ofbattle,® swiftly gathered their native arms under the yoke of Tancred’ and Bohemond,® and took them up against the renegades ofthe faith. [245] Moreover, many lesser counts and nobles mustered their strength and joined forces with the more important leaders, whom we have listed fully. There were Gauls, Italians, and many others attested in the written sources.

We do not propose to mention them all by name, lest our uncultured style? should give birth to aversion and boredom in our readers (ifthere will be any [250] who will lay aside their anxious cares and take up these paltry offerings ofours). Bishop Adhémar ofLe Puy acted with good foresight as shepherd, governor,

and priest for all these, [255] and with his comrade,’ whom renowned Orange sent, he strove to bring them comfort as a father to his sons, which (as * Vergil, Georg. iii. 474; Ovid, Met. ii. 226. 5 Pliny, Hist. Nat. iii. 38. The Charleville Poet is here referring to the three ranges of Alps, the Western, consisting of the Maritime, Cottian, and Graian Alps; the Central,

made up of the Pennine or Wallisian, Lepontine and Rhaetian or Tyrolese Alps, and the Eastern, comprising the Noric or Salzburg, Carnic, and Julian Alps.

® Vergil, Aen. xii. 345. 7 Tancred, probably the eldest son of Bohemond’s sister Emma, subsequently became prince of Galilee. His brother William joined Hugh of Vermandois’ army; other south Italian knights who took the cross are listed in the Gesta Francorum, pp. 7-8. 8 Bohemond

of Taranto, eldest son of Robert Guiscard. The circ*mstances in

which Bohemond took the cross are described by the author of the Gesta Francorum (p. 7), who was a member of his contingent. See also R. B. Yewdale, BohemondI,Prince of Antioch (Princeton, 1924). ° The poet’s apology for his rustic style or ‘affected modesty’ is a common feature of

both classical and medieval literature. See Curtius, European Literature, pp. 83-5; see also below, iv. 1-2, and Corippus, Johannidos, praef. 37. ICED vik(oy

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Quod uelut anterior iam pagina commemorautt Domnus Papa sibi diuinitus imperitautt. fo. 64”

Impensis igitur cum strenuitate paratis' Diuersos portus* adeunt exercitus omnis.

260

Quidam per Venetos trans Adriacosque Liburnos, Quidam Brundisium, nonnulli molle Tarentum, :

Quidam piscosi tenuerunt moenia Bari, Qua Veneti fortes, felict merce beati, Torpentes Lycios furto populante fideli, Deportauerunt Nicholai pignora Sancti,* Atque per hos omnes portus feliciter acti Tuxta condictum sunt agmina in una redacti, Per maria et fluctus optata ad litora uecti. At uero insignis Godefridus iam memoratus, Ordinibus densis armato milite septus,°

265

270

Castellis, terris, uillis,* domibus spoliatus,

Argenti atque auri summa multiplice fartus,° Omnibus impensis plene atque decenter onustus, Expetiit Rhenum, qua se Maguntia’ pollens

275

Tuxtaque Vuormatia reserat, naualia praebens;

Quo preteruectus tentoria candida figit Et memoratorum uenientia milia iungit. Agmine multiplici tunc metans® ulteriora Atque in processu socium crescente chorea Hinc Reganeiburgi* formosum permeat Hystrum, Hunc quoque Danubium, uerax est fama,’ uocatum. Amnibus hic4 multis magnisque et nauibus aptis, Nam deties senis spatioso uentre receptis,’ In mare prorumpit Scythicum quod Thracia censet, 2 uillis Groco*ck; uallis cod.

Reganiciburgi Riant

> maetans

cod.

280

285

4 hic om. m. pr.

" See above, i. 147-50 and nn. For the role of the clergy in this expedition, see W. Porges, “The clergy, the poor and the non-combatants on the First Crusade’, Speculum, xxi (1946), 1-23. ’ A similar list of ports is to be found in Robert of Rheims, p. 742, and Peter Tudebode, p. 38. The armies used three main routes: Raymond of Toulouse marched along the Dalmatian coast; Godfrey of Bouillon went via the Danube and Maritsa valleys; and the French,

Flemish,

and Norman

contingents

crossed

by sea from

Southern Italy.

3 Horace, Sat. ii. 4. 34. * The relics and tomb of St Nicholas had a chequered history, some of which is

“

BOOK

21,

a previous page has already noted) the Lord Pope ordered him to do, at the

prompting of God.' Therefore, when preparations had been made with great energy, [260] the whole army made its way to different ports;* some crossed the Adriatic from Venice to Croatia, some went to Brindisi, several to gentle Taranto;> some

made for the stronghold of Bari, famous for its fish, from where the brave Venetians, blessed by their happy commerce, [265] despoiled the sluggish Lycians (an act oftheft, and yet offaith) and carried offthe relics of StNicholas.4 Having journeyed through all these ports without mishap, they assembled again in a single column, as had been decided, and were conveyed over the waves of the sea to the shore they longed for. [270] However, the above-mentioned noble Godfrey, surrounded by close-packed ranks ofarmed knights,> despoiled of his castle, lands, villages and houses, but laden with a copious supply ofsilver and gold,° fully equipped with everything proper and necessary, [275] set out for the Rhine, where the flourishing city ofMainz’ spreads out its flourishing dockyards, next to Worms. Fourneying along it he pitched his white tents, and joined the thousands ofthose arriving there whom we have mentioned. As his company increased greatly, he crossed to the other side, [280] and with his band growing in strength at each step ofthe journey, he crossed the well-known river Hister (also called the Danube, according to true report)® at Regensburg. The Hister isformed by many tributaries which are suitable for large ships, for, taking the waters ofsixty streams in its broad bed,’ [285] it bursts forth into the sea called by Thrace the Scythian sea in described here by the Charleville Poet. Nicholas de Porta, Documenta Lipsanographica (RHC Hist. occ. v. 243), and another anonymous author (ibid. 293-4) record that the people of Bari transferred the relics of St Nicholas to Bari from Myra in 1087. Some of the relics were subsequently given by Roger Borsa, Duke of Apulia, to his brother-inlaw, Robert of Flanders. See Fulcher of Chartres, p. 167; Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 142-3. The Anonymus Littorensis (RHC Hist. occ. y. 261) adds that the Saint’s tomb was found by the Venetians in 1100, who then moved the relics to the monastery ofS.Nicola del Lido in Venice.

> [has Latina, 173. 6 Anna Comnena, Alexiad, ed. B. Leib, 2 vols. (Paris, 1937-45), ii. 209, also stated that Godfrey had considerable wealth. In fact he had to sell or mortgage much of his land in order to finance the expedition. See Riley-Smith, Idea of Crusading, pp. 37, 44; F. Duncalf, ‘The First Crusade: from Clermont to Constantinople’, in Setton, History of the Crusades, i. 267; A. M. Stahl, ‘The circulation of European coinage in the crusader

states’, Meeting of Two Worlds, pp. 86-8. 7 Mainz, Worms, and Regensburg witnessed Jewish massacres between Dec. 1095 and July 1096 by members of the Peasants’ Crusade. See J. Riley-Smith, “The First Crusade and the persecution of the Jews’, SCH xxi (1984), 51-72, at pp. 51, 54. 8 Horace, Sat. ii. 1. 36. 9 Ovid, Fasti, iii. 163. The grammar here, as at other points in the Charleville Poet, is

convoluted.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Tanta mole fluens ut amara in dulcia mutet, Quod prope Cholcorum fines septemfluus' intrat, Obuius ac undis aurati Phasidos extat.’

fo. 65°

Huic etiam ripa uicina est? silua> sinistra Quam uocat Herquinam scriptorum pagina multa. Ista uia septem memoratur lata dierum, Porro tricenorum bis tenditur agmine longum, * Nutrit et alarum uolucres fulgore suarum Noctibus obscuris pandentes strata uiarum;> Nutrit et externis animalia plura figuris:

290

295

Unis nomen inest alces, comitantibus uris. Alcibus haud ulla sunt internodia cruris,

Vris cornua sunt immensae concauitatis Ex quibus ampla satis et leuia pocula fiunt, Ditibus et mensis et honora et commoda prosunt, Seu docti artifices ea quadrificata rotundent, Integra siue sinant et fissa caloribus aptent. Digrediens ergo generosus ductor ab Hystro® Versus Pannomias iter arripit agmine toto. Quod quali fuerit ratione uel ordine gestum,' Que causa excitum potuit sedare tumultum, Ad praesens refugit mens dicere, lassaque multum Palpitat, inque alium gestit referre libellum.

300

305

Explicit liber primus. Incipit secundus. 2 et silua Riant

' Ovid, Met. xv. 753. * Cf. the similar detail in Pomponius Mela, Chorog. i. 108: hic sunt Colchi, huc Phasis erumpit.

BOOK I

such a torrent that it turns the bitter waters sweet. Itflows into the sea through seven channels’ near the borders of the Colchians, opposite the waves of the golden Phasis.* Neighbouring the left bank of the river is the forest’ [290] which the pages ofmany an author call the Hercynian forest. This is said to be seven days’ journey across, and actually stretches for sixty days’ march in length.’ It is host to birds that lighten up its twisting paths* in the darkness of night with the brilliance of their wings, [295] and is also the home of many animals of exotic appearance. One type bears the name elk, and there is another, too, called the aurochs. The elk has no joints at all in its legs, and the

aurochs has massive, hollow horns, from which polished cups of a good size are made [300] which serve as splendid ornaments for wealthy tables, whether skilled craftsmen cut them into blocks and round them off, or leave them whole and shape them when they have been split in the fire. And so the great-hearted leader left the Hister behind® and set out with his whole force towards Hungary. [305] For what purpose and in what order this was done,’ and in what circ*mstances he was able to quell an outbreak ofviolent disorder, we shall for the time being leave unsaid, for our mind is most weary and breathless, and chooses to put this off till another book. The first book ends, the second begins. 3 i.e. the Black Forest. In his account the Charleville Poet uses details garnered from a variety of classical sources, as the notes below indicate. Cf. also Pliny, Hist. Nat. viii. 15, 16; C. Iulius Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, xx. 3, ed. T.Mommsen (Berlin,

1895), p. 96; Priscian, Periegesis, 275-8.

* Caesar, De bello Gallico, vi. 25-8. 5 Cf. ii. 205; Vergil, Aen. i. 241. 6 Godfrey’s army set out in mid-Aug. 1096 and reached the Hungarian border in September, shortly after the disastrous defeats suffered by the Peasants’ Crusade. Before Godfrey entered the kingdom he sent an embassy to negotiate with King Coloman. 7 The poet ‘signposts’ the next stage of his story with a stock excuse (cf. Curtius, European Literature, p. 90); in fact the narrative continues in Book iii. Book ii deals with the adventures of Peter the Hermit and the Peasants’ Crusade.

LIBER

Ante uiam ceptam ducis' in Domini famulatum, Cum primum proceres niti coepere paratum, Pars quaedam stolide reliquos processerat ante, Agmen agens magnum pariter peditumque equitumque. Hos heremita Petrus quidam, sic nomine dictus, Ducere ceptarat, sed numquam ad talia doctus, 2

fo. 65°

Cuius in hoc socius quidam Vualtarius tbat, Qui ‘Sine Merce’* > superpositum cognomen habebat, His ducibus dicti gestantes arma manipli Ibant securi, nullo moderamine cauti,

Credentes proprii gratisque existere iuris Omnia que cupidis demonstrarentur ocellis, Nec per iter ceptum quicquam sibi iure negandum Quin potius ferro quouis prohibente petendum.* Nam neque curarant stipendia multa parare Que sibi sperarent stipendia ubique patere, Seque, euangelii precones discipulosque, Ex euangelio capere indumenta cibosque.° Talia dum sperant, sperataque mente recursant, Et iam deficere sibi parce parta retractant, Pannonias ueniunt, crucis ante insignia monstrant Vestibus insuta, nullisque® instantibus intrant.° Ingressi gratis queque® sibi uisa requirunt; Non data diripiunt, hostiliter ostia frangunt,

This book isfound only in G. a Sine Merce cod.; Sine Habere Sirmond; Sine Auere Riant

m. pr.

> nullis (om. -que)

' Godfrey of Bouillon. ? Hagenmeyer, Le vraietle faux sur Pierre l'Hermite, trans. F. Reynaud (Paris, 1883) is still the standard work on Peter the Hermit. More recently, however, E. Blake and C. Morris, “A hermit goes to war: Peter and the origins of the First Crusade’, SCH xxi (1985), 79-107,

have re-examined certain aspects ofhis career, in particular the story of his pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the appeal for aid from the patriarch that he subsequently delivered to the pope, who was then prompted to summon the council of Clermont. Since this tradition appears to have flourished in the region of Lorraine and Flanders, itis interesting that the Charleville Poet should present such a different picture of Peter’s role in the First Crusade. For his later involvement in it, see below, vii. 331-64.

BOOK

Before the duke’ began his journey for the service ofthe Lord God, while the nobles had first begun to labour at their preparations, a certain group had stupidly gone on ahead before all the rest, forming a great throng of infantry and knights alike. [5] A certain hermit, called by name Peter, had undertaken to lead these people, although he had no experience in such tasks.? A certain Walter went along as his comrade in this enterprise; this man was

nicknamed ‘the Penniless’.> Brandishing their weapons, these forces proceeded without a care under the leadership of these men, [10] undisciplined and incautious, in the belief that everything that presented itself to their greedy eyes was their own, free and by right, and that on the journey they had undertaken, nothing should be denied them— but rather, that it was to be

sought after byforce ofarms, no matter who tried to stop them.* [15] In fact, they had given no thought to making ready a good supply ofprovisions, as they hoped such provisions would be readily available everywhere, and that as heralds and disciples ofthe Gospel, they would gain their food and clothing in accordance with the Gospel.*> Such hopes were in their minds; as they were thinking on what they had hoped for, [20| and realized that their meagre supplies were already running out, they came to Hungary. They displayed the sign ofthe cross sewn on to the front oftheir garments, met with no one in their way, and crossed into that land.® Having entered the country they asked for things that seemed necessary to them, free of charge; when these things were not given them, they plundered them, breaking down doors in a hostile 3 Walter of Poissy was better known by name in French, Sans Avoir. The Gesta Francorum, p. 4, translates this as sine habere (see also app. crit.). He was accompanied by his two brothers, Simon and William. After Walter’s death at Civetot, they seem to have

returned to the West, but both joined the r1o1 Crusade. Orderic Vitalis, v. 29, 39, 346; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 159. 4 The fullest account ofthe so-called ‘Peasants’ Crusade’ remains F. Duncalf, “The

Peasants’ be found Chartres, 5 Matt.

Crusade’, AHR xxvi (1921), 400-53. References to this expedition are also to in Gesta Francorum, pp. 2-5; Guibert of Nogent, pp. 142-6; Fulcher of pp. 158-9; Albert of Aachen, pp. 272-95. 10: g-10. The Peasants’ Crusade set out before the good harvest of 1096, from

which the succeeding armies benefited.

6 In the following account, the Charleville Poet treats the various contingents on the Peasants’ Crusade as one. In fact Walter the Penniless reached Hungary in late May; Peter the Hermit arrived shortly afterwards, and the three remaining contingents, led by the German priests Folkmar and Gottschalk, and Count Emicho of Leiningen, arrived in Hungary in July or August.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Horrea frumentis, uino cellaria fraudant.

Siqui uestis egent, indutos tegmine nudant. In proprias escas aliena animalia mactant, In proprios usus aliena negotia captant, Instituunt festas alieno ex ture tabernas,

fo. 66°

Dant mercaturas alieno ex foenore largas. Qui ueluti ciues intrarant hospita tecta Ipsis in tectis peragunt hostilia cuncta. Quid moror in multis2' non ulla exempla malorum Disconuenerunt plus genti Christicolarum. His irritantur uesanis motibus Huni. Fama uolans patrio facit omnia cognita regi,’

Vndique conueniunt, conclusos undique mactant,

Hic fugit, hic pugnat, cuncti moriendo laborant; Maxima pars gladiis, pars fluminibus periere, Pauci cum ducibus se morti subripuere. Cumque fuga medium regionis iam tenuissent Et solitos iterum raptus agere instituissent, Rex iterum accitus fama uolitante recurrit Et circumducta medios indagine claudit.3 Conseritur bellum, uirtus fortunaque certat, Comminus obtruncant se quos* strictura coartat. Anceps pugna diu* populi morientis utrimque, Dum desperanter® pugnant audensque pauensque, Donec externi concursibus indigenarum Turbati fugiunt metuentes tela sequentum. Forte fuit iuxta Christi uenerabile templum’ Pignoribus multis sanctorum nobilitatum: Huc bello pulsi, gens inconsulta, manipli Intendere fugam, spe morti se eripiendi. Sed gens barbaricis assueta furoribus uti Nil reuerens sanctae seruarunt relligioni,° Namque locum sacrum uallantes obsidione Allexere aliquos male fida deditione; Quos tamen egressos contra fas decapitantes Expauefecerunt reliquos, ne progredientes More trucidati pecorum sine laude perirent, Ast ibi quidquid eis ferret fortuna subirent. Quapropter, rursus furiis immanibus acti, 7 si quos Sirmond, Riant

> desperantes Sirmond, Riant

BOOK II

manner, [25] and emptying the stores ofgrain and the cellars of wine. Ifany lacked clothing, they stripped those who were dressed oftheir garments. They slaughtered the animals of others for their own food; they took over the property of others for their own use, made merry in the taverns where others had the right, [30] and generously gave goods away at others’ expense. They had entered friendly houses as though they were citizens, but everything they did in those houses, they did as enemies. But why dwell on all these things?! No instances of evil were ever less worthy of Christian people. [35] The Hungarians were vexed by this wild behaviour. News spread quickly, and all became known to the king ofthat land.’ His people gathered together from all sides, hemmed the invaders in and slaughtered them everywhere; some fled, some fought, all were overwhelmed by death; most died in combat, some drowned in rivers, [40] and only a few with their leaders escaped death. When in their flight they already commanded the central region ofthe country, they began once again to carry out their habitual raids. The king was alerted by the swiftly spreading news, and made haste to cut them off, trapping them in an encircling maneuvre.* [45] Battle was joined, courage and fortune entered the fray, and hemmed in and crammed together they hacked at each other in close combat. The battle wavered for a long time* with casualties on both sides, but the brave man and the coward fought despairingly, until the invaders were put to flight by the charges ofthe natives, [50] and fled in terror of their pursuers’ weapons. There happened to be nearby a venerable temple of Christ,> graced with many relics of the saints; driven by the fighting, the bands ofinfantry (reckless men!) fled to this place in the hope of snatching themselves from death. [55| But this people was accustomed to indulging in savage frenzy, and showed no respect at allfor religion:® for they blocked off the holy place and laid siege to it, and enticed some to surrender, though they did not keep faith; for against all right they cut their heads off when they came out, [60] and terrified the rest into resolving not to come out to die ingloriously, butchered like cattle, but rather to endure whatever fortune brought them where they stood. The Hungarians were once again ! Terence, Andria, 114, cf. Vergil, Aen. ii. 102. Walter in fact negotiated market privileges with the Hungarian king and his orderly band passed through Hungary almost without incident. Peter made similar arrangements, although his force was less well disciplined. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 274, 276. Once again the Charleville Poet draws no distinctions between the behaviour of the various groups and ascribes to the earlier armies the violence and pillaging carried out by the later bands.

? Coloman, king of Hungary 1ogs—1114. 3 Lucan, Bellum ciuile, vi. 42.

* Vergil, Aen. x. 359.

> The narrative here is without close parallels in any other sources of the First Crusade.

6 The Hungarians’ conversion to Christianity was only recent, having taken place under King Stephen I (997-1038); Hungary had been handed over to the Papacy as a fiefdom under Géza I (1074-7).

28 fo. 66"

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Tene superiecto circum fastigia templ, Non dubitauerunt ipsosque domumque cremare Atque Deo non suaue fragrantia* thura adolere: Sed, quia non fuerat penes omnes culpa malorum, Cumque malis pariter fuit obruta uita bonorum, Ac simul almifici periit reuerentia templi, Nec cuiquam menti insedit miseratio Christi, Ostendit Dominus sibi talia non placuisse, Dum per signa locum sacra contulit enitutsse; Namque ibi per triduum fons sanguinis emanautt, Atque locum cedis condigno horrore notauit.' Preterea dignis loca percrebrescere signis Ex tunc affirmat discurrens fama celebris, Dum cecis, claudis uarioque dolore grauatis’ Omnipotens Virtus ibi prestat dona salutis. His ita transactis, quoniam tlle exercitus omnis Agmine non uno nec eisdem incedere castris Ob numerum poterat, non parua sede capacem Atque ideo inter se non magna parte sequacem, Quedam pars istas® precesserat hic residentes, Tamque uidebatur regionis tangere fines, Sed sibi preclusum castello et flumine magno Inuenit egressum, nec posse excedere claustro.* Egressu uetito® castellum prendere ceptant, Donec [iam trepi|di* castrenses coepta remittant:

7°

Dantque® locum, claustris reseratis, egrediendi,

Sic ex Pannoniis laceri excessere manipli. Hinc iter aggressi per fines Vulgariorum, Quos uocitant Thracas, ut habent monimenta priorum,

Deuenere Gnidon, urbem sic nomine dictam,° * fragrantia Sirmond: flagrantia cod. istos Sirmond, Riant © uetito zs written over an erasure 4 jam trepi]di Holford-Strevens; in the lacuna Professor Hall suggested ad extremum; Riant put exigui

' Albert of Aachen, pp. 274—-5, places this incident at Semlin. His account is much less detailed than the one given here. There is no mention of any miraculous sign. F. Duncalf, “The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople’, in Setton, A History of the Crusades, i. 253-79, at p. 259, argues that the burning of the church took place at Belgrade.

2 Matt. 11: 5. 3 Either Semlin or Belgrade.

BOOK II

roused to terrible anger because of this, and threw fire on to the roof of the temple all around, [65] not hesitating to burn both men and building, offering up to God an incense that did not smell sweet. Not all ofthose inside were guilty ofevil deeds, however, and the lives ofgood men had been swept along with the wicked; moreover the devotion due to that temple, the source ofblessing, also perished, [70] and the mercy of Christ was fixed in the mind of no man. On this account the Lord God demonstrated that such deeds had not pleased him, and made the spot shine forth in glory through holy signs: for a spring of blood flowed out there for three days, and marked the site of the slaughter with horror that was deserved and fitting.’ [75| Moreover the place became even better known by its worthy signs from that time on, as the famous news about it made clear as it spread abroad, for the glory of the Almighty bestowed gifts of healing there on the blind, the lame, and those

burdened with different kinds ofpain.” After all this had taken place, since that whole army [80] could not march in a single column, nor camp in a single spot, because their weight of numbers made them unable to fit into a small place, and they were consequently following on behind one another in groups a short distance apart, some ofthe force left the rest behind in this place,’ and went on ahead. When they seemed almost to have come right to the borders of that region, [85] they found the way out blocked by a castle and a broad river, and were unable to pass by that obstacle.’ With their way out blocked, they began to assail the castle, until the terrified occupants abandoned the action they had begun, unlocked their barricades and gave them space to withdraw. [go] And so those mangled squads ofmen got away from the Hungarians. From here they made their way through Bulgarian territory, which (as the chronicles ofold have it) men call Thrace, and came down to a city called by the name ofNish,* where the way is * The only other account ofthis episode is in Guibert of Nogent, p. 143. The passage

here is extremely obscure, and the lacunae only make matters worse. The reference may be (albeit obliquely) to the arrival not ofthe ‘front-line’ of the Peasants’ Crusade, but to the final wave, led by Count Emicho of Leiningen. They arrived at the gates of Wieselberg, at the confluence of the Mosoni-Duna (a branch of the Danube) and Letha rivers, to find their way blocked by command of King Coloman of Hungary. As the town was

surrounded by swamps they could find no way round, and after an abortive attempt to force their way through they spent six weeks constructing a bridge in order to launch a final assault. However they panicked after forcing an entrance and were cut down between town and river. The Charleville Poet has the incident quite out of context,

which may account for his obscurity. 5 Gnidon is

acommon medieval corruption of Cnidos, though here Nish is the seat of

Nicetas, the Byzantine governor ofNicaea. The city was located in the valley ofthe river Morava, hence the Charleville Poet’s description. For similarities in the Latin, cf. Gilo,

vii. 508; Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm. v. 376.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Calle perangusto ceu carceris ore patentem, Cuius pacificam poscentes transitionem

fo. 67°

Vnus post unum quasi transiuere fenestram. Postquam progressi campo potiuntur aperto, Clamauere forum, famis instimulante magistro;* Agmine uendentum sollempniter adueniente Monstrantur species, sed censu deficiente Ceperunt rapere quod mercari cupiebant, Et mandante fame cupide raptis inhiabant.' Protinus excita concurrunt agmina ad arma.

100

Propulsant, abigunt taciendo hastilia densa.

Corpora et arma simul consternunt strata uiarum,’ Nec fuga cessauit ternorum fine dierum.* His depulsa locis acies male consiliata, Imperio nullo, nullo moderamine ducta,* Dum sibi cuncta forent contraria, prospera nulla, Duratis animis tendebat ad ulteriora: Ergo male expertam fugere exoptans Europam, Finibus inque Asiae fortunam querere blandam, Qua breuis est iuxta Byzantion Hellespontus, °

105

110

Cuius ab hoc® artus dirimit Chalcedona cursus,

Transiit atque urbem Nichomedis nomine dictam® Inter et egregiam stabiliuit castra Niceam.’

115

Hos fuerant inter modica non parte Alemanni,

Ante ducem dictum proprio sub nomine moti,’ Qui naturali nimium feritate tumentes Indignabantur reliquis fore consociales. At postquam fines quos diximus applicuerunt, Cuncta suis per se titulis agere instituerunt.°

120

Ergo Bythinorum castellum' repperientes Incustoditum, moxque illud preripientes fo. 67"

Muniuere satis muris, custodibus, armis; * magitro m. pr.

125

> ab hoc Groco*ck; ab hac cod.

' Albert of Aachen, pp. 278-80, also refers to some form of altercation in the market, which led to fighting between Peter’s forces and the local Byzantine troops.

2 3 that *

Cf. i. 293; Vergil, Aen. i. 421. The army was reunited at Bela Palanka. See Albert of Aachen, p. 281, who states they spent three days gathering the harvest there. At this point the army was in fact under the command of Peter the Hermit.

> The Charleville Poet, like most historians of the crusade, fails to differentiate

BOOK II

very narrow, opening up like the mouth of a cave. [95] They asked to cross through there in peace, and crossed through one after another, as though going through a window. Passing on, they reached open country and, mastered by the pain of hunger, they cried out for a market. An assortment of wares was displayed by a crowd ofmerchants in the usual way, [100] but being short of money they took to stealing what they desired to buy, and spurred on by hunger they greedily swallowed up what they stole.' Straightaway the crowd was roused to hurry and take up arms. They drove them off and assailed them, throwing showers of spears. [105] Bodies and weapons alike were strewn

over the roadway,’ and their flight did not end until three days had passed. That ill-advised force, driven offfrom this region, was under no authority and led under no direction;* although they felt everything would be against them, with no prospect of success, [110] they stiffened their resolve and headed further on. And so, in the desire to flee from Europe, where their experience was bad, and to seek a kinder fate in the regions of Asia, they crossed over the Hellespont’ where it is narrow, next to Byzantium; its narrows divide Chalcedon from this place. [115] They pitched their camp between the city called Nicomedia® and famed Nicaea.’ Some Germans had been stirred to come there before their leader, mentioned above, on their own account;® they formed a substantial part of these men. They were swollen overmuch with their native fierceness, [120] and found it insufferable to be comrades of the rest. But after they came to the regions of which we have spoken, they decided to act entirely for themselves, on their

own authority.’ So, when they came across an unguarded Bithynian castle, '° they at once seized hold of it [125] and fortified it strongly with walls and between the Hellespont and the Bosporus; the latter is clearly what is intended here.

See also iii. 195-6. ° Cf. ii. 93. Nicomedia had been deserted since it was sacked by the Seljuks in 1081. 7 Albert of Aachen, p. 263, states that the army encamped at Civetot, which lies on the coast between these two cities and was originally built to house the Byzantine emperor’s English mercenaries. SeeJ.Shepard, “The English and Byzantium: a study oftheir role in the Byzantine army in the later eleventh century’, Traditio, xxix (1973), 53-92. 5 The contrast is drawn here between the unruly Germans, who accompanied Peter the Hermit, and the more disciplined body which was led by Godfrey of Bouillon. Orderic Vitalis (v. 28) claims that 15,000 Germans joined the Peasants’ Crusade after hearing Peter preach. A list of the southern German nobles on this expedition is also given by the Chronicler of Zimmern. ° This breakaway group was stirred up by jealousy ofa party of Franks which had carried out a successful raid near Nicaea. It was led by an Italian noble named Rainald. For their exploits, see Gesta Francorum, p. 3; Robert of Rheims, pp. 732-3; Guibert of Nogent, pp. 144-5; Albert of Aachen, pp. 284-5. 0 The castle was named Xerigordon, but its exact location has not been identified. Albert of Aachen, p. 284, places it three miles from Nicaea, but Gesta Francorum, p. 3, describes it as being three days’ journey from there.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Saxa, sudes, tormenta locant in turribus altis,'

Ordine disposito statuunt qui menta seruent, Qui uero utilia residentibus omnia curent. Inde per extente fines regionis oberrant, Comportant predas et rapto uiuere certant,’

130

Et, licet in patria sint omnimodis aliena,

Sic agitant ueluti sua sit prouintia tota. Hoc ubi fama tulit* per compita tot regionum, Quo iam nullus erat manifestus Christicolarum,

Vndique barbarice properant concurrere gentes, Vndique multiplices protendunt obsidiones: Nam quia compererant ductores Francigenarum (Quorum nomen erat per totum nobile mundum) Coniurasse uiam sancti sub honore sepulchri,* Et uiolatorum animatos cedibus ut, Si precursores habuissent mortificatos, A reliquis sese sperabant iam fore tutos. Hoc igitur uoto se totis uiribus aptant, Artibus, ingeniis que duc*nt commoda curant:

135

Aggeribus, pluteis, onagris quoque, fustibalisque

145

140

Assultus ineunt cunctis utensilibusque.* Nube sagittarum tenebrosus redditur aer, Vocibus atque tubis ululantibus obstrepit ether;* Succedunt alits alii, uel uulnere tardis

Vel diuturnarum operarum pondere lassis. Obsessi porro feritate et robore freti

150

Et, st deficiant, nusquam? se uiuere certi,

Omni telorum genere oppugnantibus instant, Ossaque corporaque et uitalia tota terebrant. fo. 68"

Nec solum pereunt quos duro uulnere quassant, Quos sude quos ferro quos igne uel assere mactant, Quos uelut hylla® terunt muralis pondera saxi, Quos quasi transiliunt uelamen acumina‘ teli, Sed rabidos oculos uultusque uidendo minaces Exanimante metu fugiunt in terga furentes, 4

155

160

Sepius hoc igitur temptantes, sepe repulsi, 2 tulit Groco*ck; telit cod. ® nunquam Sirmond, Riant © uelamen acumina cod.: ...la..acumina Sirmond: letalia acumina Riant 4 furentes Groco*ck: ruentes Riant: ...entes cod.

' Vergil, Aen. xi. 473.

2 Vergil, Aen. vii. 749.

21Cisiez20.

BOOK

armed guards; they put war-engines with rocks and spikes in the high towers,' and decided a rota for who should go on sentry-duty and who should busy themselves in everything needful for the occupants. From there they wandered over the far-flung lands ofthat region, [130] bringing back plunder and booty on which they strove to live,’ and, although they were ina completely foreign land, they behaved just as though the whole province was theirs. When news of this spread along every highway and byway round about, where there was as yet no sign of the Christians, [135] the heathen peoples made haste to join together from every place, and in every place they marshalled their numerous forces forablockade. They had found out that the leaders of the Franks (whose name was renowned throughout the whole world) had sworn to undertake their journey for the honour of the Holy Sepulchre,? [140] and were impassioned to slaughter those who had desecrated it. Because ofthis they hoped that by bringing about the death ofthe advance-guard, they would then be safe from the rest. With this wish in mind they therefore made themselves ready with all their strength, and prepared with skill and thought the things they considered useful: [145] siege-engines, protective covers, ballistas, and slingshots too. They went into the attack with all the weapons ofwar.* The sky was darkened by a cloud ofarrows, and the air rang loud? with shouting and hornblasts; men took one another’s places as they were crippled with wounds [150] or grew tired from the weight of their daily labours. Those besieged relied even more on their savage strength: certain that ifthey grew weak they stood no chance of survival, they fought back at their assailants with every kind ofweapon, cutting into flesh and bone and the very seat of life. [155] It was not just those whom they smote with serious wounds who died, or those they cut down with spike and sword or with burning stakes, those on whom the weight of rocks from the wall beat down like hail,® those whom weapon-points pierced like cloth, but also those who saw the wild look in their eyes and their threatening faces, [160] who were driven out oftheir minds with fear and turned and fled like madmen. And so they tried this course of action several times, but each time they were driven 4 The different types of siege-weapons used in medieval warfare are described by P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, trans. M. Jones (Oxford, 1984), pp. 102-6.

> Statius, Thebaid, xi. 247. 6 The word hylla is the clear reading of the MS, but it does not seem that any ofthe Latin forms hilla, illa, ylla, hyle, or yle are intended. Neither Ducange or TLL gives any senses that fit the meaning here. Riant capitalizes the word, presumably taking it to be a proper noun. However, an explanation ofthe word that does fit the sense is to take it as a transcription of an OHG or OF variant meaning ‘hail’; cf. SOED, which traces ‘hail’ from OE hagalian and O. Teut. hag(a)lojan. Cf. Tobler-Lommatszch, Altfranz. Wort., s.v. gresler; = ‘intr. hageln: il grele, Gl. haylet = hails’.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Nullo conatu castro ualuere potirt. Postquam nulla uiam uirtus ad talia confert,

Protinus ad fraudem se contio barbara transfert.’ Mittitur extemplo legatio non bene cautis, Alliciens stolidos affatibus insidiosis: Cur maneant illic ubi uexet inedia lassos,*

Et mors, sera licet, rerum consumat egenos? Si uellent sanctum properanter adire sepulchrum, Cuius proposito uacuassent tecta parentum, Ex facili posse uotis gaudere peractis Sicum pace uelint castris exire relictis; Denique se uotis concordibus esse paratos Vsque in Hierusalem cunctos deducere sanos,° Hoc quoque iurando sibi se promittere ferre. Si non credendi, teneantur perditione.° Talibus atque aliis rationibus amplificatis Inflexe mentes populi non certa pauentis; Nam, sifortune presens ostensio blanda, Ignorabatur quid haberet ferre futura. Vestigatur® ab his que sit fiducia coepti:? Turant legati penitus nihil esse pericli; Ductores etenim iam dudum stare paratos Ducere qui ualeant iterumque reducere tutos. Hoc se per legem cupide firmare paternam, Per superos et si qua fides apud est Acherontem,* Sic tamen ut positis se pacifica agmina telis Credere non dubitent sibi iungi foedere certis.

fo. 68°

170

75)

185

Sic offirmatis® mediante interprete dictis Et male percussis sub pacis' imagine pactis, Credita res miseris, legatio quam male suada

190

Pertulit, et pepigit iuratio plus male fida.* Excedunt castris et tradunt hostibus arma Agmina capta dolis® et proditione subacta.

Excipiunt® ipsos ductores assimulati, Deduc*nt aliquot! spatiis sub nomine pacti, Donec in exesam uenientes undique uallem,>

Valli Hierusalem studuerunt ponere nomen: * clausos Sirmond, Riant

conditione

Sirmond,

> uiuos Sirmond, Riant

Riant;

the cod.

has a lacuna

BOOK

“a

off; they were not strong enough to gain the castle by any endeavour. When courage supplied no way of attaining their goal, the heathen horde at once turned to treachery.' [165] A delegation was swiftly sent to those reckless men, enticing their stubborn hearts with words ofdeceit: why should they stay there, where in their exhaustion they would be ravaged by starvation, and death would eat them up, even ifit were delayed, since they had nothing? If they wished to arrive quickly at the Holy Sepulchre, [170] for whose sake they had emptied the houses of their ancestors, they could easily enjoy the fulfilment of their prayers, ifonly they would come out in peace and leave the castle; in short, they were ready with one heart and mind to lead all ofthem right to Ferusalem in safety, [175] and to promise on oath that they would do it; ifthey were not to be believed then let them be damned. By means of this and other arguments which they piled up, they swayed the minds ofthe people, fearful oftheir uncertain fate, for even iftheir fortune’s appearance seemed kindly at present, [180] what guise it might assume in future was unknown. They probed what faith they could put in the proposal ofthese men;’ the envoys swore that there was absolutely no danger; their leaders had been standing byfor some time, ready and able to take them and to bring them back again safely. [185] They swore this eagerly by their ancestral law, by the gods above and by whatever faith exists below,> in such a way that those fighting men at last laid their weapons aside in peace, not doubting that they could trust them, nor that they werejoined with honest men in this treaty. And so their words were confirmed through the mediation ofan interpreter, [190] and their agreements were sealed under the appearance ofpeace. The wretched troops believed the bargain that the illadvised legation had brought, and their even more faithless oath had sworn.* They left the castle and gave their weapons overtothe enemy, a force captured by trickery and overwhelmed by betrayal. [195| Theso-called leaders took charge ofthem and led themsome way ina pretence ofanagreement, until they reached a steep-sided valley,* and tried to fasten to this valley the name “Ferusalem’. ' The Charleville Poet’s graphic account of the Germans’ defeat is unique. According to Albert of Aachen, p. 285, they suffered greatly during the siege and Rainald finally agreed to surrender. Those who renounced Christianity were sent into captivity in the East and those who remained true to their faith were slaughtered. For other brief

accounts, cf. Gesta Francorum, pp. 3-4, and Robert of Rheims, p. 733. ? Vergil, Aen. ii. 75. 3 Vergil, Aen. vi. 459. + Albert of Aachen, pp. 290-1, relates a similar act of treachery when a group led by Gottschalk handed over their weapons to the Hungarians, who either killed or captured

ose may be a reference to the narrow wooded valley near Dracon, where the Seljuks ambushed the remaining members ofboth armies as they marched to avenge the massacre at Xerigordon. See S. Runciman, “The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch’, in Setton, A History of the Crusades, i. 280-307, at p. 283.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Quo facto medios densa statione coronant, Hos in Hierusalem iam se statuisse perorant; Quicquid promissum fuerit complesse recursant, Nil illis post hac iam se debere recensent. Vndique conclamant; gladiorum? spicula nudant, Armati nudos cedunt feriuntque, trucidant, Nil prohibente metu, circumque infraque uagantur; Hinc etenim iugulis, hinc ferro bella geruntur. Nuda perit uirtus nec quo se ostendere possit Tnuenit, et quid agat nulla ratione capescit. Ceduntur pauci media inter milia pressi, Et quod erat grautus, armis ac tegmine nudi

200

210

Sic detruncantur, media sic cede rotantur,

fo. 69°

Sic illifaciunt, sic isti perpetiuntur, Vt morti addicti medios clauduntur in enses, Vt dibachantur pecora inter inertia tygres.' Tali fine ruit uirtus temeraria frustra, Dum sine consilio* sperat sibi cedere cuncta,

215

Et uelut in messe succist disperiere,

Dum se non ualuit uirtus compressa mouere. Ex hac clade ferunt non euasisse uel unum Alterius partis qui detinuere recessum.

220

Nam meminisse decet, si qui sunt ista legentes, Nos dixisse supra diuisas tunc legiones Quando Alemannti isti per se caput instituerunt Ac sese a reliquis secernere non timuerunt. Qui postquam per se statuerunt castra mouere®

225

Et male conducti ceu diximus interiere,

Illi quos dictum est moetatos pone Niceam Non minus aggressi stolida leuitate rapinam, * Lance pari timidum pariterque lacessere fortem, Pene paris dampni meruere incurrere sortem: Namque acie sparsa mox discurrendo per arua Oppida predari primum cepere minora; Ex hinc paulatim longe lateque uagari, Insignes uillas castellaque depopulari, Donec asspirans primo fortuna labori* Suasit eos ausum ceco prebere furori. * gladios & (sic) Sirmond; gladios et Riant

> mouer. cod.

230

235

BOOK II

37:

This done, they encircled them all round with a close guard. [200] They persisted in saying that they had now brought them to Ferusalem, stated that whatever they had promised was now fulfilled, and that in their opinion they owed them nothing from now on. Then they raised a shout on every side, and bared the points of their swords; armed men slew defenceless men, slashed at

them, cut them down; [205] no fear stood in their way as they rampaged all round among them; one side waged war with the sword, the other could only offer up their throats to be cut. Their courage died naked, and found no place where it could display itself; it could find no course ofaction to seize upon. In the midst of thousands the few were slain, hemmed in; [210] and what was worse, they were cut down stripped ofweapons and armour, whirled about in the midst of slaughter. Thus did the one side fight, thus did the other side suffer. Like men delivered up to death they were shut in the midst of the swords; the other side ran wild like tigers! among harmless cattle. [215] Heedless courage perished in vain by such an end, while without proper counsel* they hoped that all would give way before them, and they perished as though cut down in the harvest, and their bravery, hemmed in, could not

display itself. [220] Those ofthe second group who stayed behind say that not a single man escaped this disaster. For it should be remembered by any who chance to be reading this account that we said above that the forces divided when the Germans took it upon themselves to form the advance-guard, and were not afraid to cut themselves offfrom the rest. [225] After they had decided of their own accord to break camp, and were led foully to destruction, as we have said, those who as I said encamped behind Nicaea set out to plunder’ just like the others, stupid and reckless as they were; they attacked the timorous and the brave without distinction, [230] and almost deserved to meet as disastrous a fate; for, racing swiftly over the fields in a straggling formation, they began at first to plunder the lesser towns; then little by little they wandered further afield and laid waste substantial villages and fortified towns, [235] until the wind offortune, having blown favourably on their first endeavour,’ persuaded them in their blind frenzy to attempt a deed ' Cf. Vergil, Aen. iv. 158-9. 2 The Charleville Poet is anxious to emphasize the importance of acting with consilium, and stresses the disasters that befall those who do not. There are obvious

parallels with, for example, the Chanson de Roland, ll. 1724-7. 3 The chronology here is rather muddled. The French sortie and sack of the area surrounding Nicaea in fact predated the German capture of Xerigordon. See Albert of Aachen, p. 284. 4 Vergil, Aen. ii. 385.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vrbs etenim clara bis iam memorata Nycea' Olim ter centum patribus ter sexque sacrata, Dum per concilium,’ omni memorabile terra,*

Dogmata sunt Arti penes ipsam? mortificata, Haec erat et pollens opibus, tum robore firma Natura atque manu, populisque immane referta;

240

Qua dominabatur uenerans tamen idola turba Et famulabatur diuino fonte renata;* fo. 69°

Hanc primum predis temptatam necne rapinis,

245

Post etiam uexant discursibus anteforanis, * Creuit inexplicitus processu temporis ausus:

Tam quatitur murus, nisi qua lacus imminet altus: Tam quasi capturi crebris assultibus urbem Comminus incursant plus quam sit causa timentem: Nam quis mirari populum male desipientem, Quis queat indocilem digne incusare cohortem? Vrbanos etenim, quos Christi fonte nitentes Diximus, inque urbe non primos sed famulantes, Viderunt calamos sine ferro conicientes, Et manuum gestu se significando cientes, Vt prope congressi muris portisque recepti Vrbe potirentur, socio conamine freti; Sed neque id obtunsus ualuit perpendere sensus Aut intercipere uoluit male credulus ausus. Sic igitur ceptum medio tenus intermissum, Sic opere infecto est iter ad tentoria uersum.

250

255

260

Tunc gemini proceres fuerant hec regna tenentes, Incertum nobis an fratres siue nepotes, Vni Sultannus, alii nomen Solimannus,°

265

Diues uterque satis et opimo milite cinctus; Fama relatarum ueniens his nuntia rerum Ammonuit tantum non dissimulare tumultum. Cogunt militiam, ueniunt properando Nyceam, Inueniunt predis compluribus exspoliatam; * memorabile terra sugg. Sirmond; memo...t terra cod. cod.

270

> ipsam Groco*ck; ipsa

" Note that this sentence, rambling as it is, never finishes in the Latin, lacking as it does a main verb.

* The council of Nicaea, summoned by Constantine in 325 to deal with the Arian

BOOK

39.

ofdaring. For the famous city ofNicaea,! already twice referred to, was once hallowed by three hundred and eighteen fathers of the church, when in a council’ which all the earth should know of, [240] the teachings ofArius were condemned within its walls. It was wealthy and flourishing, made strong by nature and man, and filled to capacity with people. But in it the host that worshipped idols ruled, and the host born again by baptism served.* [245] At first they tested it with raids and plundering, and later they harried it with attacks beneath its very gates.* As time passed, their daring reached hitherto unseen heights, the city wall was soon being shaken, except where the deep lake bordered it, and soon they were racing in frequent attacks right up to the city, [250] which feared them unjustifiably as though they were about to take it;for who could be surprised at such a stupid people? Who could find fault with this headstrong troop as much as they deserved? Those citizens aglow with Christian baptism, as we have said, and not leaders but servants in the city, [255] they actually saw them throwing shafts without iron tips, and calling out loud, showing who they were by waving their hands, so that they should gather near the walls, be let in at the gates, and take possession of the city, aided by the effort oftheir allies; but their dulled minds were not capable ofgrasping this action, [260] and their unbelieving boldness was not willing to take up the opportunity. And so they broke off their enterprise halfway through, and with the task unfinished they made their way to their tents. At that time there were two nobles ruling these kingdoms. It is not clear to us whether they were brothers or cousins: [265] one was called Sultan, the other Suleiman;* both were very wealthy, and were attended by a sumptuous escort. A report reached them telling of what had been happening, and advising them not to leave so massive an uprising unattended. They gathered their troops and came with haste to Nicaea, [270] which they found ravaged heresy, is reputed to have been attended by 318 bishops, but contemporary accounts give a variety of figures for those present. See G. Alberigo et al., Conciliorum Oecumeni-

corum Decreta (Bologna, 1973), 1;J. Riviere, ‘“Trois cent dix-huit”: un cas de symbolisme arithmétique chez saint Ambroise’, Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale, vi (1934), 361-7; E. Honigmann, ‘La liste originale des Peres de Nicée: a propos de l’évéché de “Sodoma” en Arabie’, Byzantion, xiv (1939), 17-76. 3 Cf. Arator, Hist. apost. ii. 600. The Byzantines lost Nicaea, which became the capital of the Seljuk sultan Suleiman ibn Kutulmish, in 1078. 4 Albert of Aachen, pp. 287-8, states that the fighting took place in a wood and on the plain, but not near Nicaea. The Charleville Poet, however, gives an accurate description of the city surrounded by walls and fortifications dating from the period of Byzantine rule. The city lies at the eastern end of Lake Ascanius, its western wall rising directly from the water. > Other Latin chroniclers also confused the title and patronymic ofthe Seljuk sultan, Kilij Arslan ibn Suleiman (the son of Suleiman ibn Kutulmish). See William of Tyre, i. 59, Albert of Aachen, p. 284.

fo. 70°

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Que gesta inquirunt. multi conspecta renarrant, Multi comperta, cuncti ulciscenda perorant. Procedunt contra, sed non opus est uia longa: Inueniunt prope se quibus est penuria amara, Namque lupos matrem solita extra pellere siluam' Non sinit hos placidam membris dare cura quietem.? Ad primos uisus acies statuuntur utrimque, Sed non consimilis constantia perstat utrisque: Primo congressu metuens fugit aduena turma, Solaque pugna fuit fugientum cedere terga. Nulli spes cordi, nulli constantia menti Pectora uel facies hosti obiectare sequenti; Nudatis manibus, protectis turpiter armis In pedibus tota fiducia mansit inermis. Nec prius absistit* patientia commoriendi Quam saties tenuit uictores interimendi: Namque retro pulsos atque in sua terga regressos® Fines usque suos proculcauere supremos. Hac in clade ruit Vualterius, unus eorum Diximus istorum quos assumpsisse ducatum.*

275

280

285

290

Alter, id est Petrus, retro fugiendo relatus, Cum reliquis uiuis torrente Propontidis actus

Circa Byzantii latebras confinia fouit,* Donec se ducibus uenientibus associauit. Talia diuersis stolidus comitatus in oris Aspera sustinuit, qui laxis fusus habenis* Quicquid sperauit se posse explere putauit, Nec ducis imperio moderarier® utile? duxit. Has de se poenas gentilibus exhibuerunt Ac fidei nostre spernendae exempla dederunt, Quamuis non longum fuerint hac laude hylarati

295

300

Aut impune diu tulerint hac cede potiri.©° Sed quia tam rauca uult respirare camena, Tertius ista thomus referet uirtute resumpta.!

fo. 70”

Explicit liber secundus. Incipit tertius. * absistit Groco*ck: abstitit cod. > repressos Sirmond, Riant Sirmond, Riant 4 uiuere Sirmond, Riant © potiti Riant

' This was a popular medieval proverb. See Proverbes francais antérieurs au XV’ siecle,

BOOK II

by numerous raids. They asked what had happened. Many told them what they had seen, and many what they had found, all begged them for vengeance. They set out against the enemy, and did not have to go far: they found those to whom hunger was bitter nearby; [275] for anxiety, which commonly drives wolves from their mother the forest,‘ did not allow these men to grant rest to their limbs. As soon as they saw one another, both sides drew up their battlelines, but a similar firm resolve did not possess both: at the first clash the foreign troops fled in terror, [280] and the only fighting involved stabbing the backs ofmen running away. They had no hope in their hearts, no firm resolve in their minds to expose their chests and faces to the pursuing enemy, but with empty hands, their weapons disgracefully thrown away, they put all their helpless trust in running. [285] Nor did their suffering and dying cease until the victors had had their fill ofslaughter, for they drove back those who turned on their heels and trampled them down until they came right up to the borders of that land. In this disaster perished Walter, one of those who, {290] as we said, had taken on the leadership ofthe group. The other, that is, Peter, fled right back in retreat, and driven on by the fast-flowing Propontis he found a hiding-place in the neighbourhood ofByzantium with the rest ofthe survivors,* until he joined up with the approaching leaders. [295| Such were the hardships endured in various places by this stubborn company, which ran unchecked and unbridled,° with the thought that they could achieve whatever they hoped for, and did not consider it useful to be governed by the authority ofa proper leader. Through their own doing they paid this penalty to the heathen [300] and gave them precedents for despising our faith, though they were not cheered by this praiseworthy exploit for long, nor were they for long allowed to possess the victory won by slaughter without retribution.® But now because my Muse is hoarse and wishes to regain her breath, the third volume will tell of these things, with strength renewed.’ The second book ends. The third begins. ed.J.Morawski (Paris, 1925), no. 1000, ‘la fains eschache le louf du bois’, and also Fran-

cois Villon, Testament, 168. ? Vergil, Aen. iv. s. 3 The massacre of the crusaders took place on 21 Oct. 1096. Walter was among several minor leaders who perished. * Other sources state that Peter the Hermit had already returned to Constantinople before the fighting began. See Gesta Francorum, p. 4; Albert of Aachen, p. 286; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 44.

> Vergil, Georg. ii. 364. Once again there is a contrast between the undisciplined behaviour of these crusaders and the consilium displayed by Godfrey’s force. 6 This looks ahead to the surrender of Nicaea in June 1097, which is described by the Charleville Poet in the interpolated section of book iy, Il. 60-1109. 7 The book closes with a stock excuse and a promise of what is to come.

LIBER

III

Post ea que primo sunt enumerata libello A diuerticulo repetendum est ordine terno. Quo diuerticulo docuit liber iste secundus

Qualiter excitus fuerit malus iste tumultus, Quo fuerat sancti uia pene relicta sepulchri, Ni uirtute foret procerum reparata potenti. Premisso satis est iam dicta uolumine plaga. Nunc isto* superest dicenda sequente medela.'

fo. 71°

Postquam dux rapidum Godefridus transiit Hystrum? Disposuitque suas turmas, per aperta uiarum Norycios fines iam preteruectus abibat.’ Pannonias uersus iter indefessus agebat, Cum subito rumor nil tale timentibus asper® Aduenit,? inque animos leuium pauor obruit acer; Agmina perculsi® bellum fugientia uulgi Quod sibi in introitu terre sua culpa mereri Fecerat in predis grassantibus atque rapinis* (Quod memorasse sat est libri sermone prioris) Occurrunt stupidis et acerbant funera dictis.* Orant retrogradis celerent uestigia plantis,° Vulnera demonstrant putri insiccata cruore, Quicquid perpessi digno deflente dolore Deplorant structos capitum miseranter aceruos, Congeminant multos fluuiorum uortice mersos, Deflent innumeros cinerem tenus igne perustos Sanguinis errantes sacra circa altaria riuos,

This book isfound only in G 2 ista Sirmond, Riant & Hystrum is written at the end of l.10, where there is space © asper and acer are written beside Hystrum at the end of |. 10; each word is marked to show its correct position in the text 4 aduenit Sirmond © perculsi Holford-Strevens; per*** cod. ' The Charleville Poet again contrasts the Peasants’ Crusade, described as malus tumultus and plaga, with the main expedition and the good deeds of the proceres or uirtute

potentes. * See above, i. 166 and n. Godfrey set out in mid-August and arrived at the Hungarian border in early October.

BOOK

III

To what happened after those events which are set out in the first book we must now return in the third, from the digression by which our second book stated how that fateful commotion was stirred up [5] which almost caused the journey to the Holy Sepulchre to be abandoned, had it not been renewed again by the vigorous courage of its leaders. This sore wound has already been sufficiently spoken of in the preceding volume. Now in the following one it remains to tell how its healing took place.'

[10] After Duke Godfrey had crossed the fast-flowing Danube and arranged his squadrons, he made his way along open roads and was soon leaving behind the borders of Noricum.? Unwearying he was making his way towards Hungary [when suddenly| idle talk sprang up, bitter to those who feared no such thing, and dreadful terror assailed the minds ofmen who were easily swayed; [15] the bands of common people, fleeing in terror, related what their own fault had made them suffer on their entering the land, through their going about pillaging* and plundering (which is recalled quite enough in the previous book’s account). They ran to meet the shocked troops and made the slaughter worse as they told of it.* [20] They pleaded with them to retrace their steps? and make haste about it, they showed off their wounds, still wet with putrid gore, and with merited grief lamenting over what they had suffered, they wept for the heaps of heads wretchedly piled up, and bewailed the many drowned in the currents ofthe rivers, [25] and wept over the countless men burned to a cinder in the fire, over the streams of blood 3 A divine judgement upon human sinfulness became the standard explanation for a crusading defeat. See Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 69-100. For a similar interpretation of the failure of the Peasants’ Crusade, see Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolimita, p. 19; Albert of Aachen, p. 295; Bernold ofSt Blasien, p. 466. * Godfrey of Bouillon’s army must undoubtedly have encountered some survivors of the Peasants’ Crusade, but the Charleville Poet is the only source to describe the disheartening effect which this had upon its morale. Albert of Aachen, pp. 299-306, is otherwise the main source for information about Godfrey’s journey to Constantinople. Here again the chronology may be muddled. These could not have been the survivors of Civetot, since that massacre did not take place until 21 Oct. They may have been the remnants of the later German bands led by Gottschalk, Folkmar, and Emicho of Leiningen, which were massacred in Hungary. For example, Hartmann of DillingenKyburg appears to have been in Godfrey’s camp at Nicaea. See Albert of Aachen,

PP: 299, 332, 427> Vergil, Aen. vi. 159, Alcimus Avitus, Carm. i. 130.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Omnigenum mota populorum comminus arma, Nullum sufficere numerum ad gentilia monstra: Quin potius dum spes fugiendi percelerarent Ne consectati insatiata clade perirent. Talia cuncta phalanx grauioraque comperentes, Non solum timidi, turbantur denique fortes. Exoptantur equi multis, [tot milia]* longi

Quot processissent ultra confinia Rheni,?” Seque super frontes illorum [....... |plorare Ne nece cogantur grau|iora pericula adire|\° Consilium fractis angusto pectore [rebus|4 Electum multis agitant cum® singula [sensus]‘ Circ*mstare ducem durosque re| uoluere casus |:¥ Implorare fidem summe Deitatis [.......... ] Ne quasi se uiles animas [concedere morti]," Neu uelit ut pecudes addicere perditioni.' Sat sibi sufficere debere exempla priorum: Nec positos facile fines transcendere patrum; Non sapere optandum plus quam sit copia nosse, Nec facere audendum plus quam foret utile posse: Multa per extentos pollere sacraria Gallos,

Multos esse locos orandi ture dicatos,

Siue Coloniaci? subeant oracula Petri Siue genetricis ueneranda palatia Christi* Si loca sanctorum per plurima regna piorum Quorum sit precibus moles subiecta malorum. Posse ubicumque pias Diue Bonitatis ad aures Illacrimando preces transmittere spirituales, Ipsum namque Deum nullatenus esse localem Sed totum totis in partibus esse potentem, Nec pretiosarum gazarum querere templa

fo. 71"

Sed pia, sed pura, sed amare innoxia corda.*

Desinerent igitur temptare impossibiles res Frustraque incertas' adamare superfluitates, * tot milia Groco*ck; miliaria longe Sirmond; miliaria longis Riant mond, Riant © Sirmond sugg. grauiora pericula adire in the lacuna sugg. in tempore rebus in the lacuna he sam: pectore is the MS reading mond, Riant the lacuna

60 > Rhenis Sir4 Sirmond © dum Sir-

* Riant sugg. sensus in the lacuna ® reuoluere casus Sirmond in h immittere morti Sirmond ‘ incoeptas Sirmond, Riant

' Ekkehard of Aura (Hierosolymita, p. 21) commented that after the defeat of Emicho

BOOK III

flowing round the holy altars, over the weapons ofall kinds people raised to meet them, over the fact that no number was great enough to face the heathen horror; rather, while hope offleeing remained, they ought to make haste [30] lest they perished, cut to pieces in an insatiable slaughter. As the whole force found out about these acts and worse, not only the fearful but even the stouthearted were shaken. Horses were sought by many, as many thousands had gone across the borders of the Rhine far away, [35| and |throwing] themselves upon the horses’ heads, they begged not to be forced on pain ofdeath to undergo worse torments. In these dire straits they lighted on a narrow-minded plan, while individual troubles stirred up their feelings: they stood round the duke and called their hard labour to witness, [40] they invoked and prayed for the protection ofthe most high God not to wish that they should |pour out their souls to death] like worthless men, nor to give them over to destruction like cattle.' The examples ofthose who had gone before must surely be enough for them, and it was not easy to cross over the frontiers established by their fathers; [45] it was unwise to want to know too much, or to dare to do more than could possibly be of use. Many holy places were to be found spread through Gaul, and there were many places ofprayer consecrated by law; they could go to the mercy-seat ofPeter at Cologne,’ [50] orto the hallowed palace of the Mother of Christ,3 or in many a kingdom to the shrines of the holy saints, by whose prayers the mass of evil is held in check. In every place they could send up spiritual prayers with tears for the Holy God ofgoodness to hear, [55] for God himself was in no way fixed in one place, but was wholly powerful throughout the whole world, and did not seek temples ofprecious treasures, but rather loved holy, pure, and blameless hearts.* Therefore, they ought to refrain from trying to do such impossible things, [60] and vainly of Leiningen at the siege of Wieselberg in Aug. 1096, some ofthe ‘more simple brethren’ dismissed the whole expedition as ‘vain and frivolous’.

? Cologne is normally associated with the relics of the three Magi; by the end ofthe 12th c. it had become one of the main pilgrimage sites in Europe, the others being Santiago, Rome, and Canterbury. This, however, may be a reference to an earlier

legend that St Peter had been the first bishop of Cologne. See Catholic Encyclopaedia, art. ‘Cologne’, 1013, 1017. Cologne’s Gothic cathedral, begun in the late 13th c., is dedicated to St Peter and the Virgin Mary. Other accounts ofthe First Crusade by contrast focus on St Peter as the first bishop of Antioch. 3 The exact meaning of‘the palace of the Mother of Christ’ is not clear. It could be a reference to Le Puy, which was already a centre of Marian devotion and the setting for a vision described by Caffaro, p. 100; alternatively, it could refer to Rocamadour, which

was another place of Marian pilgrimage in late 11th-c. dour in Quercy above all other churches: the healing 54, at 4o, 42. 4 Matt. 5: 8. For the importance of‘right intention’, pp. 95-6; E. O. Blake, ‘The formation ofthe “crusade tory, xxi (1970), 11-32.

France. See E. Mason, ‘Rocamaof Henry IP’, SCH xix (1982), 39see Siberry, Criticism ofCrusading, idea”’, Journal of Ecclesiastical His-

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Et si non possent euincere quod uoluissent, Id demum uellent insumere* quod potuissent.'

Talibus atque aliis grauioribus ingeminatis Pene retro uersis inflectebantur habenis: At ductor ualidis angoribus intima pressus Atque hamo duplici circum precordia fixus, Ex uno profugos cernens graue passa gementes, Ex alio timidos bello grauiora pauentes— Nam fortes animo timidis agitantibus ista

Nutabant inter |Thers|itis® et Herculis arma,’

fo. 72"

Spemque metumque inter,*> non belli munia pesc*nt, Non indigna fugae [| quer|enda‘ latibula promunt— His, inquam, grauibus uir maximus undique septus* Nunc prece nuncque minis> nunc uero hortatibus usus Increpitat quenam sit eis mutatio tanta Qui deuouissent Domino sese et sua cuncta,® Qui se martyrio pro Christi nomine promptos Vsque uel in mortem iurassent subiciendos? Cur necdum positos in belli limine primo’ Cogat eos retro fugiendi dira cupido2* Cur quos terrifici necdum canor increpet eris, Nec moueant pulsis uexilla uolantia uentis, Rumor iners agitet generosa relinquere coepta Et nondum uisa dare terga fugacia pugna? Quid mirum si pacifica statione recepti In predam uersi fuerint bellando repulsi? Hoc se facturos siquid sibi tale ueniret, Et mala quisquam illis propter benefacta referret; Non debere uiam rapto feruere beatam, Sed dare quam rapere plebem pia uota professam.?

7°

Qui uenit ut ciuis et mox grassatur ut hostis, Non mirum sua s1 patiatur seua tyrannis. Nequid forte sibi possit contingere tale,

Se curaturum non sanguine sed ratione, Namque manus meritis que dat sua iura superbis

Mitibus hec eadem dat munera prosperitatis. '° Denique splendiferum que fornax comprobat aurum,

Hec eadem reprobat uelut ad nihil utile plumbum."! * adsumere Sirmond, Riant

> Thersitis Sirmond

BOOK III

desiring uncertain and empty excesses, and ifthey were unable to prevail in what they wished for, then they should desire what they were able to do.' When they had poured out such complaintsas these, and other more serious ones 100, they were quite prepared to wheel their horses round and to head for home, [65] but their leader was pained with a terrible anguish within, and his heart pierced by a double-barbed hook, first by the sight of the runaways weeping over their sufferings, and second by the fainthearted, fearful ofworse to come in the fighting, for as the fainthearted continued to talk of those things, so those who were strongatheart [70] were wavering between the weapons ofThersites and Hercules,’ between hope and fear,’ and neither asked for the duties ofwar, nor suggested hiding-places to be sought out disgracefully in flight—hemmed in on all sides by these pressures, as I say,* the great man upbraided them now with prayers, now with threats, now with exhortation:> [75| what great change had come over them, they who had dedicated themselves and all they had to the Lord God,® who had sworn themselves ready to be martyred for the name of Christ and to put themselves in peril even ofdeath? Why, when they

were not even on the threshold ofwar,’ [80 did this terrible desire® to flee in retreat compel them? Why, when the blare of the fearful bugle had not yet reproached them, and the banners that flutter in the wind had not yet moved them, did an idle rumour stir them to abandon their noble undertaking and turn tail, running away from a fight they had not yet seen? [85] Was it any wonder that men who had been welcomed atapeaceful staging-place had been driven offin a hostile manner when they had turned to pillaging? They themselves would do this ifsuch a thing happened to them: wouldanyone repay them with evil if they had done good deeds? Their holy journey ought not to be inflamed with pillaging, [go] but a people who professed holy aims? ought to give rather than take. Ifa man arrived as a citizen and then laid about him as an enemy, it was no surprise ifhis tyranny suffered savage treatment. So that nothing like this could happen to him, he was going to conduct himself with reason, not bloodshed, {95] for the same hand that metes out just retribution to proud deeds also gives the gifts ofprosperity to the humble;'° the same furnace which proves shining gold also proves the lead to be good for nothing;'' the ' * 3 *

See also Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, pp. 17-18. Thersites was the type of acoward; see Juvenal Sat. viii. 269-71, xi. 31. Proba, Cent. Verg. 542 = Aen. i. 218; Avitus, Carm. vi. 72. Prudentius, Apoth. 708. > Lucan, Bellum ciuile, v. 480-1.

° Gilo, vii. 197. ’ Statius, Achilleid, ii. 34. 5 Vergil, Georg. i. 37. weActsazaa st alaseasOpmbets 55% "! Prov. 17: 3, 27: 21. The same image is found in Fulcher of Chartres, p. 226. See Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 69-70.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Que moto paleas exterminat area uento, Hec eadem puro seruat loca congrua grano.'

100

Nosse decere omnes, constantes mentis in actu,

Non sine diuino hec suscepta pericula nutu,’ Que sic per cuncti placuissent clymata mundi In quibus accipitur nomen uenerabile Christi. Et siquos fidei modice ferus atterat hostis,* Nil hoc officere fidei integritate probatis, * Que montes etiam Deitate fauente moueret,* Talia si poscens* nullatenus addubitaret.°

105

Talibus ammoniti redeunt in fortia cuncti,

fo. 72”

Et timidos etiam piguit uolutsse reuerti, Vt reuocantur apes post tedia mellificandi,’ Dum recreant animos eris commenta sonori. Tunc ad rumigeros uersus profugosque maniplos Increpat atque minis prope territat exanimatos; Quid turbare rudes ipsis conuenerit aures Atque eneruandas animi conquirere uires? Cetera si pergant, non hos sibi perpetiendos, Stigmatibus sedenim candentibus inficiendos; Discedant potius melioribus atque locum dent Ne sibi coniunctos ueluti contagia ledant; Vnumquemque suis satis est fore inutile membrum, Nedum sepositis morbum inculcare nociuum. Mittitur interea rectori® Pannoniarum Dicta ferens legum legatio pacificarum:*® Ductorem regni stipatum milite Christi Deuouisse uiam sancti sub honore sepulchri,’ Velle iter impauidum sua per confinia ferre, Exorare sibi blande sua claustra patere; Mercaturarum precio |communia]° iusto Commutare uelit, pacis prebente ministro; Velle etiam stabili se conditione pacisci Ne sibi quis noceret? Pannon neque quis suus ulli; Quod commisissent male qui commissa luissent, * noscens Sirmond, Riant

> praetori Riant

munia Riant; commercia sugg. Holford-Strevens

' Matt. 3: 12; Hos. 13: 3.

IIo

115

120

125

130

? Charleville Poet, i: 7.

‘

BOOK III

same threshing-floor sifts out the chaff in the breeze that blows, [100] and provides a fitting place for the pure grain." It behoved all who were constant in purpose of mind to know that this dangerous enterprise had not been undertaken without divine prompting,’ since it was thus approved of throughout every land where the venerable name of Christ was acknowledged. [105] And ifa wild foe had destroyed those whose faith was feeble, this posed no threat to those who were tried and tested by the firmness oftheir faith,* which would with God’s favour move even mountains* ifhe who asked such things did not doubt at all.® Chastened by these words they all strengthened their hearts once again, [110] and even the fainthearted were ashamed to have wanted to turn back: just as bees are called back after the tiring work ofmaking honey when the deceiving sound ofringing brass revives their spirits.’ Then turning to the tellers oftales and the bands who had run away, he upbraided them and well-nigh scared them out oftheir wits with his threats: [115] what business was it oftheirs to unsettle the ears of the simple and to try to weaken their strength of mind? If they persisted in future, he would not put up with them, but would brand them with red-hot trons; so they had better take their leave and make way for their betters, [120] lest like a plague they infected those joined with them; it was quite enough that each and every one of them was a useless appendage to his associates, without their spreading their harmful disease to those kept apart from them. Meanwhile there was sent to the ruler of Hungary an embassy bearing a message setting out peaceful terms.® [125] They said that the duke of their land, with a host of Christ’s knights, had vowed to journey for the honour of the Holy Sepulchre,? and wished to pursue his journey without fear through the ruler’s territory; that the duke asked him kindly to open his gates to him, and to be so good as to enter into the exchange ofmerchandise [130] at a fair price, his servant organizing it peacefully; that he also wished to fix binding terms ofa*greement, so that no Hungarian should harm his men, and no man of his harm anyone of theirs. Those who had behaved badly had paid the 3 Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm. vii. 285. 4 Again a sharp contrast is intended between the members of the Peasants’ Crusade

and Godfrey’s contingent. See above, iii. 8 and n. 1. 5 Matt. 17: 20. § Matt. 17: 22; Mark 11: 23. This speech is used by the Charleville Poet as a vehicle to underline Godfrey’s devotion both to God and to the crusade. 7 Vergil, Georg. iv. 71-2. § Albert of Aachen, p. 300, notes that Godfrey sent an embassy headed by Geoffrey of Esch to King Coloman of Hungary to ask for permission to cross his territory.

° Charleville Poet, i. 230.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Ne quis speraret, firma ratione cauerent,

Obsidibus namque firmaret protinus ipse,' Et non externis, sed germano obside fratre,’ Quod nihil aduersi per se accideret regiont, Hoc et idemque sibi per eos debere rependi, Hoc et ab ingressu regionis continuari Donec in egressu contingeret exspatiari. Talia dum passim legatio docta perorat, Rex cum consilio seriatim singula tractat. fo. 73°

135

140

Omnia rimantes dum disceptando trahuntur,

Nil fore quod possit reprehendi ture fatentur. Censent mandatis responsa decentia reddi: Vt bene sit ueniens ductori notificari, Offictis onerant legatos muneribusque. Aduentus statuunt signando diemque locumque. Gaudent non modice regiones Pannoniarum Quod digne exceptae legiones Francigenarum Sufficerent sese purgare a crimine cedis, Vnde supra cesae est descripta tragoedia gentis.

145

150

Dicta dies uenit, locus alma Sabaria? fulsit,?

Qua, Martine, tuus sacer ortus in orbe reluxit. luc rex deuotus cum coetu pontificali, Cum ducibus, populo, sacri sed et agmine cleri, Cumque faris,” crucibus, librisque euangeliorum, Relliquits sacris et honoribus ecclesiarum, Obuius accurrit, uenientibus |oscula]¢ figit; Cum iubilo ac ymnis intra sacraria ducit, Hospitio celebri regaliter amplificauit, Obsidibus pactum sumptisque datisque sacrauit. Per totum regnum uenalia multiplicari Ac per iter totum gradientibus associari Lussit et emensis proprie regionibus orae Munera cum uadibus regalia contulit, atque Auxilio tutos, opibusque et honoribus auctos, Lussit abire Dei cum pace beatificandos. 2 cessit Sirmond, Riant

> facis Riant

155

160

165

' The writing is very awkward here. The two phrases in |. 134 are appositional, but a

BOOK III

penalty for their evil behaviour, and, so that no man should have hopes of doing the same, they should take good care with firm resolve, [135] because he himself would forthwith confirm the agreement with hostages,' and not with outsiders, but with his own blood brother as a hostage,’ so that nothing untoward should happen to the country through his doing, and that the same treatment should be repaid to him by them. This agreement should be maintained from his entering the country [140] until he came to leave it. While the learned embassy went through all these requests, the king pondered each point in turn with his council. They spent some time in weighing and examining everything, and admitted that in law there was nothing with which they could justly find fault. [145] They thought that a fitting reply should be given to the proposals; and so that the announcement might come pleasantly to the leader, they bestowed gifts and courtesies on the envoys. They fixed the day and place of his arrival, marking it with a seal. The Hungarian dominions rejoiced with no little enthusiasm [150] that the Frankish forces, worthily welcomed, were able to clear themselves ofthe charge ofslaughter which led to people being tragically cut down, as is described above. The appointed day came, and the place shone clear, bountiful Sabaria,* where your holy birth,

Martin, blazed forth in the world. [155] To this place the godly king came, with the gathering of bishops, with his nobles, the common people, and the holy clergy all assembled too, with candlesticks, crosses, and books of the gospels, holy relics, and precious items from the churches, to meet them. He kissed them as they came, [160] and with a shout ofjoy, and hymns resounding, he led them into the holy place, extended a great and hospitable welcome to them in a royal manner, and confirmed their treaty with the giving and receiving of hostages. [165] He ordered that throughout the whole kingdom, all manner of items be offered for sale to them, and that they be welcomed all along their journey, and when they had crossed through the locality ofhis own area, he gave them gifts along with his pledges ofgood faith. He gave them safe passage, enriched them with wealth and honours, and ordered them to depart with the blessing of God’s peace. great deal needs to be supplied to complete the sense, and in addition, an object must be understood for firmaret in |. 135. ? Godfrey’s brother Baldwin and his family remained at the Hungarian court as hostages for the army’s good behaviour. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 301-2. 3 Sabaria (Szombat-Hély) was the birthplace of St Martin of Tours in 316; Albert of Aachen, however, states that Godfrey’s meeting with King Coloman took place at

Oedenberg, which is some 30 miles further north.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Hinc pretergressi uestigia longaque mens, Per que pertulerant memorata pericula primi, Disc*nt quid ualeat moderatio consiliumque,

170

Contra quid noceat temeraria causa furorque, Cum modo seruitio sibi sint et subditioni Qui fuerant illis inhonestae perditioni.

fo. 73°

Inde per extentas regiones multimodasque Tre uiam Domini properans exercitus ille,' Leua dexter habet Mytridatis Pontica regna,’ Dextra conspiciens Danaos et Achaica rura, Nomina que tellus generali Grecia dicta Scinditur in multa specialia? nomina ducta:3 Namque est Epyrus, Pelopis tunc insula et Hellas,* Archadia atque Argi, tunc que tenet ora Laconas,

175

180

Attica, Boeti,’ Locrisque et Thessalia acris; Hinc Macedum regio, Dodona, Etholia, Phocis,

Qua quondam rabie Persarum mortificata Massylia est profugis a ciuibus edificata. Ex hinc longarum post interiecta uiarum

185

Aad solis rutilum semper tendentibus* ortum,

Est regio gemini sortita uocabula mundi, Seston uicini dirimens a litore Abydi,* Qua iuuenis (ual]idis? strictum mare dum secat ulnis

Igo

Pertulit iratis miserabile funus ab undis,

Qua fugiens socia Phryxus patria arma sorore Perpetuum ponto dat ab ipsa nomen habere,® Qua Constantini Chalcedone diuidit urbem Stringens se fluctus stadia in uelocia septem, Sic a se dirimens simul Europen Asiamque, Vt Zephryro atque Euro sit terminus unus utrisque.’

Vitra non magnis distantibus interuallis Arua tacent Frygie maioris itemque minoris, In quibus effulsit preclaro nomine Troia, Inclyta per bella® longe per saecula nota, * specialia Hall; specialiter cod. tendentibus

Groco*ck;

pertendentibus

Sirmond;

200

“ semper

pertendentibus

Riant

4 ualidis Groco*ck; calidis Sirmond, Riant

" Godfrey’s army travelled through Mandelos, Belgrade, Nish, and Plovdiv. Bee Albert of Aachen, pp. 303-4.

BOOK III

53.

They went on from here and progressed on a long march [170] through the areas where the first to go had endured the aforementioned dangers. They learned the value of moderation and good counsel, and the harm caused by rashness and wild frenzy, for those who had been hostile to their predecessors, bringing about their tragic downfall, were now their humble and obedient servants. [175] Then that army hastened through far-flung lands of many different types on the way of the Lord;! on their left those righteous men had Pontus, the realms ofMithridates,* and on their right their gaze met the Danai and the lands ofAchaia; this latter is the general name ofthe land ofGreece, [180] which is split into many parts, each with its own particular name: for there 1s Epirus, the island ofPelops, and Hellas,* Arcadia and Argos, the shore which is the home of the Lacedaemonians, Attica, Boeotia, Locris, and rugged Thessaly; then there is the land of the Macedonians, Dodona, Aetolia,

Phocis, [185] which was once sacked by the Persian hordes, and whose fleeing citizens built Marseilles; beyond this, after many long roads which lie between, always heading towards the rosy rising of the sun, is an area which has received the names oftwo worlds, [190] dividing Sestos from the shore of neighbouring Abydos,’ where the young Leander met awretched end because ofthe angry waves, as he cut through the narrow sea with his powerful arms, and where Phrixus, fleeing along with his sister from his father’s armies, gave the sea her name to keep for ever.° [195] Here the waves divide the city of Constantine from Chalcedon, squeezing themselves tightly into seven rapid furlongs, so separating Europe and Asia from one another that there is a

single boundary to both East and West.’ Beyond there, and at no great distance away, [200] lie the fields of both Greater and Lesser Phrygia, where there flourished Troy, of far-famed renown, long known through the centuries for the famous war;* it would ? Mithridates was the king of Pontus who was defeated by Pompey. The Sultanate of

Rum in fact lay ahead of the crusaders at this point. 3 Pliny, Hist. Nat. iv. 1. * Servius, Scol. Verg., on Georg. iii. 7; Hyginus, Fab. viii. 3-4. > Lucan, Bellum ciuile, ii. 674, Ovid, Heroides, xvii(xviii). 2; Sidonius Apollinaris,

Carm. v. 451. 6 i.e. Helle. Ovid, Met. iv. 450-1, Hyginus, Fab. ii. 4; Pliny, Hist. Nat. iv. 11; Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium, 10.

7 Pliny, and Solinus, loc. cit. Constantinople was inaugurated as Constantine’s capital in 330. 8 Vergil, Aen. ii. 241-2.

54 fo. 74°

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Que, quia non umquam nisi prodita uicta fuisset; Prodita uero etiam capta atque excisa flagrasset, Eius dispersi per mundi clymata ciues Multas struxerunt uartis regionibus urbes,

205

Vt Bataui sedes,' ut menia iuncta Timauo,

Vt Salamina potens in opima condita Cypro, Vt Capua atque Alba, necnon pulcherrima Roma, Ostia quin etiam Tyberina uel Apula Troia, Vt fera uicino constructa Sycambria* Rheno,’ Que post deuicto circum Meotida* Halano Francorum nomen meruit uirtute fide, Mixtaque cum Gallis sumpsit sibi culmina regnt. Sed quia ab incepto disgressio facta remorit, Propositum calamus repetat® qua forte reliquit.

210

215

Progrediens ductor memoratus in ulteriora Constantinopolis tendebat ad anteriora; Quo dum metatur, dum sollicitus spaciatur, Dum de non certis euentibus immeditatur, °

Venit ei rumor quoniam proceres memorati4 Portus Brundisii, Bari, uel adisse Tarenti,“ Transgressi maria, residentes Dalmatie aruis,

Epyro et medits posuissent castra Lyburnis. Complacuit fines non urbis adire superbae,

225

Non, quoniam’ tumido, cum Cesare participare,

fo. 74”

Sed socios> inibi communiter opperiendos, Ipsos® consilio concorditer associandos, Et quicquid fieri bello uel pace sederet Cunctorum concors consensus conciliaret: Et quoniam magna peditum se turba secuta Longius hinc aberat, retro sua terga relicta, Nec breuis horror erat precedere longius illos, Hostiles manus inter se linquere et ipsos, Hos sibi mandauit celeri succedere passu. Ipse autem tardo mouit tentoria gressu, Castrorumque usus breuioribus interuallis, Prebebat tempus legionibus opperiendis, # Sycambri cod. co*ck: immediatur cod. (?Hydrunti) (sic) Riant

repetat calamus Sirmond, Riant

4 memoratis m. pr. f quicquam Sirmond, Riant

230

235

° immeditatur Gro-

BOOK III

55.

never have been conquered had it not been betrayed, but betrayed it was, and taken, and fell in flames; [205] its citizens, scattered throughout the different parts of the world, built many cities in various lands, such as the citadel of Padua,’ the fortress which lies by the Timavus, like mighty Salamis, founded in fertile Cyprus, such as Capua and Alba, and ofcourse the most beautiful, Rome, [210] Ostia on the Tiber and Troy in Apulia, wild Sycambria,* built beside the Rhine, a city which after the defeat of the Alans around Lake Maeotis’ earned through its faith and courage the name of the Franks, and took for itself the highest position in the kingdom, mingled with the Gauls. [215] But because the digression we have made is keeping us from the tale we began, let our pen now return to the place where it left off. The aforementioned leader, journeying ever onward, was heading towards the regions lying before Constantinople; as he made his way there, proceeding in a state of anxiety [220] and pondering on the uncertain outcome of their venture, news came to him that the nobles we have mentioned had reached the ports of Brindisi, Bari, and Taranto,‘ crossed the seas, and halting in the

plains of Dalmatia had pitched their camp at Epirus and in the middle of Liburnia. [225] He resolved not to enter the limits of the haughty city, and not to enter into talks with the emperor, since that man was swollen with pride, but rather that he ought to wait ina friendly manner forhis allies’ who were in the city, and to join forces with them with good counsel and a harmony ofwills; and [230] then they would all decide together on a common policy in peace or war; and since the great host of infantry following him was a long way from here, having been left behind, and he had no little fear ofgoing too far ahead of them and of leaving hostile bands between them and himself, [235] he ordered them to come to him at the double. He himself, however, moved his tents at a slow pace, making camp at quite short intervals, and made time to wait for these forces, so that he could join together the allied ' Patavi is also found spelled with initial B- in the so-called Florilegium Angelicum. 2 In classical times the Sycambri were a tribe living on the banks of the Rhine. The town referred to here may be Buda; Dr L. Holford-Strevens has suggested that the words here recall Bishop Remigius’ words to Clovis on his baptism, ‘mitis depone colla, Sycamber’, and that logically Aachen should be meant, though there is no attestation for its being called Sygambria. 3 The sea of Azov, the northern part of the Black Sea. The reference here is obscure, but see Gregory of Tours, Hist. Franc. ii. 7 “Thorismodus . . . Alanos bello edomuit’ and the Add. ad Prosp. Havn., s.a. 452 (MGH, Auctores Antiquissimi, ix. 302), “Thorismotus rex Gothorum post mortem patris Alanos bello perdomuit’. * See above, i. 262-3. This was the route taken by Raymond of Toulouse’s army. 5 Presumably a reference to Hugh of Vermandois, who had already arrived in Constantinople and had been well received by the Byzantine emperor.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Quatinus et socias posset coniungere utres Et tardos faceret comprendere preuenientes. Perueniens igitur citra quam diximus urbem Castellum Karoli! quod dicitur in stationem Deligit, interea ut socit fierent propiores Atque urbanorum posset perdiscere mores. Sic aliquantorum functis statione dierum, Dum sollemne forum sibi plurima? fert specierum, Monstra palatina dominoque simillima prauo Rumores uarios confingunt more profano Quid sibi tanta uelit mora, quid portendere possit Maxima que uulgo pretiorum copia prosit,

240

245

250

Quidnam concursus hic spondeat atque recursus, Quidnam sollicitans popularia corda tumultus; Talia credendum celebrari non sine causa,

Quod sic alliceret manus extera patria regna; Non uerisimilem speciem debere uideri Hos in seruitium Domini potuisse moueri Et nunc inceptis cessantibus hic remorari Ac uelut expletis affectibus inspatiari. Tales regia mens, solita est quae cuncta pauere, Rumores captans, monita est sua facta cauere,

255

Vtpote qui Dominum famulus diademate cassum Fecerat et super hunc peruaserat impie sceptrum.? fo. 75°

Inde sibi merito male conscius atque pauescens Verbaque adulantum cum sollicitudine uersans Ductori mandat que sese intentio ducat, Quid struat aut quidnam sua prestolatio nectat: Non sibi uel tutum uel honestum posse uideri Hos alienigenas intra sua tecta morari Nec uelut hospitium mutandaque claustra tueri, Sed quasi mansores inter possessa foueri. Ile refert sancti sese sub honore sepulchri* Has agitare uias et spe loca sacra” uidend, Sed, ne gentili succumberet impietati, Nolle minus caute externe se credere genti,* Ne, uelut infaustis accesserat ante maniplis, ° * plurim m. pr.

270

> loca sacra Groco*ck; sacra loca cod.

' Only the Charleville Poet refers to ‘Charlemagne’s Castle’, and its site has. not

BOOK III

57°

strength [240] and could cause the slow-moving troops to catch up with those who were going on ahead. And so, drawing up in front ofthe city we have spoken of, he chose ‘Charlemagne’s Castle’,' as it is called, as a place to rest, so that in the meantime his allies could come closer to him and he could become fully acquainted with the character ofthe citizens. [245] They passed several days waiting in this way, while the usual trading offered them a large variety of commodities; and the monstrous minions in the palace, so very like their evil master, put together different stories in their godless way, speculating as to what he could possibly want with such a long delay, what benefit [250] the vast quantities of wealth could be to the common people, what on earth the hurrying to and fro could promise, or the excitement stirring the people’s hearts; it was incredible that such things were happeningso regularly without cause; rather, the band offoreigners was drawing over the kingdom of their fathers in this way; [255] it did not seem a likely notion that they could have been stirred to serve God and now were waiting here, delaying the venture they had started and walking aboutasthough their desires had been achieved. The imperial mind, which fears everything as a matter ofcourse, [260] took hold of such stories as these, and was warned to look out for its own deeds, especially in view of the fact that as a servant he had robbed his lord of his crown and had misappropriated his own ungodly sceptre over him.” Rightly troubled in mind and fearing for himself, he turned over the words of the fawning courtiers with apprehension, (265| and sent word to the leader asking what he had in mind to do, what he was plotting, what on earth the purpose was of his waiting; it could not seem safe or proper to him to have these foreigners staying within these walls, or to have them looking on his city not as a hospice or a temporary shelter, [270] but cherishing their property in it as though they were permanent residents. The duke replied that he himself had undertaken these journeys for the honour of the Holy Sepulchre,* and in the hope of seeing the holy places, but that so that he should not fall prey to the godless heathen, he did not want to show too little caution and trust himself to a strange people,* {275} lest (as had happened before to those ill-starred squadrons)’ calamity and contempt of a holy been identified. The reference here, however, is also symbolic, and is used to underline

Godfrey of Bouillon’s descent from Charlemagne, and perhaps also to suggest parallels between the latter’s legendary crusade (as recounted in the Voyage de Charlemagne) and Godfrey’s own expedition. See above, i. 31. 2 Alexius Comnenus had overthrown the then Byzantine emperor, Nicephorus Botaneiates, in 1081.

3 See above, iii. 126, and i. 230. 4 The hostile feeling of the Latins towards the Byzantines is underlined > i.e. the Peasants’ Crusade.

here.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Acciderent sanctae lues et despectio plebis; Iccirco istorum spatio cessare dierum Quo sibi tungatur sociorum turma sequentum, Hoc ut pace sua fiat deposcere, namque Cuncta sui turis a se fore tuta suisque. Talia maiores acuerunt dicta timores Atque ex consiltis exortae suspiciones Non alia mente tota agmina iungere uelle Quam peruadendi bello sua regna locosque. Dirigitur maior numerus mandata ferentum: Accipiat gazas, geminorum pondus equorum; Transeat abductis legionibus Hellespontum! Inque Asie expectet parte explementa suorum:? Ni faciat non iam patienter se tolerare Quin prohibere forum studeat uictumque negare,* Et prius adductis quam crescant agmina turmis Pellere collectis extra sua castra maniplis. fo. 75°

280

285

290

Haec audita duci dum sunt, nil flectitur heros,

Sed responsa refert fastus spernentia uanos: Fallere, ait, cunctos se talia uelle putantes

295

Nec famulos Domini tales dare suspiciones; Se famulum Domini, peregrinum exsistere Christi,

Nec nisi paganis debere* piacula belli; Siquis Christicolum sibi tale quid inferat ultro, Se pre se posito debere resistere Christo; Si sponderet opes geminorum pondus equorum,* Se spondere trium, liceat modo currere ceptum;° Esse sibi fixum socios adiungere cunctos, Viribus ut iunctis pulsarent Christi inimicos; Ni pretio oblato ueniant uenalia digno, Se quesituros sua commoda fine coacto, Namque ideo ceptum pro consuetudine tolli,* Poscenti quoniam sunt cepta petita negari.°

His irritatur furiosi Cesaris ira. Infremit ac primo prohibet uenalia cuncta;

300

305

310

@ deferre Sirmond, Riant ® Il. 301—2 are written vertically in the right-hand margin, and marked to show their location in the text

' Ovid, Met. xiii. 407, Avienus, Descriptio orbis terrae, 34, 466, 717, et al.

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III

people might overtake them; for that reason he was delaying for as many days as it would take for the host ofhis allies, following on behind, to join up with him, and asked that this might happen with his consent, for [280] everything under the emperor’s jurisdiction would be safe from him and his men. Such words as these gave rise to even greater fears, and suspicions arose from the plans he outlined that he wished to join together alli his forces for no other design than to invade his kingdoms and lands in an act of war. [285] A greater number of men was sent, carrying the emperor’s commands that he should receive treasures, to the weight of two horses; that he should lead his forces away across the Hellespont,' and await the remaining complement of his men in the region ofAsia:? unless he did this, the emperor would no longer patiently put up with him, [290] but would endeavour to close the market to him and deny him provisions,’ and before his forces grew larger with the arrival ofthe rest ofhis bands, he would gather his troops and drive them out ofthe city. When these messages were reported to the duke, that hero was unabashed, but

gave replies that disdained empty pride: [295] he said that all who thought he wished such a thing were deluded, and that servants of the Lord should not give rise to suspicions of this kind; he was a servant of the Lord God, was Christ’s pilgrim, and owed the punishments of war to none save the heathen; ifany Christian moreover were to bring such a charge against him, {300] he was in duty bound to set Christ before him and to fight back for himself; ifthe emperor had promised wealth to the weight oftwo horses,* he would promise to the weight ofthree, provided only that his undertaking might run tts course: he was determined to join up all his allies, so that they might rout the enemies of Christ with united strength; [305] and ifgoods were not offered for sale with a reasonable price attached, his men would seek what they needed where they were forced to: this was the reason they had begun to take things, as habitually took place,> since things a man wanted began to be denied him when he asked for them.° The wrath of the hot-tempered emperor was aroused by these words. [310] He went into a rage, and first forbade the sale ofall goods; next he ordered the ? The Sultanate of Rum, in enemy territory. 3 Albert of Aachen, p. 306. * See also iii. 286. > The Latin here is very abrupt; and the sense must be expanded in translation. For the impersonal construction cf. Cicero, Dom. 10 (I am indebted to Dr Holford-Strevens for reminding me ofthis reference). 6 Albert of Aachen, p. 309, states that Godfrey sent word to Bohemond, who offered

to join forces with him and attack Constantinople.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Hinc iubet extrudi |perg|entibus* omnia claustra. Post, apices mittens, bello parat agmina tota.' Dux quid ad hec faceret2? uictum perquirere primo Censuit et post hoc uenienti occurrere bello. Discurrunt celeres per pascua plena manipli, Abduc*ntque pecus uarium, numerabile null. Et quia tempus erat referens pia gaudia festi Quo fuit eterni facta incarnatio Verbi,’ Venit ei rumor proponens munera magna:?

375

Bis binos proceres, socia comitante caterua,

320

Affore ducentes porcorum milia plura, Vnde pararentur suicidia Cesariana. Oblatum credit diuinitus emolumentum, fo. 76"

Occurrensque capit proceresque pecusque coactum. Sic exercitibus data pleno copia cornu’

325

Diuino cunctos animauit fidere nutu.* His gestis bellum fert nuntius esse paratum Atque sequente® die dubio sine conficiendum. Exoritur multus per Gallica castra tumultus, Feruor adhortantum magno clamore relatus Territat hostiles socias acuitque cohortes, Monstrans quam leue sit pigris4 concurrere fortes.° Procedunt castris, uolitant uexilla tubeque.£ Ttur in aduersos, resonant lituique tubeque. Non clipei clipeis,® non telis tela repulsa,

339

335

Non gladti gladiis, non ossibus ossa relisa, Sed ferit hec acies, sed corruit ictibus illa,

Bella sed ista gerit, patitur sed comminus illa. Non retinent ictus nostrorum® scuta calpesque,’ Totum transadigit quod percutit hasta sudesque, Per galeas, gladii cerebrorum aspergine manant, Plura superque humeros capita huc illucque supinant." Non arcus, taculum, non hic ualuere sagittae, Lancea sed totum socio diiudicat ense. Armis corporibus campus consternitur omnis. * pergentibus Groco*ck; excedentibus Sirmond, Riant

340

345

> faciat Sirmond, Riant

° sequentes m. pr. 4 pigris Groco*ck; pigr s cod.; pigras Sirmond, Riant © gentes Sirmond, Riant f jubeque cod.; (?trahuntque) (sic) Riant; tr MES Sirmond § quorum Riant; Sirmond has a lacuna here » recursant Sirmond, Riant

BOOK

III

new arrivals to be driven out of the gates. After this, he sent letters and prepared all his forces for war. How could the duke respond to this? He decided first of all to seek out provisions, and after this to go to meet the approaching battle-lines.' [315] The swift-moving squadrons ran off through the meadows, which were well stocked, and led away a variety of animals which no man could number. It was that time, bringing the holy joys of the feast, when the incarnation of the eternal Word took place,’ and news fittingly came to him telling ofgreat gifts:* [320] four nobles, accompanied by a band ofmen, were approaching, leading many thousand swine, intended for the imperial pork supplies. He believed that this was a blessing divinely supplied, and hurrying there he caught and captured both nobles and animals. [325] In this way supplies were furnished to the armies in full

measure,’ which encouraged them all to have faith in the favour of God.* After this took place, a messenger brought news that preparations had been made for fighting, which would without doubt take place on the following day. A mighty clamour rose up through the Gallic camp, |330] and their zealous exhortations were conveyed through loud shouts, which terrified the enemy forces and encouraged the allies, making plain how trifling it 1sfor the brave to attack the slothful. They made their way out of the camp with banners and plumes fluttering. They went towards the enemy line with horns and bugles blaring. [335] Shield did not crash against shield,® nor spear on spear, sword was not struck by sword, nor bone by bone, but one battle-line struck hard, and the other was felled by their blows, one side waged war, and

the other side endured it. Their shields and helms’ did not withstand the blows ofour men: [340] spear and spike pierced right through what they hit, and swords that cut through helmets dripped with the spattering ofbrains; all around, heads flopped down on shoulders. Bow and spear and arrow were of no value here: the lance and its ally the sword decided it all. [345| The entire plain was strewn with bodies and weapons. They fled with screams, and were ' Robert of Rheims, p. 744. ? Godfrey reached Constantinople on 23 Dec. 1096. His forces crossed the Bosporus the following February.

SaNiatte

sii.

* Horace, Carmen saeculare, 59-60; Boethius, Cons. Phil. ii. met. 2. 6. 5 See above, i. 6, iii. 102. ® Statius, Thebaid, viii. 398-9; Walter of Chatillon, Alexandreis, i. 141-2. 7 Calpes, despite the difficulties it presents in scansion, appears to be the reading of the MS under ultra-violet light. Ducange, under 2 calpes, gives ‘galeae militum apud Isid. in glossis’, and Goetz, Gloss. Latin, iv. 27 (Vaticanus 3321) and iv. 315 (Glossae Abavius), reads ‘calpes galeae militum’. Its forced use here may be due to the poet’s efforts to find a rhyme for sudesque.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Fit fuga cum gemitu, portis mactantur tn 1psis. Vsque palatinas arces fugientia nostri Agmina sectantur dextra feriente minact. Sic ope diuina' nostris uictoria plena Claruit, ast illis patuit miseranda ruina.*

359

Qui tamen infausto potuere euadere bello

fo. 76"

Occurrunt populo redeuntes in sua nostro: Nam supra dictum peditum superesse cateruam Et post terga ducts longa statione relictam, Ipse quibus Cesar claustrum precluserat omne, Tusserat et pulsos retro in sua terga redire. Sed Phylipopolleos* Andronopolisque receptu Tam pulsi fuerant spoliatique undique censu. Cum male sic habiti peterent tamen ulteriora, Occurrere sibi que diximus agmina uicta. Eis se conspectis, magno quatiente pauore (Nam male dispersi fuerant uix milia quinque) Hortantes alios fuerant® qui pectore forti, Vt non sic facile cuncti morerentur inulti, Conspiciunt iuxta saxosi culmina montis,

Quo pertendentes onerant sua pallia saxis.

355

365

Hoc uiso, facti timidi nihilominus hostes,

Non presumentes peruadere sic agitantes, Sollicitant placidis sub pacis nomine dictis Vt resident secum transcense menia ad urbis Et fore mercatum pretii solamen habenti, Panem uero dari nil quod mutaret habenti. Credunt |promissis|° nil suspicions habentes Atque iter’ ad pontem retro petiere ruentes. Mox circumfusi media inter milia pauci Vndique uallantur uelut uno carcere clausi. Diuiditur rumor per multas suspiciones Et uarios fingunt sibi credula corda timores: Quidam namque omnes dicebant decapitandos, Exilio quidam breuibus Gyaris* religandos, Quidam diuersis dampnandos quaque metallis, Et quidam grauibus luituros prelia poenis. Quid miseri facerent?* tanto quatiente pauore Optabant citius quam prestolando perire.

37°

375

380

“

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III

slain even in the gateways. Our men chased the fleeing forces right up to the heights of the palace, striking at them with a menacing hand. And so with divine aid,' total victory shone out for our side, [350] whereas wretched ruin

lay before the enemy.* Those who were able to escape the ill-starred fight, however, made their way back to their own lands, only to run into our people; for it was said above that there was another company of infantry left behind in a place far to the rear of the duke; [355] the emperor himself had closed every town against them, and had ordered them to be driven back and made to retreat. They had been welcomed at Philippopolis and Adrianople, but then driven out, and stripped of all their possessions. [360] While in this woeful state they were heading inland, the defeated forces we have spoken ofcame across them. At the sight of them they [the Crusaders] shook with terrible fear (for there were scarcely five thousand ofthem, and they were scattered at that). Those who were courageous at heart urged the others not to die so easily without vengeance. [365] They saw nearby the summit ofa rocky hill, and making their way there, they loaded their cloaks with rocks. The enemy were made no less afraid by this sight, and thinking it unwise to rush in to the attack against men who behaved in this way, they entreated them with soothing words in the name ofpeace [370] to come with them to the fortifications ofthe city they had passed by; the man comforted by having money would have a market, and bread would be given to the man who had nothing to give in exchange. They believed their promises, with no suspicions in their minds, and hurried back to regain the

road to the bridge. [375| Suddenly the few were surrounded in the midst of thousands, hemmed in on every side as though shut up in a solitary cell. Rumour spread many suspicions abroad, and credulous hearts invented differing fears for themselves: [380] some said that they were all to be beheaded, some that they were to be locked away in exile in the confines of Gyara,* some that they were to be condemned to various mines, and some that they would pay grievous penalties for their fighting. What could the wretches do? Shaking with such terrible fear, they chose to die quickly rather than wait for it to 2 Phylipopoleos Groco*ck; Phylippoleos cod. sugg. Hall © promissis Groco*ck; auditis Raint iter cod.

> sociant Sirmond, Riant; aderant 4 atque iter Groco*ck; et qua

' See below, Gilo, iv. 1, for a parallel expression. 2 In fact, after some success in small skirmishes outside the walls of Constantinople, Godfrey’s men were defeated by the Byzantine troops.

3 Juvenal, Sat. i. 73. 4 Charleville Poet, iii. 313, Vergil, Georg. iv. 504.

64 fo. 7°

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Nacti cursorem noctuque dieque uolacem,

Mandauere duci quam ferrent asperitatem. Protinus exertis percusso pectore pugnis Ingemit et grauibus dampnat sua facta querelis, Et nisi succurrat se causam mortis eorum Deputat atque reum proclamat sanguinis horum, ' Et quia forte aderant astan| tes Cesar |iani,*

385

399

Non bene pugnati® quesiunt [ .f.q. et.........+ ] Sumit materiem, properat |Godefridus| adesse Condere se pacem, belli pre|............++++- ] Constantinopolim uacuare |.7.C......... an| Transmissisque fretis securam [....... e..m| Finibus inque Asie procerum [........ ertam| Queue mali fuerat subuertere [..ua..e..ll...m] Si Domini pauper resolutus carcere miles Amissisque datis sequeretur preuenientes,

395

400

Et si, uenali repetita condicione,

Copia proposite reddatur digna monetae. Talibus auditis nihil esse libentius ili Clamauere suo magis aut optabile regi, Nec distare moram quin augustalia? sacra Circumquaque uolent ad talia conficienda. Sic igitur cunctis que conuenere peractis Foederibusque etiam tusta uice conciliatis, Deserit obtenta dux et freta transmeat alta, Atque in deserta statuit Chalcedone castra. Sarcit semiruta, dat lapsis culmina muris, Et reparat fossas, ponitque repagula portis. Hic hyemis ueniens decernit ducere tempus Expectans procerum sparsos in Achaide?* coetus. fo. 77”

Vt primum placidi flatus caluere Fauoni® Verque nouum coepit glaciali obstare rigori,* Tam dicti procerum mouerunt castra magistri Iungere se cupidi ductori preuenienti, Presul Haimarus, Boimundus Tancradiusque,

Hugo comes, Stephanus nec non Rotbertus uterque* Et reliqui quos non per singula dinumerare Est opus aut® totiens eadem repetendo referre.

405

410

415

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III

happen. [385] They found someone to run quickly day and night to the duke, and sent word to him of the harshness they were enduring. Straightaway he struck his breast hard with blows, groaned aloud, and cursed his deeds in

bitter lamentation, decreeing himself to be the cause oftheir death ifhe did not help them, [390] and declaring himself to be guilty of their blood.’ Now because some imperial envoys happened to be there, standing not far off, they asked to raise the subject of those who had been wrongly attacked. He seized on this matter, and hastened to say that he was ready to declare peace, and to give back the spoils of war; [395] he would at once depart from the terrified city of Constantinople and cross the seas, leaving it safe and sound, and the good faith of the nobles would be certain within the boundaries ofAsia. He would overthrow any evil there so long as the poor soldiers of the Lord God were released from prison [400] with their losses made good, and could follow those who were going on ahead, and so long as good value was given for the money they offered, according to the terms oftrading he again asked for. When they heard these proposals, those envoys declared loudly that nothing was more pleasing to them or more desired by their emperor, [405] and that without delay the imperial servants’ would hurry to and fro to get all these things done. And so, therefore, when all that was fitting had been done, and the agreement had been properly sworn, the duke abandoned the position he had occupied and crossed over the deep seas, [410] and pitched his camp in the ruins of Chalcedon. He repaired what was dilapidated and rebuilt the fallen walls, cleared out the ditches, and put bars on the gates. He decided to spend the coming winter-time here, waiting for the bands of nobles scattered in

Achaia.* [415] As soon as the breezes ofthe pleasant west wind blew warm, and afresh spring began to oppose the harsh cold,* the noble masters whom we have mentioned broke camp, eager to join up with the leader who was going on ahead: these were Bishop Adhémar, Bohemond, Tancred, [420| Count Hugh, Stephen, and both Roberts,’ and the rest, whom there is no need to list or

mention individually, repeating the same things so many times. They left the @ astantes Cesariani Sirmond © Fauonii cod.

> prognati Riant; pugnanti sugg. Hall

4 et Sirmond; ac Riant

' This description is reminiscent of the actions of the priest at mass, and there are literary parallels with the image of the dying Roland in the Chanson de Roland, ll. 2368-

O. : 2 Augustalia is normally used to refer to the festival celebrated on 12 Oct.; here it must mean ‘members of the imperial entourage’. 3 Ovid, Met. v. 477. 4 Pervigilum Veneris, 2; Vergil, Georg. i. 43. > i.e. Stephen of Blois, Robert of Flanders, and Robert of Normandy.

HISTORIA

VIE HIEROSOLIMITANE

Moenibus egressi Constantinopolitanis, Mow Lastets f..] proprios assciti? Cesariants, Qui [....ras] ductor que bello uincere possent,

425

Que sibi non iuste gentilia bella tulissent, Vt sibi gratanter sub pacis pignore reddant, Quo sua consilia simul auxiliumque capescant (Hec fore Nycenam urbem sed et Antiochenam Et circumpositam quoquouersus regionem). Declaraturum super his que digna fuissent, Vtilia ut cuncta sibi nusquam defore possent. Insuper et” tantum terre omni parte daturum, Quatuor ut spatio peragraret mula dierum.

430

Haec sibi iurando firmari denique ture

435

Per bis septenos proceres sine fraude iubere. Illi nil contra refragari, nam sibi certe Aut fore parendum norant aut morte perire. Turauere tamen quia sic sua pacta ualerent, TInuiolata sibi si regia sponsa manerent.'

440

Fis actis abeunt fretaque Hellespontica calcant,

Adiunctique duct pariter socia agmina miscent, Militeque instructo pergunt Nychomedis ad urbem,* Quam pretergressi simul obsedere Nyceam.* fo. 78°

Haec de principiis callis Hierosolymitani Scripsimus, ut nostrae permissum rusticiiati. Cetera describit domnus Gilo Parisiensis,

445

Cuius turpatur nostris elegantia nugis.* Explicit liber tercius. Incipit quartus a domno Giloni Parisiensi cum ceteris sequentibus eleganter conditus * asciri Riant

> Sirmond and Riant have a lacuna where the cod. reads insuper et

' For other accounts of the oath and the conditions imposed by the Byzantine emperor, see Gesta Francorum, p. 12; Peter Tudebode, pp. 47-8; Raymond of Aguilers,

“

BOOK

III

city walls of Constantinople, and were soon welcomed by the emperor’s guard in this manner: [425] *** their leader? What lands they could conquer by fighting, which the heathen wars had unjustly taken from him, they should willingly hand over to him as a pledge ofpeace; by this they could gain his good counsel and assistance (these places would be the city ofNicaea, Antioch, [430] and the lands around them in every direction). He would moreover decree to them what they deserved, so that no useful thing could ever be lacking to them. Over and above this, he would grant them in every province as much land as a mule could traverse in the space offour days. [435] He ordered fourteen ofthe nobles to confirm these arrangements to him by lawful oath and without treachery. They made no objection to this, for they knew for certain that they had either to obey or to meet their end in death. However, they took the oath on such terms that their agreement was binding [440] only so long as the emperor’s promises remained unbroken.'! When this was done, they departed, and crossed over the waters ofthe Hellespont; they joined forces with the duke, and mingled the allied forces together, and then with lines drawn up they headed for the city ofNicomedia;’ going beyond this, they at the same time besieged Nicaea.* [445] We have written these things about the beginnings ofthe journey to Ferusalem as best our uncouth style has allowed us. My lord Gilo ofParis writes about the rest; his elegant style is marred by our trifling efforts.* Here ends the third book, and the fourth begins, with the rest ofthose that follow, elegantly composed by my lord Gilo ofParis. p. 42; Robert of Rheims, p. 749; Albert of Aachen, p. 312. See also R. J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, trans.J.C. Morris andJ.E. Ridings (Oxford, 1993), pp. 9-11, 1928, for a detailed analysis of the nature of the oath and the ways in which it was perceived by the different parties. Again the Charleville Poet emphasizes Godfrey’s role as hero ofthe crusade, making him the first leader both to arrive in Constantinople and to cross over into Asia Minor. He is also the only one not to swear an oath to Alexius. ? By contrast, Gilo does not mention the capture of the Muslim-held city of Nicomedia in his account ofthe siege of Nicaea. According to the Gesta Francorum, pp. 13-14, however, Godfrey’s forces remained there for three days and then proceeded to Nicaea. 3 See Albert of Aachen, pp. 313-28; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 42-5. 4 Gilo makes no mention of events prior to the capture of Nicaea, and here as elsewhere, the Charleville Poet fills in the gaps.

GILONIS

PARISIENSIS HISTORIA HIEROSOLIMITANE

LIBER

IV (GILONIS

LIBER

VIE

1)?

Prologus? Hactenus intentus leuibus puerilia dixi’ Materia puero conueniente leui.’ Nec Turno dedimus carmen, nec carmen Achilli,’ Sed iuuenis iuueni carmina multa dedi,‘ Materiamque grauem penitus mens nostra refugit

Et leuibus nugis dedita tota fuit. Etas mollis erat teneris et lusibus apta,* Queque grauant mentem ferre nequibat ea. Ausus eram, memini,’ de bellis scribere; sed ne

Materia premerer, Musa reliquit opus;° Nam quamuis modicas mea ludere cymba per undas’ Non dubitet, magnas horret adire tamen. Nunc anni surgunt et surgere carmina debent; Tempora cum numeris conuenienter eunt.

Iam, positis remis, uelo concussa per equor

Euolet ex humili littore? pulsa ratis.® Errat ut ille rotam qui per decliuia motam® Nititur ut teneat cum rota missa ruat,

Sic miser inmundum qui non uult perdere mundum Errat; dum sequitur quod ruit, obruitur.’ Ergo quisque moram, quia mundus habetur ad horam, Pellat, et hoc querat quod mora nulla terat. Detineat fundus nullum, domus optima, mundus, Quin querat lucem suscipiendo’ crucem.

® Titles: B reads historia uie nostri temporis Jherosolimitana; C has historia Gilonis

cardinalis episcopi de uia Ierosolimitana; F reads incipit proemium in historia iherosolimitana ® ADG do not have the Prologue © plura dedi BC 4 ex humili littore BC; littore ex humili F * BC read ‘comp’ in the margin; Freads incipit hortatio in historia iherosolimitana

suppiciendo C m. pr.

f suscipiendo Groco*ck; suspiciendo B, C m. alt.,F:

GIL

O®°OF PARIS@ HISTORY OF DHE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM BOOK

IV (GILO

BOOK

Prologue Thus far I have spoken of childish matters,! my mind set on things of no weight, with subject-matter fitted to a f*ckless boy.’ I wrote no poem for Turnus, no poem for Achilles,’ but many poems as one youth to another, and my mind shrank utterly from serious subjects [5] and was wholly given over to mere trifles. My age was tender and suited to playfulness,’ and whatever weighed heavily on the mind, it could not bear. I had dared, I remember,° to write about wars, but lest [10] I be overwhelmed by the subject, my Muse departed from the task:° for though my little boat is not afraid to frolic over the gentle waves,’ it shudders to face the large breakers. Now my years advance, and my poems must advance too; my time of life goes well with my verses. [15] Now, with oars set aside, let my ship be driven by its sail over the seas, and fly from the

low-lying shore.® As the man errs who strives to hold back a wheel set in motion down a slope, when it gains speed,’ so errs the wretch who will not forsake the unclean world: [20] he is ruined while he pursues what is doomed to ruin. And so let every man shake off hesitation, because the world is ours for but an hour, and seek that which no length of time eats away. Let no man’s farm, his fine house, or the world hold him back from seeking the light by taking up his ' Vergil, Georg. iii. 1; Ovid, Am. ii. 11. 16; Avitus, Carm. v. 1. The Prologue is similar to others found in medieval literature: cf. Walter of Chatillon’s Alexandreis, Marie de France’s Lais, and many others. As is noted in the Introduction, pp. xlvi—xlix, the

present prologue is very valuable in determining the composition ofthe work. 2 Ovid, Amores, i. 1. 2; on Ovidian influence generally in Gilo, see C. W. Groco*ck,

“Ovid the Crusader’, pp. 62-5. 3 Ovid, Amores, ii. 1. 29.

5 Tbid. rr. 7 Ovid, Ars Amat. iii. 26. 9 Matt. 16: 26.

* Thid. 4.

® Tbid. iii. 1. 6. 8 [lias Latina, 1064.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Christus processit, Christo uictoria cessit: Crux quam sustinuit nostra medela fuit:! Ergo lege pari qui Christum uult imitari Subdat ceruicem, suscipiatque’ uicem.’ Securi pugnant qui sub tali duce pugnant, Huic qui pugnabit, dux bonus era dabit. Vere securi pugnant quia sunt habituri Eternam requiem perpetuamque diem.

‘Est ope diuina Turcorum facta ruina: Hoc pro laude Dei, licet impar materiei, Carmine’ perstringo facili* nec ludicra fingo. Christe, mee menti tua bella referre uolenti° Adsis, laus cuius series est carminis huius, Vt bene proueniat et te duce carmina fiant.

Christicole gentes, gladioque fideque nitentes,/ Vt sacra purgarent a sordibus et superarent Turcos insanos, fedentes fana,° profanos,’

Coniurauerunt et Iherusalem petierunt.° Ast ubi iam lassus, iam multa pericula passus,®

Equoreum litus? tetigit chorus ille beatus, Transiit equoream rabiem petiitque Niceam,' In qua ter centum ter quinque triumque potentum/

Conuentus mores struxit* docuitque minorses.’

Sed male mutata® Christique fide uacuata Christum spernebat, gentilia monstra colebat, Et, quoniam Christum prius hec coluisse putatur, Ad Christum corrupta prius merito reuocatur.? * suscipiatque Groco*ck; suspiciatque BCF > Before the text AD read textus gestorum memorandus Christicolarum; F has incipit argumentum; G reads incipit quartus a domno Gilone Parisiensi cum ceteris sequentibus eleganter conditus © carminis A m. pr. 4 F reads incipit historia Gilonis in the margin * faena D * prohanos A ® perassus D » letus D ‘ rabiem . . . Niceam] rabiem rabiem petiitque A / parentum A * finxit D ' Prudentius, Cath. 10. 83; Fulgentius, Aet. mund. xiii. 23.

* Matt. 22: 5, 16: 24, and also Robert of Rheims, pp. 729-30; Gesta Francorum, p. 1. For the symbolism of the Cross, which was regarded as a sign ofthe crusaders’ spiritual as well as physical pilgrimage to the Holy Land, see Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 958; Riley-Smith, /dea of Crusading, pp. 24, 114. * Rev. 3: 21, Dan. 12: 13. Participants believed that those who died during the expedi-

BOOK IV(I)

cross. [25] Christ has gone before, and the victory has fallen to Christ: the cross he carried was our healing.! Therefore let him who wishes to imitate Christ on equal terms bow his neck and take up the cross in his turn.’ They fight in safety who fight under such a leader; [30] that good leader will repay the man who will fight for him. Truly they fight in safety because they are destined to possess eternal rest and the light of day for ever.’

The destruction of the Turks was brought about by divine aid; to the praise of God, though I am not equal to my subject-matter, I tell this briefly in straightforward verse,’ and I relate no frivolous fiction. Christ, may you be present in my mind, [5] which desires to recount your wars® (for the narrative of this poem is your praise), so that my verses may turn out well, and be written with you as my guide. The Christian peoples, bright with sword and faith, swore together to cleanse the holy places of all filth and to vanquish the maddened Turks, ungodly men who were desecrating the shrines, [10] and strove to reach Jerusalem.° But when that blessed company, already weary from enduring many dangers, reached the seashore, it crossed the raging sea, heading for the city of Nicaea. In this city a gathering of three hundred and eighteen powerful men of the church [15] established customs and instructed

posterity.’ But that city, changed for the worse,*® was emptied of Christian faith, and rejected Christ, worshipping the prodigies of heathendom. Since it was thought to have worshipped Christ before, this formerly wicked city was justly called back to Christ.’ tion were granted the eternal reward of martyrdom. See H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Martyrdom and the First Crusade’, Crusade and Settlement, pp. 46-56; Riley-Smith, “Death on the

First Crusade’, in The End Of Strife, ed. D. M. Loades (Edinburgh, 1984), pp. 14-32. 4 On carmen facile, see Introduction, ‘Metre and Rhyme’, pp. xxviii-xxix. For the sense of /udicra, cf. Horace, Ep. i. 1. to.

5 Cf. the Charleville Poet, i. 16 and n.

6 It is striking that Gilo makes no mention of the council of Clermont, or of the journey to Constantinople and events there. These omissions were later made good by the Charleville Poet in the books which precede Gilo’s own work. See above, p. xv. 7 A reference to the first council of Nicaea in 325, which dealt primarily with the Arian controversy. It is not known how many bishops attended: the number in the text is

traditional. See above, ii. 240n. § For the metre here, see above, pp. xxxiii—xxxv. 9 Nicaea had been captured by the Seljuk Turks in 1078; see above, ii. 244n. It was regained by the crusaders in June 1097, after a siege lasting over a month.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Ergo disponunt acies, tentoria ponunt, Vndique conueniunt et bello congrua fiunt.' Partem quam mundus uocat occasum Boimundus Occupat et contra* muros statuit sua castra; Qui locus est Plaustro® iunctus, contrarius austro, Ille tue forti datus est, Godefride, cohorti.

In loca succedunt* alii que congrua credunt.? Cunctorum portus uertuntur solis ad ortus. Militibus densi Raimundus cum Podiensi,

Hugo comes Magnus, leo seuis, mitibus‘ agnus, Et satis expertus per prelia dira* Robertus Dux quoque Flandrensis, cuius non fallitur ensis, Et Stephanus muros expugnabant’ ruituros. Tuta sed a turbis pars una remanserat urbis, Nec timet assaltus! pars quam sol respicit altus, Nam lacus immensus, multaque’ putredine* densus, Hos defensabat,! nostros transire negabat. Sed tamen hanc partem nostri tetigere per artem: Namaue superiectis ratibus multis quoque tectis, Quas Caesar™ dictus iunctis per terrea bobus? Fecerat adduci uoto tunc auxiliandi.* Sic quasi per pontes” potuerunt tangere sontes.° Frustra securos petierunt denique muros:?° Acriter insistunt nostri, Turcique resistunt, Acriter impellunt illos,? illique repellunt. Seua‘ uenenatas gens mittit ab urbe sagittas,° Cuique sagitta dabat leue uulnus, eum perimebat, Et, dum successit, per turpia dicta lacessit

Christi cultores, cane dicens deteriores. Vocibus ingratis nostris satis exagitatis, * contar

D m. pr.

4 cedunt A ® dura D m. pr.

* uligine A; hirundine

™ Caesare G

after |. 34

> aratro

A; succendunt

" pontos D m. pr.

4 illosque D m. pr.

' defensebat A; defendebat

° fontes AD

" sana A

‘ militibus A / multa BC DG

P ADG place this line

* uerba ADG

' Godfrey and Tancred reached Nicaea on 6 May; Raymond’s army arrived on 16 May, and Robert of Normandy and Stephen of Blois on 3 June. A Turkish relieving force led by Kilij Arslan was repulsed on 21 May, but the city held out until 19 June. Before the crusaders mounted a final assault, it surrendered to the Byzantine commander. ;

BOOK

IV(1)

[20] Therefore they drew up their forces, pitched their tents, gathered together from all parts, and the necessary preparations for war were made. Bohemond! took up position on the side which men call the west, and settled his camp opposite the walls; that side which is nearer the Plough, opposite the south, [25] was given to your mighty army, Godfrey. Other men occupied those places they thought suitable. The gates of all their camps were turned to face the rising of the sun.? Raymond and Adhémar of Le Puy, thronged about with soldiers, Count Hugh the Great, a lion to the fierce and a lamb to the gentle, [30] and Robert, well experienced in hard fighting, as well as the Duke of Flanders, whose sword never missed, and Stephen, all these overthrew the walls that were destined to fall. But one side of the city remained safe from the masses of troops, the side on which the sun looks down from on high, and it feared no attacks, [35] for a huge lake, full of deep slime, protected them and denied our men a way across. But our men reached this side too, by means of their skill, for they threw across a bridge of boats, many of them with canopies. The aforementioned emperor had had these dragged overland by yoked oxen,* [40] hoping then to help them.* And so they were able to reach the wicked as though crossing a bridge. In vain did they aim for the impregnable walls; our side pressed hard their attack, the Turks fought back, they drove on at them hard, and the Turks drove them back again. [45] From the city the cruel people shot poisoned arrows,° and an arrow which gave a man even a slight wound was the end of him. While they held the upper hand, they hit out at the worshippers of Christ with filthy words, saying they were worse than dogs. When our men were thoroughly roused by their hateful speech, For other accounts ofthe siege of Nicaea, see Gesta Francorum, pp. 14-17; Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 42-5. ? Robert of Rheims, p. 756, has a very similar account to this one.

3 Ovid, Met. xiv. 3. * This detail added by the Charleville Poet is also found in Gesta Francorum, p. 16;

Fulcher of Chartres, p. 187. Alexius had set up his camp at Pelecanum. The chronology here is confused. The arrival of the Byzantine boats postdated the defeat of Kilij Arslan and occurred shortly before the final assault on the city. 5 A reference to the Byzantine fortifications, which at the time of the crusaders’ arrival were still in good repair. See above, ii. 246n. The aim seems to have been to cut off the supplies which were reaching Nicaea via the lake. See Gesta Francorum, p. 16; Albert of Aachen, pp. 322-4; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 44. A ‘bridge of boats’ is also referred to during the siege of Antioch.

® Cf. Robert of Rheims, p. 756.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Altior ad duros? portatur machina muros.”!

Gentiles miseri tandem cepere uereri:° Nostri non segnes lapides iaculantur et ignes, Turres impellunt, affixaque tela reuellunt A clipeis, hostes proprio telo/ ferientes. Vtque cadit spissus imber cum grandine missus,” Sic non uitate mittuntur ubique sagitte. Tela cadunt, miserique gemunt, moriuntur utrinque;’ Hi gladiis, alii baculis* pugnant sudibusque.

Magnus erat turbe clamor trepidantis? in urbe. Ergo plorantes manibus quoque significantes Orarunt pacem, clararunt deditionem, Expediunt dextras uaduntque recludere portas.*

Exultant nostri, laudant magnalia Christi.* Primum purgari censent a sordibus urbem Et consignari per aquam prece sanctificatam; Cumque ymnis crucibusque intrant reconciliatam. Mittuntur sacri portantes sacra ministri,

Lustrant securos benedicta aspergine muros, Cantantes modulos diuinis ritibus aptos.° Talia cum ciues uisu audituque capesc*nt, Protinus trati in gentilia monstra recurrunt: Cuncta profanari magica uertigine dic*nt,

Et proturbantes extra sacra agmina trudunt. Sic irritantur legiones Christicolarum, Et delusa dolent mysteria celicolarum. fo. 79°

Acrius insurgunt, celeres et in arma recurrunt,

Deque profanatis poenas cum sanguine posc*nt. Acrius incumbunt: balistas, fundibula aptant,

Prefodiunt' portas,’ miseros quasi carcere uallant. Excubias statuunt noctuque dieque cauentes Ne quis colloquio exterior iuuet intertores, Dumque instant uigiles sibi succedendo per horas Repperiunt quendam per nigras ire tenebras 2 muros D m. alt., FG

4 telo proprio ADG ® gladiis F m. pr.

> duros D m. alt., F m. alt., G

°C reads ‘comp’ in the margin » trepidantes AD ' perfodiunt Riant

Fubique

' Fulcher of Chartres, p. 186, refers to siege-engines, battering-rams, and mangonels. For machina muros cf. Vergil, Aen. ii. 46, 237.

BOOK IV(I)

[50] a lofty war-engine was carried to the unyielding walls.! The wretched heathen at last began to be afraid: our men were not idle,

but threw stones and firebrands, and charged at the towers, tearing from their shields the missiles caught there, and striking at the enemy with their own weapons. [55] Just as a heavy shower falls, sent down with hail,’ so everywhere were arrows shot with accuracy. The missiles fell, the wretches groaned, and there were deaths on both sides; some fought with swords, others with sticks and staves. The shouting of the terrified crowd in the city grew loud.’ [60] Therefore they begged for peace as they wailed and made signs with their hands, shouting their surrender, and throwing their weapons down they hurried to open the gates.* Our men rejoiced, and praised the mighty works of Christ.* They resolved first to cleanse the city ofall filth, [65] and to sign it with the cross with water made holy through prayer. And so they entered the city, now at peace, singing hymns and carrying crosses. The holy priests were sent on, carrying the holy objects, and they cleansed the strong walls by sprinkling holy water, singing canticles befitting the divine service.® [70] When the citizens saw and heard these things, and realized what was going on, they immediately had recourse to their heathen marvels: they said that everything was being defiled by whirling witchcraft, and pressing forward they drove the holy procession outside. In this way the Christian armies were roused to anger, [75] and were grieved that the mysteries ofheaven had been mocked. They rose up more keenly, ran swiftly to arms, and demanded a bloody penalty from the ungodly. They attacked harder, made ready their catapults and siege-engines, dug trenches before the city gates,’ and shut the wretches in as though ina prison-cell. [80] They posted a watch by night and day, making sure that no one from outside might speak to and help those inside, and while the sentries were on guard, taking over from each other through the watches, they caught someone going through the dark shadows ? The simile is also found in Vergil, Aen. xii. 284, Ilias Latina, 359, Lucan, Bellum ciuile, ii. 501-2, iv. 776. 3 Cf. Robert of Rheims, p. 756, unde fragor turbe clamorque sonabat in urbe. * There are no close parallels to this interpolated section by the Charleville Poet in the other sources; Albert of Aachen, p. 319, and the Chanson d’Antioche, 1248-50, describe the capture of a spy, as at iv. 83, below, but their narratives are otherwise dis-

similar.

5 Cf. Acts 2: 11 (magnalia Dei). 6 For other references to this ritual of penance outside the walls of Nicaea, see Albert of Aachen, pp. 317, 320. 7 Vergil, Aen. xi. 473, and Servius ad loc. The mining ofthe walls is also mentioned in the Gesta Francorum, p. 15, and Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 44.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Querentemque locum uel portas ingrediendi Vel per foramina cum clausis sermocinandi.' Illi (correptum]? grauiter manicisque ligatum Cogunt aut citius que nosset cuncta profari Aut dure mortis grauia experimenta lucrart. Ile metu uictus nimio nec longa moratus Dicere seruata se deuouet omnia uta. Hinc ubi fecit eum pia conuenientia fidum” Exponit missum se ciuibus insinuatum Ne desperarent, sed se in° uirtute tenerent: Namque sequente die plenum solamen haberent, Quando obsessores’ obsessi mortificare Possent atque opibus cum libertate uacare. Milia nam propius plus consedisse trecenta

Sultanno ducibus Solimannoque? coacta,

Que sic de propriis se uiribus exhylararent, Et quasi uictores iam facti glorificarent, Agmina Christicolum quo iam deleta putarent, Solaque de spoliis inter se bella pararent, Mane etiam primo statuissent castra mouere, Illa quoque ante urbem uacua statione locare, fo. 80°

100

Que fuerat tibi, dux Raimunde, tuisque relicta

105

Quando tbi prima duces coeperunt figere castra; Qui retrorsus adhuc aberant ad milia bina, Pro quibus est missum citius iussique uentre, Ipsa in planitie tentoria disposuere.* Legatus porro iam factus sponte fidelis

18fe)

Purgari sese expetiit babtismatis undis.“ Quod dum fit citius concursu presbiterorum Egregius fulsit uir in ordine Christicolarum. Mane igitur primo nostri uertuntur ad‘ arma Vrbis perfidiam punitum sorte suprema.

115

Fit clamor multus, uariatur in urbe tumultus

Istinc pugnantum atque illinc extrema gementum. Tormentis, taculis, gladiis quoque bella geruntur, Haud multum distat quin protinus ingrediantur. * correptum Sirmond Riant Riant

> fidum G m. alt. over an erasure

eater et Sirmond, Riant

in Sirmond,

BOOK IV(I)

and looking for an opportunity either ofgetting through the gates [85] or of talking with those inside through a hole in the wall.! They seized the man roughly, bound him with chains, and forced him either to tell them all he knew straight away or to earn himself the experience ofpainful death. He was utterly overcome with fear, [go] and was not long in swearing that he would tell everything ifhis life were spared. Then when holy accord had made him faithful, he revealed that he had been sent to intimate to the citizens that they should not despair, but keep themselves in good heart, for they would receive complete relief the following day, (95| when the besieged could put to death the besiegers and enjoy their wealth in freedom: for positioned very near there were over three thousand men gathered under the command of Sultan and Suleiman;* they were rejoicing so much in their own strength and glorifying themselves, [100] as though they had already been declared the victors, that they considered the Christian forces to be destroyed already, and the only fighting for which they were preparing was amongst themselves, over the spoils. They had moreover decided to break camp at first light, and to pitch it in an unoccupied position in front ofthe city [105] which had been left to you, Raymond, and to your men, when the leaders had first begun to pitch their camps there. They were still two miles behind this position; word was quickly sent to them, and they came as ordered and pitched their tents in the plain itself. [110] Moreover, the envoy became a believer ofhis own free will, and asked that he be cleansed through the waters of baptism.* This was quickly done by a throng ofpriests, and the noble fellow shone outstandingly in the ranks of the Christians. At first light, therefore, our men took up their weapons [115] to punish the treachery of the city with final destruction. There was much shouting, and in the city were heard the cries ofmen fighting and of men groaning in death. War was waged with ballistas, spears, and swords, and they were not far off making a swift entry.

' Albert of Aachen, p. 319; Chanson d’Antioche, 1248-55. ? Kilij Arslan ibn Sulaiman. For this confusion between the title and the patronymic, see above, ii. 263-6.

3 Godfrey of Bouillon’s army arrived outside Nicaea on 6 May; Raymond of Toulouse joined them on 16 May; Bohemond followed a few days later, and Robert of Normandy and Stephen of Blois took up their places outside the walls of Nicaea on 3 June. * Arator, Hist. apost. i. 626. According to the Chanson d’Antioche, 1256-8, the spy was

killed and his body catapulted into the city. In Albert of Aachen, p. 319, his conversion to Christianity is not accomplished. For other examples of the conversion of Muslims during the crusade, see Gesta Francorum, p. 71; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 112. See also B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission: European Approaches toward the Muslims (Princeton, 1984), pp. 57-67; Riley-Smith, Idea of Crusading, pp. 109-10.

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Dum sic instarent? nostri, miseri trepidarent, Et iam® constricti® sua uellent reddere uicti,

120

En/ sexaginta Turcorum milia structa Ensibus et clipeis ad opem uenere? Niceis."! Gens tua, Christe, nimis? metuens,” suspirat ab imis Pectoribus: clari bello cepere precari Supplice uoce Deum, quod eis daret' ipse tropheum. Vt conspexerunt Turci nostros, fremuerunt. Mox, ubi fecerunt’ tres turmas, disposuerunt

125

Quod parsé intraret' muros inopesque™ iuuaret Viribus et telis, et opem prestaret” anhelis; Ipsi munirent portas, nostrosque ferirent.

130

A gemina? parte, comperta protinus arte, Noster in hostiles multo? ruit impete miles. Pugnatur dure, sed non par actus utrimque, Sed perimunt nostri, pereunt enormiter illt. Franguntur rigide ualidis impulsibus haste, Pectora rupta sonant riuosque cruoris inundant, Trunca uolant capita tremula uelut arbore poma, Nec qui descendit montem post hac repetiuit. Et quod de nostris stolide predixerat hostis, Hoc patitur uictus, nec duros sustinet ictus, Sed celeres fugiunt? et tardi funera fiunt. Dimissa parma fugit hic: sua dum capit arma Alter prostratus cadit, in capiendo moratus. Singula quid’ dico?’ Nullus succurrit amico.* His pietate Dei uictis timuere Nicei, Atque metu tacti tandem cessere coacti, Perque duos menses obsesse gentis habene, Dux, tibi traduntur, Constantinopolitane.* Duc*ntur plena Pictum* quoque milia naui.

135

140

145

150

* instabant F » etiam D © cum stricti A; cum strati D; constrati G 4 ens A © temere D ® Forll. 122-3, G has: ecce repentino clamore ululante Nycea |milibus auditis montana uidentur operta |que dum desiliunt hinc per decliuia montis |altera contigue properant per concaua uallis

G ‘ claret ™ inoresque A P cuneos G Dm. pr.

§ satis D

/ struxerunt G Sparel " preberet G; prebere A; preberte D

4 finniunt A m. pr.

" quod D

h memens

' intrarit D ° agmina B m. pr.

* succurrit amico nullus .

;

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79:

[120] While our men were on the attack in this way, and the wretches were smitten with fear, hemmed in, and wished to surrender their possessions in defeat, suddenly sixty thousand

Turks drawn up in battle-formation came to the aid of the Nicaeans with sword and shield.! Your people were afraid, O Christ, and sighed from the bottom of their hearts: [125] those men distinguished in war began to raise humble voices in prayer to God to give the prize to them. When the Turks caught sight of our men, they raised a war-cry. They divided into three squadrons and decided that one group should enter the walls and give succour to the beleaguered [130] with force of arms, and give respite to the exhausted; the rest would strengthen the gates and attack our troops. Our soldiers, discovering the strategy, at once charged in a massive attack against the army from both sides. The fighting was hard, but both sides did not act in the same way, |135] our men cut theirs down, and they suffered heavy losses. Stout lances were shattered as they hit home hard, chests were ripped loudly open and poured out rivers of blood, and heads were cut offand flew like apples shaken from a tree; the men who came down from the mountain did not go back there after this. [140] The enemy endured in defeat what he had stupidly predicted for our men, and did not stand up under the heavy blows: the swift ran away and the slow met their death. One threw his shield away and ran off; another fell, cut down as he gathered his weapons, and delayed as he gathered them. [145] Why should I go into every detail?? No man came to the help of his friend. With these men defeated by the goodness of God, the Nicaeans were terrified, and smitten with fear they were at last forced to surrender. The governance of the besieged for two months was given to you, O leader of Constantinople.’ [150] A thousand Picts* also were transferred there in well-laden ships. ' The Muslim relieving army was led by Kilij Arslan. See Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 45; Albert of Aachen, p. 319; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 192-3.

2 Ovid, Amores, i. 5. 23. 3 Gesta Francorum, p.17,and Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 44, attribute the capture of Nicaea entirely to the Byzantine emperor. See also Albert of Aachen, p. 327. There are varying descriptions of the length ofthe siege. Fulcher of Chartres, p. 189, states that it lasted five weeks; the author of the Gesta Francorum, p. 17, claims seven weeks and three days. 4 The sense ofthis verse is far from clear: pictum, the clear reading of the manuscript, seems to be a contracted form for pictorum. Perhaps the poet means the emperor’s Varangian Guard, which at this time included a number of Englishmen and

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His ita deuictis, uictis sub rege relictis,' Successu leti nostri, nec cedere certi, Castra mouent Dominoque uouent ieiunia, cuius Auxilio uicere pio gentis scelus* huius.’ Sed, quoniam per dura uiam fuerant habituri, Ne populi languore, siti? caderent perituri, In turmas cessere duas. Tibi traditur una, Dux Boimunde,’ tibi, comes Hugo, traditur una,’ Sicque graues colles nostri, licet ad mala molles, Transiuere’ tribus non absque’ labore diebus, Inque die quarta,’ postquam uia facta per arta, Illi securi, quasi gens ignara® futuri, Quos sibi commissos Boimundus ab agmine? scissos' Duxit, letantes, graue nil restare putantes. Dum male se iactant® et dum bene facta retractant, Turcis insultant, ter centum milia® spectant Turcorum; mesti tanteque resistere pesti Non ausi dubitant. Prius ergo prelia uitant. Sed nullam mortem metuens, Boimunde, cohortem Instruis, ut uiles depellat’ cuspide miles,

155

160

165

170

Et ponis iuxta‘ riuos ex ordine’ castra, Quos nimis exosos uocat incola turba lutosos.’ Sed nondum” nostri fuerant ad bella parati, Cum quinquaginta centum ferrugine tincta” Milia Turcorum cursu portantur equorum,

175

Et non paulatim ueniebant siue gradatim, Sed cito, more canum quiddam grassando profanum,° Sese commiscent nostris et prelia miscent. Noster commixtos miles ferit eminus istos, * etscelus A m. pr.; celus Dm. pr. > sitti A m.pr.; sitis BC mM. pr. 4 Hugo om. A © transiliere G f abque D » acmine C ‘ cissos F / depellati G Sista ™ nundum A

” cincta DG

' ordina D

° Gomits this line

Scandinavians. SeeJ.Shepard, “The English and Byzantium: a study oftheir role in the

Byzantine army in the later eleventh century’, Traditio, xxix (1973), 53-92; S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium, rev. and trans. B. S. Benedikz (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 129-36, 141-7. ' Kilij Arslan’s family and nobles were taken to Constantinople. See Albert of Aachen, p. 327; Gesta Francorum, p. 17. * Stephen of Blois and others wrote letters home after the capture of Nicaea full of optimism about the future success of the crusade: Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 140, 1453 Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 45.

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With these forces thus defeated, and the vanquished left in the emperor’s charge,' our men rejoiced at their success and, certain that they would not yield, they broke camp and declared a fast to the Lord God, by whose holy help they had conquered this foul people.’ [155] But because they were going to be making a difficult journey, they divided into two companies so that their people might not fall down and die of exhaustion and thirst. One group was given to you, Duke Bohemond, and one, Count Hugh, to you,’

and in this way our troops, though not used to hardship, crossed over the steep hills [160] in three laborious days. On the fourth day,* when a road had been made through a pass, Bohemond led those separated from the main column and entrusted to him; they exulted, feeling safe and secure, like a people ignorant of what will happen, thinking that no difficulties remained in their path, [165] and while they boasted stupidly,* recounting their own good deeds and abusing the Turks, they saw three hundred thousand® Turks, and with downcast hearts they wavered, not daring to oppose such a pestilential might. At first therefore they avoided combat. But you drew up your men, Bohemon4d, not fearing death at all, [170] so that your troops might drive off those wretches with the sword, and you pitched camp with precision beside some brooks, which the natives called the ‘loathsome muddy’ brooks.’ Our men were not yet ready for war when one hundred and fifty thousand darkskinned Turks [175] rode at them on horseback, and they were not approaching gradually or slowly, but quickly, like dogs being up to no good. They joined in the attack on our men and opened the fighting. Our soldiers struck at their mingled throng from a distance, 3 Here Gilo displays his preference for Bohemond. He is alone in stating that the army was divided into two companies, led by Hugh of Vermandois and Bohemond, when it resumed its march. The Gesta Francorum, p. 18, records that the second army was led by Raymond of Toulouse, rather than Hugh. After Nicaea, the next objective was Dorylaeum. * Robert of Rheims, p. 759, also states that they came upon the Turks after four days. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 45, and the Gesta Francorum, p. 18, maintain that it was three; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 1go, says it was two. The author of the Gesta Francorum, pp. 18-19, at this point makes Bohemond address the frightened army and encourage them to fight the Turks. 5 The idle jesting of the knights recorded here is paralleled in the Voyage de Charlemagne, 448-628. 6 Robert of Rheims, p. 759, also gives a figure of 300,000, as does the Charleville Poet,

above, iv. 97; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 45, says the number was 150,000. 7 Robert of Rheims, p. 760; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 192, refers to a nearby marsh. In fact the crusaders encamped in the valley of the Bathys. For the precise location, see Runciman, Hist. Crus. i. 186 n. 1.

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Et fidei* parma! protectus? non timet® arma. Turci? uallabant nostros, cursuque uolabant, Et nunc instabant, nunc¢ Christicolas fugiebant:'* Dumaue fugit Turcus, sinuatus soluitur arcus (Arcu quippe magis pugnant, et non sine plagis). Dum? graue cum Turcis bellum Boimundus haberet, Inque uicem Turcus nostros fugiendo fugaret,' ” In fugiendo quidem uulnus facit et fugit idem. Nam modo qui Turci ueteri sunt nomine Parthi, Fidere quis’ uersis mos est fugiendo sagittis.° Magna cohors Magni non huius conscia dampni Gente sub ignota quasi milibus octo remota Colles girabat, nec tam prope bella putabat Sed per legatum bellum scit adesse paratum, Consilio nitidus quem misit ei Boimundus.*

At dum pugnatur, dum turba! uocata moratur,° Pars ea Turcorum quos altera ripa tenebat, Vt faceret cedem de nostris quam sitiebat,° Per loca nota parum tentoria Christicolarum Attigit et cedes facit hostis” et occupat edes, Datque neci lassos” et plurima uulnera passos, Oppida seruantes nec martem ferre ualentes, Qui,’ si marte mori possent, mors? esset honori. Matribus herentes illic truncare uideres Infantes, gladioque dari miseras mulieres.? Hoc’ ubi cognouit Boimundus, castra petiuit, Sub duce Normanno‘ dimittens prelia dampno, Hosque‘ iuuare parat quos gens mala pene necarat. * fidi G * modo C

> 2 proteutus f fugitabant C

180

185

190

195

200

205

Zecumeey ‘ fugarat G m. pr. ! quis Groco*ck; quos G etal ' turma F m. alt. ™ hostis facit D m. pr. ” passos D Pranigel? P mos D m. pr. 9 A has this verse after |. 230 " hec BC * noemanno F * hos AD ' Eph. 6: 16. * For the tactics employed by the Turkish horse-archers, see Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 76-83; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 50; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 194.

3 Vergil, Georg. iii. 31. * The second contingent, led by Raymond of Toulouse and including Godfrey and Hugh, arrived at midday, when the fighting was well under way. For other accounts of

the battle of Dorylaeum, see Gesta Francorum, pp. 19-21; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 194-7; Albert of Aachen, pp. 331-2; and also Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 168-9. In-his

BOOK IV(I)

83 |

[180] and protected by the shield of faith’ they did not fear their weapons. The Turks hemmed in our men, and then rode off swiftly, now attacking the Christians, now fleeing from them, and while the Turks ran away they let fly with their curved bows (for they fight more with the bow, and to great effect). [185] While Bohemond was struggling in this action with the Turks, and the Turks were by turns putting our men to flight and fleeing from them, in their flight they both ran away and inflicted wounds,’ for those who are now called Turks are the Parthians ofold, and trusting in their arrows while fleeing away is their custom.’ [190] A massive force under Hugh the Great, not knowing of the losses being suffered, was skirting round the hills some eight miles away, right beside the hordes of whom he was unaware, and he did not think the fighting was so close to him. But he discovered that the fighting was actually already happening, by means of an envoy whom Bohemond,' who shone in counsel, sent to him. [195] While the battle raged and the host that had been summoned was delaying,’ that group of Turks who were occupying the other bank of the river reached the Christians’ tents through the region they little knew in order to carry out the slaughter of our men for which they thirsted.° The enemy made great slaughter and took hold of the buildings, [200] putting to death the weary and those who had suffered many wounds, those who were working in the settlement, and those who were not strong enough for fighting, who would have found an honourable death if they could have died fighting. There you could see them hack at babes-in-arms clinging to their mothers, and their poor mothers put to the sword. [205] When Bohemond learned of this he made for the camp, leaving the battle as a lost cause under the Duke of Normandy, and made ready to help those whom the evil description of the battle, another historian, the biographer of Tancred, Ralph of Caen, declared that Roland and Oliver, the heroes of the Chanson de Roland, were reborn

(Ralph of Caen, p. 627). > Cf. Robert of Rheims, p. 760: ‘dum sic pugnatur, dum sic pars prima necatur |pars ea Turcorum que riuum transiit, illa| protinus inuasit tentoria Christicolarum.’ Robert includes a number of hexameters in his account, but only one is identical with anything in Gilo (partim predati partimque fuere necati), found in Robert of Rheims, p. 776, and Gilo, v. 38; see also Introd., n. 104. It is impossible to say whether one is dependent on the

other; it is more likely that both are drawing from an independent source. 6 Raymond of Aguilers, p. 45, and Fulcher of Chartres, p. 193, also refer to the Turkish attack on the Christian tents. Fulcher states that it was the second contingent, rather than Bohemond, which drove them away. This again may be an attempt by Gilo to underline Bohemond’s personal role and bravery.

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Protinus elegit paucos paucisque subegit Hanc gentem fedam, recipit tentoria, predam, Armatosque uiros? circum tentoria ponit,? Castraque terribili pro uallo milite munit. Dum duplices pugnant acies, illic’ Boimundus, Ex hac parte comes Normannus in arma timendus, Francigene tacti nimio‘ terrore,° coacti! Cum duce Normanno fugiunt, sed‘ non sine* dampno,

210

Marte, calore, siti crudeliter excruciati. Et nisi, dum fugerent, dum palmam pene tenerent Turci, uincentes se conuertissent? in hostes

Dux Normannorum, signum clamando suorum, Lux ea plena malis nostris foret exitialis.’

220

Nec mora,’ Francigene ducti spe’ sedis amene,* Despiciendo/ mori bene pro uita meliori, Ad sua‘ conuersi, circa’ tentoria sparsi,

Facti castellum* permiscent denuo bellum. Dum nimis insistunt Turci, nostrique” resistunt, Tela legunt pueri, cantant ex ordine cleri,® Fortes pugnabant, mulieres collacrimabant: Altera prostratum portabat in oppida natum, Altera de riuis tendebat pocula uiuis.”” Est aliquid® quod quisque facit: tegit alter amicum, Hic fugit, hic sequitur, captum rapit? hic inimicum. Pene triumphantes nostros, te, Christe, uocantes, Turci prosternunt, et eorum prelia spernunt. Vtque lupus, uillas circumdans, querit ouillas,‘ Et, quas deceptas stabulis non esse receptas

225

230

235

* uiros omitted by F m. pr. > predam D m. pr. © illinc BC 4 nimioque AD © timore ADG f et ADG & sicA » conuestissetD m. pr. ‘spe ducti ADG i respiciendo G KS Suna. (pr: ' circum ADG ™ Turcique nostri D; nostri Turcique G " G omits this verse ° aliquis D P raptum capit ADG 2 Creads ‘comp’ in the margin against this line

' This tactic offeigned flight was employed by both the Turks and the crusaders. See Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 78-9; B. S. Bacharach, “The feigned retreat at Hastings’, Mediaeval Studies, xxxiii (1971), 344-8. It was a favourite tactic of the Normans, and is

highlighted by Guy of Amiens, Carmen de Hastingae proelio, ed. C. Morton and H. eee (OMT, 1972), 26-8, Il. 424-34.

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race had almost killed off. Straight away he chose a few men, and with these few he subdued this foul race, recaptured his tents and the plunder, [210] and placed armed men round the tents, fortifying the camp with fierce soldiers for a rampart. While the twin battle-lines were fighting, Bohemond on one side and the count of Normandy, terrifying at arms, on the other side, the Franks were smitten with a great terror, and under compulsion they fled,’ not without loss, [215] with the Duke of Normandy, for they were cruelly tortured by the fighting, by the heat, and by thirst. And if, while they were running away and the Turks had almost carried off the prize, the Duke of Normandy had not wheeled round his men to face the triumphant enemy, shouting his men’s rallying-cry, [220] that day, full of misfortune, would have been deadly for our men.” Without delay’ the Franks were spurred on by the hope of a lovely dwelling-place,* and thinking nothing of dying well in exchange for a better life, they turned to their tents, and spreading around them they drew themselves up in a defensive square’ and renewed the fighting again. [225] While the Turks pressed on the attack very hard, and our men repulsed them, the children collected missiles, the clergy sang in proper order,° the brave men fought, and the women wept as one carried her prostrate son into the camp, and another proffered cups of water from the flowing streams.’ [230] Everyone was busy at some task or other: one man covered up his friend, one ran away, another pur-

sued him, another despoiled the enemy he had caught. Almost victorious over our men, who were calling on you, Christ, the Turks threw them down and disdained to fight with them. As a

wolf, circling round farms, seeks out the lambs, [235] traps those that it sees are not shut up in the pen, casts the wretched creatures 2 See also Robert of Rheims, p. 761. 3 Ovid, Met. i. 221. * sedis amene in this line is a very obscure phrase; it seems to refer more to Jerusalem than to ‘heaven’ or ‘paradise’ in the present context. > The phrase facti castellum is the most perplexing phrase in the whole poem. castellum cannot mean ‘fort’ or ‘camp’, but ‘defensive square’, taking facti as passive, functioning as a middle; see also Gesta Francorum, p. 19 n. 1. Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 195-6, however, says that at this point the army was close-packed and in confusion. 6 Cf. also Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 196-7; Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 73, 90. 7 Gesta Francorum, p. 19.

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Aspicit, has Sic quoque Hunc quem Nostri quid

fundit* miseras et in ora recondit,’ uallantes Turci nostros? trepidantes spectabant extra castella® necabant. facerent nisi tanta pericula flerent? Non poterant dorsum dare, nec pugnare seorsum. Quod fuerant clausi nostri, pugnare nec ausi,? Non satis est genti de palma non dubitanti, Sed monuit mille* Turcos dux‘ prouidus ille’ Vt que’ transierant nostri montana requirant. Hac? etenim de re dubia suspecta’ fuere: Quod tegerent aliquos montana mouebat iniquos. Ast eques armatus/ nichil‘ ad precepta moratus Montes lustrauit, crudeliter ense necauit Mille uiros ferme, mulieres, uulgus inerme, Exanimes factos,’ nimioque metu stupefactos,™ Multum tardatos rebusque suis oneratos, Qui male sub caueis” latitantes non latuerunt Exploratores, sed turpiter interierunt.’ Ecce nichil timidus comes Hugo, dux Godefridus, Hortati fortem precibusque minisque cohortem‘* Cursu certabant sociosque iuuare parabant. Vtque uident flentes socios iam deficientes, Dimittuntur equi; quamuis non uiribus equi Essent, non dubitant, nec tela uolantia uitant.* Ergo ducum sydus cum paucis dux Godefridus In medium dense gentis stricto uolat ense Et, ueluti diram sus° postquam colligit iram Dente canis lesus, baculo uel arundine cesus,? Dente canes angit, ruit, et uenabula frangit, Hos ita conculcat Godefridus et agmina sulcat. At comites comitis dant multis Tartara Ditis

240

245

250

255

260

265

Trans ripam riui pugnantibus,‘ in pede cliui.’ Istis® prostratis, de cliuo precipitatis, Ascendit cliuum comes, implet sanguine riuum:' @ fundas D m. pr. > nostros Turci ADG ° castra B 4 ADG put this line after I. 242 © ille D m. pr. f grex AC § utque A; atque F * hec ACF ‘ dubii timidique DG / armatos D K nil DG ! facti DG ™ stupefactus D m. pr.; stupefacti G ” rupibus AD; saxis G ° diramen D

pugnantibus B

P Bm. pr. omits this line

S illis G

* murum G

4 pugnabant G

* in pede cliui

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to the ground, and swallows them in its jaws,! so the Turks hemmed in our terrified men and killed him they saw outside the camp. What could our men do, save weep over such dire peril? [240] They could not turn their backs, nor go out and fight. It was not enough for this race which did not doubt that the victory was theirs that our side were shut in and did not dare to fight, but their leader, a man of foresight,’ advised a thousand Turks to make for the mountains our men had crossed over. [245] For the mountains were suspect, because of this puzzling achievement, and he was concerned that they might be hiding some traitors. The armed horsem*n wasted no time in executing these commands, but scoured the mountains, and cruelly slew with their swords a good thousand men, women, and unarmed, common folk, [250] driven out of their wits and horror-struck, much slowed down under their heavy burdens; they tried to hide in caves, but could not hide from the enemy scouts, and died a shameful death.’

But behold, the utterly fearless Count Hugh and Duke Godfrey [255] encouraged their brave squadrons with prayers and threats,‘ and made ready with all speed to come to their allies’ aid. When they saw their allies weeping, and already falling back, they sent their horses to the rear, and although they were not equal in strength, they did not hesitate at all or shrink from the flying missiles.> [260] Therefore the star of dukes, Godfrey, took a few men and rushed with drawn sword into the midst of the densely-packed people, and, as a boar when it musters its terrible wrath, hurt by a dog’s bite or struck by a staff or an arrow, harries the dogs with its tusks and charges and breaks down the hunting-spears, [265] so did Godfrey trample those men down and plough through their lines. The count’s companions too allotted the infernal regions of Hades to many who were fighting across the bank of the river at the foot of the hill. The count threw these back and drove them from the hill, and then went up the hill, filling the river with blood: ' Fulcher of Chartres, p. 195, writes that the army was huddled close together, like sheep in a fold. ? Kilij Arslan. As a result of the battle of Dorylaeum, the crusaders came to respect the Turks as skilled fighters. See Gesta Francorum, p. 21. 3 The episode recounted in Il. 243-53 is unparalleled in any other sources. 4 Lucan, Bellum ciuile, v. 480-1.

> Robert of Rheims, p. 762.

HISTORIA

VIE HIEROSOLIMITANE

Milia nam quinque morti dedit ipse, decemque Si? quod iuncta manus fecit® comiti® referamus. Omnibus accensis ad pugnandum, Podiensis Atque comes fortis Raimundus duxque cohortis

270

Audacesque uiri, uelut ad bellum solet iri,

Paulatim ueniunt, et ab his? noua prelia fiunt.' Hi cornu dextrum cedunt, aliique sinistrum Qui prius inclusi fuerant, formidine fusi.’ Fit strepitus® multus, fit magnus utrinque tumultus, Nec sonitu minimo dissoluitur arcus equino Neruo constrictus, sine quo satis est leuis ictus

275

280

Horum, spes quorum non est nisi cursus equorum. Cum serpentino iaculatur tela ueneno® Vt uulnus geminum iactum det Turcus in unum.’ Dum sic pugnatur, nostri ter” ab hoste fugantur,

Terque fuge dantur’ gentiles, sed reuocantur, Et solitos cursus faciunt et uulnera rursus. Nec puto cessissent* nec bella pati potuissent Ni circa montes quidam Turci latitantes Acriter artarent nostros pluresque necarent: Quos ubi senserunt nostri comites, statuerunt Vt magis audaces,! committere bella sagaces, Ad latebras irent, necopino™ marte ferirent Hos qui pugnabant furtim” multosque necabant. Protinus ingentes animis annisque? uigentes Mille uiri laudis cupidi, sub tegmine? fraudis* Bella relinquentes,/ uelut e bello fugientes, Ascendunt taciti montem,” sed’ monte potiti‘ Non tacuit Christi miles, fugit hostis: at isti Ensibus hos angunt, arcus et spicula frangunt. Non prodest domino neruo constrictus equino

285

290

295

300

Arcus, non pharetra de cruda condita pelle,

Non equus aut cursus, non illita spicula felle, * sed DG © trepitus F » tibi A ' audacter D

> cofecit F © comiti fecit ADG 4 abis D m. pr. ‘ ADG put this line after 1. 283 Sijiactu. .. uno ADG ' dantur sed D m. pr. ! A omits this line * pressissent DG ™ nec opinio B m. pr.; nec primo A; inopino DG

ADG ° animusque B; animisque C P tuctmine D bello D m. pr. * montes ADG * sunt C * petiti D

” furtis

7 relinquentes

' Only Robert of Rheims’s account is at all similar to Gilo’s narrative in these verses.

BOOK IV(I)

“

[270] for he himself gave five thousand over to death, and ten, if we ascribe to the count all the exploits of the band of men accompanying him. With all their men stirred up for war, Adhémar and the brave Count Raymond, and the leader of their squadron, bold men

indeed, such as are accustomed to go to war, [275] advanced gradually, and fresh fighting was begun by them.! These men cut down the right wing, while the others, who before had been shut in, terror-stricken, cut down the left.’ There was a lot of shouting and a great tumult on both sides, and their bows made a loud

sound as they were loosed, [280] being strung with horse-gut, without which these men whose sole hope is in the speed of their horses could strike only feeble blows. The Turks hurled weapons smeared with snake-venom,? so that they put a twofold wound into one cast. While the fighting was going on like this, our men were put to flight by the enemy three times, [285] and the heathen likewise were three times routed, but regrouped, again making their accustomed charges and inflicting wounds. But I think they would have yielded and could not have been able to endure the fighting if some Turks hiding round the mountains had not pressed savagely on our men and killed many of them. [290] When the counts on our side became aware of them, they decided that the more daring warriors, who were skilled in waging war, should make their way to the hiding-places and make a surprise attack on those who were

fighting in secret and killing many of our men. [295] Straight away a thousand stout-hearted men, in the prime of their years and all desirous of renown, left the fighting under the cloak of deceit* as though fleeing from the fight, and silently made their way up the mountain.’ But when they reached the mountain-top the soldiers of Christ were not silent, and the enemy fled, while those men of ours pressed home their attack with swords, breaking their bows and spears. [300] The bow strung with horse-gut was of no help to its master now, nor the quiver made from untanned leather, nor the swift horse, or the spears smeared with poison: they were 2 The various contingents in fact formed a long front, with Bohemond, Robert of Normandy, and Stephen of Blois on the left wing; Raymond of Toulouse and Robert of Flanders in the centre; and Godfrey of Bouillon and Hugh of Vermandois on the right wing. Adhémar of Le Puy led a separate detachment, which acted as a diversion. 3 Lucan, Bellum ciuile, viii. 304; Arator, Hist. apost. i. 361.

4 Avitus, Carm. v. 507. > Adhémar of Le Puy in fact descended from the mountains and surprised the Turks from the rear. See Gesta Francorum, p. 20.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Sed male turbantur, moriuntur, precipitantur. His ita dispersis, multis in Tartara mersis, Attoniti, belli subiti formidine tacti, Post illos reliqui fugiunt, dare terga coacti. Ergo resumentes animos nostri fugientes

305

Turbant: funduntur Turci, fugiunt, moriuntur;

Tardius egressi uel belli turbine fessi Acrius insurgunt et equos calcaribus angunt, Francigene pronos faciunt ad pectora* conos, Cornipedes spumant, aspersi sanguine fumant,? Frena terunt,° dominosque ferunt? non impete paruo, Dumdque ruunt stratos feriunt, nam multus in aruo* Turcus erat stratus, iaculis‘ aut ense necatus.

310

315

Exuperare® pares certant, flant non leue nares,

Albet* et intinctus tabo cum’ puluere rictus. Hostem quisque premit, sed nox obscura’ diremit Gaudia nostrorum tristemque fugam miserorum, Et, quod non poterat* leuis arcus et inresolutus, Nec sonipes! uelox et longis™ cursibus aptus, Hoc importuna potuit nox turpis et una. Quippe per exosam noctem,” diram, tenebrosam, Gens inimica Deo, Christi subdenda tropheo, Inuenit latebras: fugit ergo secuta tenebras, Atque per hanc noctem gens Christi perdidit hostem, Et tandem? tutus sub eadem nocte secutus Seuos gentiles redit? ad tentoria miles! Vestibus et telis diues multisque camelis. Mox proceres leti sua membra dedere quieti.”

320

325

330

Solares ortus ubi lucifer attulit ortus,

Surgunt. cognatos? quondam, modo funera, natos* Euertunt; fundunt gemitus, sua pectora tundunt, Quisque breui fossa cognati collocat” ossa. Sepe dabant aliqui tumulo caput hostis iniqui, Esse caput notum sperantes inde remotum; 7 pectore A

mM. pr.

> spumant D

aresmeD mr mpi: h 2 albit * poterat om. Fm. pr.; potuitA mM. pr. ligit ADG

* nam multus in aruo om. D m. pr.

° etandem F

G ‘non ' sonipnesA

P rediat A m. pr.

335

4 dominumque ferunt D

f sladiis AD

® exsuper/ obcura F m. pr. ™ legisD ” noxtemD 7 congnatos D

” col-

BOOK

IV(I)

utterly routed, slain and overthrown. With these men scattered,

and many plunged to the depths of Hades, [305] the rest of the heathen were dumbfounded, struck with fear at the sudden attack, and were forced to turn tail and flee after them. The spirits of our

men revived, and they routed the fleeing horde: the Turks were thrown back, fled, and died; those who were late in reaching the fray or exhausted from the whirling of the fight [310] pressed on with greater heart and spurred on their horses; the Franks lowered their visors to their chests, their horses foamed at the mouth and steamed with spattered blood, straining at the reins and bearing their masters on a headlong charge, while they rushed in and struck at the fallen; for many a Turk [315] had fallen in the field, slain with spear or sword. They strove to outdo their equals with nostrils snorting, their muzzles glistening with a covering of gore and dust. Each man bore down on the enemy, but the darkness of night put a halt to the joy of our men and the sad flight of the wretched Turks, [320] and what the light, tautly-strung bow could not bring about, nor the swift steed used to running long distances, one ill-timed, wretched nightfall achieved. That race of men hateful to God, that must be brought under Christ’s victorious sway, [325] found refuge through that foul, terrible, dark night; they fled, chasing the shadows, and through this night the people of Christ lost contact with the enemy, and our soldiers pursuing the savage heathen through the same darkness did so in safety, and then finally returned to camp,’ enriched with garments and weapons and many camels. [330] Then the happy nobles laid their

bodies down to rest.’ When the rising of the morning star brought the sunrise, they got up. They turned over the bodies of those who had been their kinsmen and children,’ now mere corpses; they let out loud cries and beat their breasts, and every man gathered the bones of his kinsman together in a shallow trench. [335] Often some of them would put the head of an enemy soldier in the grave, hoping this head was the one they knew, though it had been torn away; they ' Lucan, Bellum ciuile, iii. 496. 2 Proba, Cent. Verg. 124, = Vergil Aen. i. 691, iv. 5. No other source describes the fighting in such vivid detail. For some parallels, however, see Raymond of Aguilers,

p. 45; Gesta Francorum, p. 20. 3 Amongst those killed was Tancred’s brother William. See Gesta Francorum, p. 20.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vulnera contrectant, infixaque spicula’ spectant Vulneribus, plorant, et de pietate laborant,

Aspiciuntque bonos equites in puluere pronos, Qui dum uiuebant super aurea strata iacebant, Inque die tota non sunt tentoria mota.'

340

Interea lassi recreantur uulnera passi. Cure traduntur medicorum, tela leguntur Et fiunt plene pharetre, solidantur habene. Cuncta reformantur quorum monet? usus egere.

345

Altera lux oriens ubi noctis depulit astra, Castra mouens miles sequitur gentilia castra. Miles at ille Dei cuiusdam planiciei Dum loca transiret et tutus ab hostibus iret, Peste, calore, siti? moriuntur in agmine multi. Inde recedentes securi, nil metuentes, Omine felici loca uastabant inimici. Hostis iter tutum dabat illis, tela tributum. Sicque metu mota* patuit Romania tota,? Nec sensit? penam quis donec ad Antiochenam‘ Vrbem, famosam* muris, opibus speciosam.’>* Denique tam rite caruit uia cetera lite Vt quidam proceres paucis comitantibus irent, Egregiasque urbes et fortia castra subirent: Sicque per extentas® terrae Pamphylidos® oras

350

355

360

Et Cylicum’ fuit his spatiandi tuta uoluptas, Sicque metus gentes perterruit exanimatas, Vt, cum Tharsenses nostrorum pauca uiderent

Agmina de muris, se inca ..... |reportant;® * spicla B

> monet Groco*ck; manet G © meta D spaciosam C

* formosam D; ? fecundam A m. pr. Riant

4 sentit Dm. pr. ® extensas Sirmond,

' Robert of Rheims, p. 764. * Cf. iv. 216. The army rested at Dorylaeum for two days, then set out on the road for Philomelium and Iconium. The suffering endured by the crusaders as they crossed the desolate land between Philomelium and Iconium is described graphically by Gesta Francorum, p. 23. They then reached the fertile valley of Meran. * Fulcher of Chartres, p. 199; Gesta Francorum, pp. 22-3. * The ellipsis in the Latin text is spectacular to say the least, but is supported by all the manuscripts, including G. The Charleville Poet corrects errors in both sense, where

BOOK IV(I)

Os,

examined their wounds, looked at the spears stuck in their wounds, wept, and went on with their toil out of godly respect; they saw good knights laid low in the dust, [340] men who when they lived lay on golden coverlets; throughout the whole day they did not move their tents.' Meanwhile, the weary and wounded regained their strength. These were given up to the charge of the physicians, weapons were gathered up, quivers filled and reins repaired. [345] All things were put right which experience showed needed to be done. As dawn broke the next day, driving off the stars of night, the soldiers broke camp in pursuit of the heathen camp. But as those soldiers of Christ crossed a certain plain and proceeded in safety from the enemy, [350] many of their company died of pestilence and of heat and thirst.? Withdrawing from there in safety, fearing nothing, they laid waste the enemy’s land, a happy omen. The enemy gave them a safe journey, their weapons gave them tribute. And thus all Rim was stricken with fear and lay wide open,’ [355] and none of them met any hardship as far as the city of Antioch,* renowned for its walls, notable for its riches.”

Indeed the rest of the journey was so utterly free from strife that some of the nobles wenton ahead with afew companions to conquer some notable cities and mighty forts: [360] thus they took pleasure in passing in safety through the broad regions of the land ofPamphylia,® and through the land of the Cilicians.’ Fear gripped the terrified peoples so much that when the people of Tarsus saw from the walls a few columns ofour men, they fled in the open plain;*® the manuscript he was working from was missing verses contained elsewhere in the tradition, and also in prosody, and it is notable that he apparently saw no deficiency in the text here, but rather continued with a fresh sentence, instead of making up what seems to be lacking. There is a similar expression in Vergil, Aen. ii. 100.

> See Gesta Francorum, pp. 76-7. The original fortifications of Antioch, built by Justinian, were repaired by the Byzantines when they reconquered the city from the Muslims in 969. ® Pamphylidos (gen. sg.) appears to be a new coinage. It lay on the coast of Asia Minor between Lycea and Cilicia. 7 According to Robert of Rheims, pp. 767-8, and Albert of Aachen, p. 342, only Tancred and Baldwin took the route described here. The Charleville Poet, however, is always anxious to underline Godfrey’s role in the expedition and he therefore links the journey through Cilicia with the episode of the bear which follows it. The main army proceeded via Heraclea, Caesarea, Comana, Coxon, and Marash. See Gesta Francorum,

pp. 22-7. 8 The inhabitants of Tarsus surrendered to Tancred, but he was forced to hand the

city over to Baldwin.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Sed quedam magni intercessu* omina pericli' Egregioque duct fors aspera tsignat ab hostit Nam dum per quedam carecta cacumine celsa

365

Mixtim transiret peditumque equitumque caterua,*

Quidam monstrose molis uel roboris ursus Pandebat rabidos in funera plurima rictus Dumque intercoeptum peditem laceraret acerbe, Nullus ut auderet pesti obuius ire maligne, Vicit iter durum pietas ad cuncta parata, Tre uel in cladem properat, succurrere certa: Desilit alipede, procurrit et obuius hosti fo. 84”

S70

375

Ductor, et extemplo” prefulgurat ense potenti. Ile uidens* contra predam dimittit inermem Erigiturque super partem stans posteriorem.

Dux celer aduerso mucronem pectore figit, Non tamen [..... |spina, timente recondit.

380

Ille ducem [strictum ualidis|¢ amplectitur ulnis.* Dux nihilominus® acrius artando lacertis

Sub se prosternit atque innodatus inhesit, Et dum |constrictis bracchiis|‘ utrimque tenentur, Dum timuit |trepidans dux]® ante timente iuuatur, Exterior|a cutis ursi|" pars uulnerat ensis, Osque [ferae nudi laniat]! super edita crurts. Tandem nobilium concursibus hoste perempto Aegre sub ingrato [iacet urso|’ uulnere duro. Haec dedit interea |... |per castra cohortem Merorem nimium, |ni|mium* quoque causa timorem. Nam quidam [credunt miseri|' ductori affore mortem, Quidam p{langebant],™ metuebant debilitatem. Quorum ut rum[ores|” integro de culmine cunctos Deiceret, ta|ndem monstrauit|° lumine cassos, Namque in{ualidum]? gestauit? uectus equorum, Per menses aliquot ductum dedit omnibus unum.

Tandem diuinam [sanatus|" per medicinam Cum sociis urbem pertendit ad Antiochenam, De qua nobilium complures hystoricorum’ Multa reliquerunt dictorum scripta suorum, Sed neque se scriptis digne potuisse profari Que dicenda forent sunt inter dicta professi.

385

399

395

BOOK IV(I)

[365] but harsh fortune gave certain signs, the occasion ofgreat peril, to the noble duke,' for while the mingled band ofinfantry and knights” was crossing overacertain heath high on a summit, a bear ofhorrendous size and strength [370] opened its savage jaws to the destruction ofmany, and while it was tearing wildly at a foot-soldier it had seized, and no one dared to go to face this pestilence, the godly duke, ready for anything, overcame the difficulty ofthe road and made haste to go and bring sure aid, even ifit meant death: [375] that leader leapt from his steed and ran straightway to meet the foe, blazing like lightning as he brandished his mighty sword. Seeing him approaching, the bear threw aside his helpless prey, standing on its hindquarters. The duke swiftly thrust his swordin the animal's chest, but the blow was timid, [380] and itplunged only into the skin, like a thorn. It seized the duke, gripping him with its powerful forelegs.> The duke gripped it even more tightly with his arms, forced it down beneath him, and clung tightly to it, and while each held the other in a powerful grip, [385] while each feared the other would be helped by his fearing, the outer edge ofthe sword wounded the bear’s chest, and the bear’s mouth bit the duke at the top ofhis thigh. At last the hostile beast was done to death by the attacks ofthe nobles, and he lay in pain beneath the foul bear, with a terrible wound. [390] This event gave rise to a host ofrumours in the camp, grief, and also reason for great fear, too; forsome of our men believed that death was close by their leader, and some wept, fearinga permanent injury. So thathe could cast down utterly all the rumours ofthese men, [395] at last he showed that they were blind, fora horse-drawn cart bore him along, sick as he was, and he gave them alla single leadership for several months.

At last through divine healing he recovered, and made his way with to the city ofAntioch, [400] about which many notable historians many records of their observations, but as they spoke they admitted found themselves unable to express in writing what should be said 2 intercessit Sirmond, Riant Sirmond, Riant

> extemplo Groco*ck:extempto G

4 strictum ualidis Sirmond

his allies have left that they about tt. ° autem

f constrictis bracchiis sugg. Groco*ck £ trepidans dux Groco*ck * fa cutis ursi Holford-Strevens ' ferae nudi laniat Holford-Strevens / jacet urso sugg. Groco*ck

* nimium Holford-Strevens; omnium

Groco*ck

' credunt miseri Gro-

co*ck ™ planxissent Groco*ck "rumores Groco*ck ° tandem monstrauit Groco*ck P inualidum Groco*ck 4 gestauit Groco*ck; gessauit GC " sanatus Groco*ck; recreatus Sirmond

* hystoricorum Sirmond, Riant; historiarum

cod.

' The story of Godfrey’s fight with a bear is also found in Guibert of Nogent, p. 230; Albert of Aachen, p. 341; William of Tyre, i. 219-20.

2 Cf. ii. 4, above; Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm. ii. go. 3 Ovid, Met. viii. 818; Ilias Latina 571.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Huius nam meminit Moyses, rex hystoriarum,

Quarta in fine libri cui nomen dat Numerorum, ' Dum Domini narrat tribubus precepta ferentem, Quo sibi promissam discernant ordine terram. Huius et insignis Hieremias? cum Sedechiam Narrat ibi ductum poenam dare iudicialem, Quando suis natis sese inspectante necatis Luminibus petiit Babylonis menia fossis. Huius Hiezechihel,* cum templum spirituale

fo. 85°

405

410

Scribit, quod reputant Iudaei materiale,

Hane Machabeorum liber* asserit [ap |paruisse? Quando secus Daphnen* uat\es fertur peri |isse:° Daphnes quippe fuit nemus |halans|° suauibus herbs, Fontibus egregiis, lauris simul ac cyparissis, Quod nunc accipimus a nostra gente [diremptum]¢4

Propter discursusibo |20)t[ eee ee ] Alluit hance fluuius cui nomen priscus Orontis, Qui modo uulgatur uocitari [..|men{..... leti[. ]° Imminet huic quoque mons equus [.. |pro[.. lans’ Vnde ferunt solem specie|........... Jas Thus populus qui sit tamen [........... ] Dicitur ex scripto reliquis [........... ] Illus atque locos reliquis |...... ]plures Dic*nt ob Zephyros circum spirando frequentes Tercia maiores inter fuit hec prius urbes® Quam res acciperet Byzantica [tollere|° uires. Haec etiam Christi in primis insignia sumpsit Christicolum nomen quando hicprimordia coepit.° Hic et apostolica Petro residente cathedra

415

420

425

430

Floruit ante foret quam |... ].pre[..... ]a Roma.}° Ergo profanatam male Christi turma dolentes

Ad recoaptandam Christo uenere frequentes.

435

Explicit liber quartus. incipit quintus. * apparuisse Groco*ck isse Groco*ck

> uates fertur periisse Holford-Strevens; uates Onias peri© halans Sirmond

¢ diremptum Holford-Strevens

' Num. 34: 11. Here Antioch is equated with Riblah or Riblath, south of Hamah. The same connection is made by Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 216, 709, and by William of Tyre,

BOOK IV(I)

Moses, the king ofhistorians, mentions the city [405] at the end ofhis fourth book, called Numbers,‘ when he speaks ofthe Lord God giving instructions to the tribes as to the order in which they should divide the promised land for themselves. The famous feremiah? also mentions it when he tells how Zedekiah was led there to be executed, [410] when his own sons were killed before his very eyes, and then with his eyes gouged out he travelled to the mighty city ofBabylon. Ezekiel® mentions it too when he writes about the spiritual temple, which the fews think is a physical one. The book ofMaccabees asserts its existence, [415] when the priest is said to have perished, next to Daphne:° Daphne, incidentally, was a grove with sweet-scented grasses, notable springs, laurels and cypress trees, and we understand that it had been destroyed by our people, on account of the raids there... [410] This grove is watered by a river which ofold bore the name Orontes and is now commonly

said to be called by the name (Farfar);° over it there looms a table-topped mountain’ ... from which they say [you may see the sun from tts splendour at dead of night]. [425] It is written that the character ofits people is... in the rest... and... its regions... because of the west wind, which often blows around there. This ranked third among the great cities® until the Byzantine empire took its strength. [430] It was also among the first to take up the marks of Christ, since the use ofthe name ‘Christian’ first began here.’ Here too the apostolic seat flourished under St Peter, before... by Rome.'° And so the armies of Christ, grieving that it was so wickedly profaned, [435] came in

great numbers to recapture itfor Christ." The fourth book ends. The fifth begins. viii. 1-4. See P. W. Edbury and J. G. Rowe, William of Tyre, Historian of the Latin East (Cambridge, 1985), p. 36. 2 Jer. 39: 5-7, 52: 9-27. See also below, vi. 331-9. 4

3 Perhaps Ezek. 47: 15-18. 2 Mace. 4: 33. > See Baldric of Dol, p. 46; Orderic Vitalis, v. 78. Daphnes was the name given to a tributary of the Orontes, now the river Doueir. In Num. 34: 11 it is a fountain. 6 The Orontes was usually known as the ‘Farfar’ or ‘Ferreus’ by the crusaders: see below, v. 3; Gesta Francorum, p. 28 n. 1; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 216. William of Tyre, p. 243, however, referred to this as a vulgar mistake. Cf. 4(2) Kgs. 5: ro. 7 The city of Antioch lay on the SE bank of the Orontes, in a plain bordered by Mount Silpius, upon which stood its citadel. See Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 47-8. 5 Cf. Josephus, Bellum Iudaicum, iii. 29. Antioch was the third city of the Roman Empire and as a patriarchal see ranked after Rome and Alexandria, until it was eclipsed by the rise of Constantinople and Jerusalem. » Acts 11: 26.

| Cf. Guibert of Nogent, p. 169. Antioch had been captured by the Seljuks in 1085. Yaghi Siyan was subsequently installed as governor by the sultan in rogo, and Ridvan of Aleppo became his overlord in 1095.

LIBER

V (GILONIS

LIBER

II)

Vrbis ut inmense tetigerunt menia mense

Octobris, turbis pars maxima cingitur urbis.' Pons tamen in Ferro fit peruius antea ferro,’ Multaque predati licet et multis honerati? Essent, disponunt acies, tentoria ponunt Inter inexhaustum? fluuium murumque leuatum,’ Et, quia munite genti bellique perite Si contendissent per uires nil nocuissent, Ingenio querunt quod per uim non potuerunt,

Ingenioque fugant quecumque uident nocitura,”

Accelerat* que proficuo scit quisque futura. Ergo super flumen pontem?® Christi facit agmen, Per quem transisset, si grex malus inualuisset. Fiunt res plures, fiunt ex ere secures, Fiunt balliste, plumbata, phalarica, talpe, Falces, tela, faces, aries fundeque minaces;’

Multa per artifices celsas equantur ad arces.° Vtque parauerunt quecumque paranda fuerunt, Muros¢ impugnant’ frustra Turcique repugnant,’ Queque parare uident nostros ut inania rident.’ Nam quis speraret® quod gens hec exuperaret Militibus plenam non paucis? Antiochenam

2 exhaustum B m. pr. > A m. pr. omits this line; it is added m. alt. after l. 77 © accelerant AD 4 moros D m. pr. © expugnant C f resistunt F ® sperarte D » tam multis ADG

' The main crusading army arrived at the Iron Bridge, where the roads from Maras and Aleppo met to cross the Orontes, on 20 or 21 Oct. 1097. See Gesta Francorum, p. 28; Robert of Rheims, pp. 771-2; Albert of Aachen, p. 361. * The Iron Bridge, which was flanked by two towers, was already in existence and formed part of Antioch’s defences, covering the road to Aleppo. Its capture, soon after the crusaders’ arrival, was directed by Bishop Adhémar of Le Puy. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 358-64. For the play on words, see above, iv. 421 and n. 3 The crusaders captured horses, camels, and mules laden with supplies for Antioch. See Gesta Francorum, p. 28. * The army took up its position on the narrow strip of land between the Orontes and the city walls, facing the three main gates, those of the Duke, Dog, and St Paul. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 365-6. :

BOOK

V (GILO

BOOK

II)

They reached the walls of the massive city in the month of October, and the greatest part of the city was surrounded by the throng.' First they constructed a bridge of iron’ to make a passage across the Farfar, and though they had gathered much booty and were heavily laden,’ [5] they drew up their battle-line and pitched their tents between the ever-flowing river and the raised wall;* and,

because they would have inflicted no harm on this well-defended race who were experienced in battle if they had attacked them by force, they sought to effect by ingenuity what they could not achieve by force, [10] and by ingenuity they put to flight whatever they saw would be dangerous;° each of them hurried to complete what he knew would be advantageous. And so Christ’s army built a bridge® over the river, over which they would have crossed, if the evil horde had grown stronger. They made many things, axes from bronze, [15] ballistas with lead shot, and catapults, sappingengines, grappling-irons, missiles, firebrands, battering-rams, and threatening slings;’ a multitude of engines were raised level with

the lofty citadel by the craftsmen.’ When they had prepared everything that needed to be prepared, they assailed the walls in vain, and the Turks fought back; [20] they laughed at all the preparations they saw our side making as being useless.’ For who would have expected that this race of men would overcome the city of Antioch, filled as it was with not a few 5 See Robert of Rheims, p. 775. The Turks had only succeeded in capturing Antioch in 1085 through treachery and, on hearing ofthe approach ofthe crusaders, Yaghi Siyan had sought to rid the city of‘disloyal elements’, in particular the Greeks and Armenians. This passage looks ahead to the betrayal ofthe city to Bohemond by a renegade Christian, Firuz. See below, vii. 7-19. ° The purpose of the bridge was to provide a link with the opposite bank of the Orontes and thus to open the road to the sea and the port of St Simeon. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 49, and Fulcher of Chartres, p. 219, both state that the bridge was built of boats, but given the width of the Orontes it cannot have been very substantial.

7 See Robert of Rheims, p. 775. § The citadel was in fact on the summit of Mount Silpius, 1,000 feet above the town. ° After some

initial caution, the Turks led forays from the town to ambush

crusaders. See Gesta Francorum, p. 29; Albert of Aachen, p. 369.

the

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Vrbem, quam‘ clerus? aliquis sapiens® uel Homerus' Si modo uixisset describere non potuisset? Christicole fessi sunt ad sua castra regressi,

Et se securos intra? sua castra futuros Nocte putauerunt. sed et hostes nocte fuerunt Et male tranquilli nocuerunt pluribus illi. Nec® semel hac fraude nocuit gens callida ualde: Nocte lacessebant’ nostros et nocte petebant Non clausis portis munite’ castra cohortis.

Sed leuis interea bellum fortuna regebat,” Inque uicem miseram gentem gens nostra premebat, Sepe super nostros' Turcorum dextra ualebat, Iamque fatigatis nostris opibusque minutis In predam pedites Christi misere quirites,

Qui duny predari loca uellent hostis auari Partim‘ predati!’ partimque™ fuere necati.’ Sed tamen? illorum pauci mortem” sociorum Narrando tristes faciunt socios quoque tristes, Vnde? nimis tristis Boimundus’ rebus in istis Supplex? diuine rogat auxilium medicine Insidiasque parat genti que fraude necarat Victum querentes, nil per montana timentes. Ad uictus igitur querendos ut prius itur; Cum duce Flandrensi Boimundus consociatur,? Armigeris’—res armigeris predicta dabatur—* Premissis mille sequitur dux prouidus ille.®

Hos ubi predantes uiderunt insidiantes, Protinus e latebris salientes undique crebris Vocibus insultant et equorum pectora multant, Armigeros feriunt. dum talia prelia fiunt, Cum parua gente Boimundus bella repente Turbauit, multos perimit, socios nec inultos

* quemA > clarus G © sapiens aliquis ADG @ intra Fm. alt. over an erasure seniewe f lacessabantF § inimice ADG » gerebat A ‘ muros DG / cum ABC * p.partim F ' predari Fm. pr. ™ partim et A " mortem pauci ADG ° inde A P suppelx D 4 cum sociatur F " armigeros F

' This is an example ofthe ‘topos of inexpressibility’ referred to by Curtius, European Literature, p. 159. For medieval writers, ‘Homer’ was not only the author of the Jlias Latina, but also the supreme poet known to the writers ofthe classical world.

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IOI

soldiers, which no clerk, nor even wise Homer,! if he lived now,

could depict? [25] The Christians returned exhausted to their camp, and thought that they would be safe in their camp by night. But the foe was there by night too, and through their restless activity they caused great harm to many of our men. Nor did that most cunning race harm our men once only by such deceit, [30] but night after night they wounded our men, seeking out the camp of a squadron not protected by closed gates. In the meantime fickle fortune ruled over the fighting, and by turns our people harried that wretched people, and the Turks’ right hand often prevailed over our men. [35] Our side was already wearied and short of supplies, when the knights sent the infantry off to plunder; while they wanted to plunder the area belonging to the greedy enemy, some of them were plundered themselves, and some were slain.’ However,’ a few of them, sadly relating the death of their comrades, [40] made their allies sad too in the telling, so that Bohemond,’ very sad at this situation, begged and prayed for the help of divine relief, and prepared an ambush for that race of men who had deceitfully killed the men out foraging, who feared nothing as they wandered in the mountains. [45] And so they went to look for provisions as they had before; Bohemond joined with the Duke of Flanders, and sending a thousand squires on ahead (the action just mentioned had been entrusted to the squires), the far-seeing duke followed behind.® When their enemy, lying in wait, saw them plundering, [50] they leapt out straight away from the mass of hidingplaces all around, and reviling them loudly and whipping their horses’ sides they struck at the squires. While the battle proceeded in this way, Bohemond suddenly threw it into turmoil with his small force, slaying many; he did not permit his allies to go unavenged 2 This verse is found verbatim in Robert of Rheims, p. 776. Although there are close links between the two works, this is the only occasion on which a precise correspondence occurs. It seems more likely that they are both drawing on a shared source than

that one copied the other. See introduction, ‘Relationships with Other Sources’, pp. lviii-lx.

3 See above, iv. 37, for a previous instance of the otiose padding sed tamen. * Gilo, like the author of the Gesta Francorum, depicts Bohemond as a major figure in the First Crusade. By contrast, the Charleville Poet’s hero is Godfrey of Bouillon, and

Bohemond is mentioned only twice in his account (i. 243, iii. 419). > Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 108-9, claims that the squires (armigeri) were not normally employed in fighting: ‘during the engagement they had charge of the baggage’. 6 See Robert of Rheims, p. 776; Gesta Francorum, p. 30. Bohemond and Robert of Flanders set out on 28 Dec.

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Amplius esse sinit gemitusque suos ibi finit.'

Hic quoque Flandrensis plures* necat horridus ensis. Sic Turci telis populi cessere fidelis. Oppida uictores repetunt, priscosque dolores Ponere precipiunt. ponunt, sollempnia fiunt.? Tempora tranquilla uictoria prebuit illa. Victus de uillis® non insidiantibus ullis Portabant gentes ad castra, nichil metuentes.

Ast ubi plena malis aduenit hiemps glacialis,’ Venit tempestas, nostros afflixit egestas, Imbribus et multis niuibus? montana tumebant,°

Armeniique‘’? cibo qui castra iuuare solebant Per nimios® fluctus* nimios extinguere’ luctus Non poterant. flebat populus quem grando premebat/ Non inopes tantum glacies sed tela premebant. Non aliqui portum Sancti Symeonis’ adibant, Qui nauale forum! dabat omni” merce” decorum. At? fidei pugiles nimias penas? fore uiles Corporeasque putant, nec penis gaudia mutant, Nec bona tormentis titubat? constantia mentis, Quamuis pressuras patiuntur corpora duras: Sed quicunque pati potuerunt arma’ parati, Paruam nec fortem uix extruxere® cohortem, Atque manu parua predam rapuere per arua.

Quos tulit euentus Gallorum clara iuuentus‘ Enumerare licet: sed quis" tot acerrima’ dicet Prelia, pressuras, ieiunia,” frigora, curas? Pauca quidem dico tristis, nec lumine sicco.°

Milia ter centum fuerant: tunc, estimo, centum* * multos ADG > finut D © illis D 4 nimbis D bant A; Fm. pr. omits this line ‘ Ermenique BC ® mimios D tos D m. pr. ' exungere A / grauabat G * grando F Dm. pr. ™ omnia D " mercedo D ad Dp P penas ADG 4 titubant D m. pr. * tela ADG * extruxe BF uentes D m.pr. " quis om. D. ’ arerrimaA ” ienunia D

° time* fluc' ferum nimias © ju“Sf

m. pr. omits this line

' This is probably a reference to Bohemond’s destruction of the Turkish garrison of Harim, which lay to the east of Antioch, and had mounted several attacks on foraging parties from the crusaders’ camp. The Gesta Francorum, pp. 29-30, states that Bohemond launched this attack after two knights, who had been sent to reconnoitre the

BOOK V(II)

103)

[55] any longer, and put an end to his grief there.! The terrible sword of the Duke of Flanders killed many here, too. Thus the Turks gave way before the weapons of the faithful. The victors made for their camp once again, and began to lay aside their grief of old. This done, the customary religious services were held. [60] That victory led to some times of peace; the people brought provisions from the villages to the camp with no attacks made on them, and with nothing to fear. But when icy winter came, full of hardships,? and bad weather arrived, then want beat down our men. [65] The mountains were swollen with rain and heavy snow, and the Armenians’ whose custom it was to supply the camp with food were unable to put an end to the enormity of sadness because the rivers were in flood. The people beaten down by hail could only weep; and it was not only the cold which beat them down helplessly, but armed attack as well. [70] None of them went to the port of St Simeon,’ which provided them with a maritime market-place furnished with all good merchandise. But those fighters for the faith regarded their excessive pains as merely bodily suffering, a small price to pay, and their joy was undiminished by such pains; nor was their good and constant mind shaken by their agonies, [75] although their bodies suffered burdensome hardship: but all who were able to bear it made ready for war, hardly making up a small squadron, and not strong at that. They foraged through the fields for plunder in a small band. The exploits of the noble young men of Gaul deserve to be listed: [80] but who can speak of so many bitter battles, agonies, fasting, cold, and anxiety? I tell of just a few, with sadness, and not with a

dry eye.’ They had been three hundred thousand: but by then, by garrison, were killed. See also Fulcher of Chartres, p. 222. The crusaders built a castle, known as Malregard, to guard this flank. ? Winter usually saw an enforced cessation of military activity; see Smail, Crusading Warfare, p. 71, and also Robert of Rheims, p. 777 (Glacialis hiems mercatum afferentes ad ipsos uenire non licebat), Albert of Aachen, p. 375, Gesta Francorum, p. 30. 3 For the role of the Armenians during the siege of Antioch, see Gesta Francorum, pp. 29, 33; Matthew ofEdessa, p. 33; Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 46-8. 4 St Simeon is the modern Magaracik. It lies at the mouth of the Orontes, some 14 miles from Antioch. In mid-Nov. 1097, a Genoese fleet had arrived at St Simeon with reinforcements. Gilo’s allusion here is unclear, but some contemporaries considered that the road from Antioch to St Simeon was very unsafe. > Cf. Lucan, Bellum ciuile, ix. 1044; Statius, Siluae, v. 3. 35; Arator, Hist. apost. i. 356.

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In bello clari uix possent annumerari.

Sepe quidem leti sua membra dedere? quieti’ Et? nil solliciti gaudebant aere miti; Sed sub momento surgente per aera uento Aeris ingrati commotu precipitati Vix subite pesti poterant obsistere mesti, Cunctaque lustrabant imbres et castra natabant.’ Quique locarat equum nocturno tempore secum Flebat eum mane corpusque trahebat* inane; Militibus mille qui cinctus? erat prius, ille Pro nimia peste nec nomen habebat honeste Militis, atque pedes factus plorabat in edes. Turpe quidem dictu, sed miles inops sine uictu Armigerum flentem flens ipse fame pereuntem A se pellebat,° quia nec sibi sufficiebat.f* Proh dolor! ipse pater nato, fratri quoque frater Quos sibi seruabat uictus in morte’ negabat. Attonitis’ ducibus quos miserat undique mundus, Cum duce Flandrensi solatur eos Boimundus Et bellatores iubet armari meliores;

100

Ter decies! mille* pedites dux eligit ille,/ Armatique fere galeati mille fuere, Hique suos enses conuertunt ad Syrienses: Oppida predantur Syrie, nostri recreantur.°

105

Telluris grate dum gaudet* fertilitate Diripiendo sata Syrie gens illa beata,

Tres ammirati! (sic reges quippe uocati®

110

Iherusalem,” Scalapi” ductores atque Damasci)’ Ipsos inuadunt, sed et hi nostris sua tradunt.® Quippe recesserunt uicti, plures perierunt. Hac palma freti repetunt tentoria’ leti. * dederunt sua membra ADG beD © trahabant A 4 cunctus A © pellabat D f suffiebat D £ motre F * attentis A ‘ tredecies D / ipse D m. pr. * gaudent DG ' admirati AD; ammiraldi G ™ Therusalem om.F ” Calapi ADG Za Ciaivngco: > See Robert of Rheims, p. 777: ipsa tentoria innatabant. > See Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 255-6; Robert of Rheims, pp. 780-1. * Gesta Francorum, p. 30, mentions 20,000 participants, but Robert of Rheims, p. 776, gives the same figure as Gilo. * Bohemond and Robert of Flanders set out on 28 Dec. to raid the Turkish villages in the Orontes valley. In their absence the crusading camp was attacked by Yaghi Siyan,

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my reckoning, hardly a hundred could be counted who were famous for fighting. [85] Often indeed they happily laid themselves down to sleep,’ and without a care they rejoiced in the gentle air; but as the wind suddenly stirred the air, they were buffeted by a blast of foul weather and in their wretchedness could hardly stand up to this sudden misfortune; [go] the rain poured down on everything, and the camp was awash.’ The man who stabled his horse with him at nightfall wept over it in the morning, dragging its lifeless body; the man who formerly had been attended by a thousand knights did not even fairly have the name of knight himself because of the dreadful pestilence, [95] and reduced to being a footsoldier, he wept in his dwelling. It is shameful to say it, but a helpless knight with no food would drive from him his weeping squire who was dying of hunger, and would weep himself, because there was not enough to feed even himself. What suffering there was! A father would refuse his own dying son food he was keeping for himself, and brother did the same to brother. [101] The dukes whom the whole world had sent were astounded; Bohemond, along with the Duke of Flanders, comforted them, and ordered the

better warriors to be armed; that duke picked out thirty thousand infantry,’ [105] and there were about a thousand helmed knights. These turned their swords against the Syrians: they plundered the towns of Syria, and our men were made strong again. While that blessed people rejoiced over the bountiful produce of that fine land, plundering the cornfields of Syria, [110] three emirs° (for that is what the kings and leaders of Jerusalem, Aleppo, and Damascus are called)’ attacked them, but then they too handed over their possessions to our men;? in truth they retreated in defeat, and many died. Heartened by this victory they joyfully returned to their tents.’ but saved by the alertness of Raymond of Toulouse, who pursued the Turks almost to the city walls. See Gesta Francorum, p. 32; Raymond ofAquilers, pp. 50-1. Amongst those who perished in the fray was Adhémar of Le Puy’s standard-bearer. 6 Gilo’s rex is not in fact the precise equivalent of‘emir’; see A. A. Duri, art. ‘Amir’, in

the Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. B. Lewis et al., 2nd edn., (Leiden/London, 1960), i. 438-9. 7 The rulers of these three cities are also listed by the Gesta Francorum, p. 30, and Robert of Rheims, p. 778. In fact Ridvan of Aleppo at first refused to assist his former vassal Yaghi Siyan of Antioch, who had deserted to the side of his brother and rival

Dukak, emir of Damascus. It was the latter, together with his regent (atabeg) Tughtigin

and the emir of Homs, Janah ad-Daulah, who arrived at Antioch in Dec. 1097. After Dukak had returned to Damascus, Ridvan and Sokman ibn Artuk, the emir of Jeru-

salem, led a second Turkish army to relieve Antioch in Feb. 1098. See Gesta Francorum, p. 35, and below, v. 152 and note. § See Gesta Francorum, p. 31; Albert of Aachen, pp. 373-4.

* Cf. Lucan, Bellum ciuile, iii. 496.

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Dantur opes, gaudent inopes, meliusque? futurum Esse putant, credunt non posse resistere murum. Optima creduntur bona que mala prima sec*ntur. His ita transactis® mons extans menibus altis Desuper equatur et castello decoratur De quo spectaret* speculator, si qua pararet Vrbs armata dolis, de culmine‘ peruia molis.’ Hic consumpserunt uim multam, nec potuerunt Castrum natura munitum uellere plura Agmina, nam nati* Christi satis exagitati

115

120

Pellebant contis‘ ciues de culmine montis.’

125

Viribus interea fractis ex urbe Lycea* Auxilium%’ querunt, quod non tamen optinuerunt. Normanno? comiti dederant hanc, urbe potiti, Angli uictores paribusque suis meliores; Nec gens’ Anglorum gessit pugnas aliorum,

130

Marte sed equoreo fuit illa potita tropheo.* Hoc genus oratuny non est his partitipatum Mentis turma bone que gessit in obsidione: Nam grex Turcorum, diuortia nota locorum Obseruans, nostris castella’ propinqua tenebat, E quibus auxilium dare Christicolis® prohibebat. Auxilii* postquam fiducia non fuit usquam,' Hos inuaserunt metus et pudor, obriguerunt Audaces animi, trepidant et” in agmine primi; Penitet auctores rerum tot inisse labores, Penitet incepti. Mox in sua castra recepti, Dum perscrutantur quid agant, magis attenuantur

135

140

2 melusque D > transsactis Fm. pr. © spectaret et D 4 culmine A; culmina BCDFG © fidi DG ‘ comptis F £ auxilia e G ’ non manno A; Hermanno BC ? glus A / ornatum BC * auxilium D, A m. pr.

' unquam A

™ et om. A

' This is probably a reference to the castle known as ‘Malregard’, established to the NE ofthe city. See Gesta Francorum, p. 30; Peter Tudebode, p. 65; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 58, and above, v. 55n.

? Cf. Ovid, Met. xii. 337. > Lycea is probably to be identified as Latakia, a port on the coast, some 4o miles S. of the mouth of the Orontes. * See Albert of Aachen, pp. 500-1, who states that Latakia was captured from the Turks by Guynemer of Boulogne and his fellow pirates (Flemings, Danes, and Frisians)

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LOW.

[115] The wealth was handed out and the poor rejoiced, thinking that what was to come would be better; they believed the walls would not be able to withstand them. The good things which first follow after bad are thought to be the best. When this business was concluded, a prominent hill was raised to the level of the high fortifications and graced with a tower on top, [120] from which scouts could see if the city armed with deceit, now visible from the summit of the mound, was preparing anything.' They spent a great deal of energy here, and even many companies were unable to tear down the castle, strengthened as it was by its location, for the sons of Christ, repeatedly attacked, [125] drove the citizens from the top of the hill with poles.’ With their strength meanwhile exhausted, they sought help from the city of Latakia,’ but did not, however, obtain it. On its capture this city had been given to the Count of Normandy by the conquering English, better than their peers; [130] the English race did not join in any of the battles fought by the others, but this prize was won in a naval battle.* This race of men, though asked, played no part in all that the stout-hearted army did in the siege: for the Turkish hordes kept a watch on the well-known tracks in that area, [135] and occupied a fort close to our men, from which they prevented them from giving help to the Christians.° After all confidence that help was coming had gone, fear and shame overtook them, bold hearts became inert, and the front-line troops quaked with fear. [140] The instigators of the whole enterprise regretted embarking on so much toil, and regretted their undertaking. Soon they withdrew to their camp, and while they explored what they should do, resolve weakened yet more in those who thought that in the autumn of 1097. According to some sources, Edgar Atheling then arrived with his fleet and took it over in Mar. 1098, and it eventually came into the possession of Robert of Normandy. See David, Robert Curthose, pp. 230-44; Runciman, Hist. Crus. i. 255, n. 2; F. Chalandon, Essai sur le regne d’Alexis 1° Comneéne, 1081-1118 (Paris, 1900), pp. 205-12. William of Malmesbury, De gestis regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Series: 2 vols., London, 1887-90), ii. 310, maintains that Edgar did not arrive in the East until much later and took part in the battle of Ramle in 1102. For Guynemer’s ‘pirate fleet’, see P. Riant, Expéditions et pélérinages des Scandinaves en Terre Sainte au temps des croisades (Paris,

1875), PP- 134-7:

> Robert of Rheims, p. 731, and Gesta Francorum, p. 29, call this castle Aregh. If this identification is correct, it is the same as the place mentioned below at v. 194. 6 The reference here must be to the occupiers of Latakia, i.e. the Normans.

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Illorum mentes mala queque futura putantes* Que poterant fieri. Sed mens est inscia? ueri, Mens sapit humanum.' Proceres dant denique uanum Consilium turbe quod¢ quisque recedat ab urbe, Et se tutetur ne turpi morte necetur. Dum sunt attonite tot gentes, fama‘ repente Rem docet ingratam, pugnam prope castra paratam.’ Nam tres predicti primo certamine uicti, Turba collecta, castrorum soluere tecta Haud diffidebant, et ad hec* taciti ueniebant.’ Hec ubi torpentes, quasi de somno redeuntes,’ Auribus hauserunt, alios alii monuerunt, Albesc*nt uultus, auditur ubique’ tumultus,

145

150

155

Et ueluti uentus cum fit” subito uiolentus,

Murmura parua freti, sed non omnino quieti, Turbat, at! inflatum resonat mare, reddit hiatum, Res referens subitas, sic aspera fama iacentes

Attollit mentes,’ animos agit ira* furentes.

160

Protinus e castris acies procedit equestris, Que quadringentis armata simulque trecentis

Quatuor, exemptis paucis in castra retentis,” Examen dire” gentis non horret” adire. Deinde?® uigens? dextris, pede prompta caterua pedestris, In numero paruo renitens exponitur aruo, In qua quingenti pedites ibant numerati. Nec simul incedunt, sed in agmina quinque recedunt,° Emensisque tribus leugis aliisque duabus, Eminus optatos hostes uidere paratos Ad pontem Ferri:* nequeunt numerando referri Agmina Turcorum, nec uis capit hec oculorum. Hostes absque? mora sub eadem scilicet hora * timentes G; sperantes F m. pr. * hoc ADG f redientes BC / gentes D m. pr. K ipsa g ' ciam for examen dire " audet 7 abque D

165

170

> nescia BC © quo G 4 fame A ® utrinque BC DIsitcA 7 et BC This line is not in ADG ™ A reads perfiG ° inde ABC P rigens A

’ Cf. Prov. 16: 9, 21: 2; Isa. 55: 8. * The allusion is unclear. Morale was low in the crusader camp, however, and both Stephen of Blois and Anselm of Ribemont wrote letters home noting the shortage of food, appalling weather, and loss of horses: Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 150, 157. Adhémar of Le Puy ordered a three-day penitential fast and Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 222-3,

BOOK V(II)

109.

all that was to come, and all that could possibly happen, would be

bad. But the mind does not know the truth, [145] the mind possesses only human wisdom.! At last the nobles gave this useless counsel to the mass of people, that each of them should leave the city, and should take care for himself so that he did not die a shameful death. While so many races of men were still astonished at this, a report suddenly made known the unpalatable fact that the enemy were ready to fight, near the camp.” [150] For the three we mentioned earlier, who were defeated in the first battle, had gathered their men, and were not lacking spirit to strike camp, but were silently approaching ours.’ When, as though awakening from deep sleep, the sluggards heard and understood this, they gave advice to one another, [155] their faces grew pale, uproar could be heard everywhere, and just as when a powerful gust of wind suddenly blows, it ripples the shallow murmurs of the strait, not altogether at rest, but the swollen sea crashes and gapes wide, so the bitter report bringing news of this sudden development [160] lifted their hearts, and anger drove on their frenzied minds. Forthwith the line of mounted men led the way out of the camp, with seven hundred and four men-at-arms, less a few kept behind in the camp,’ and did not shrink from meeting the swarm of this fearful race. [165] Next the company of infantry, strong of arm and fleet of foot, shone forth in a small band in their ranks in the field;

their company numbered five hundred infantry. They did not advance together, but drew apart into five columns,’ and marching three leagues and another two [170] they saw in the distance the hoped-for foe all prepared by the bridge over the Farfar;° the Turkish columns could not be numbered, and eyes were not able to encompass them all. Without delay, that is, at the same time, the attributed the army’s suffering to its sinful behaviour. See Siberry, Criticism ofCrusading, pp. 73-4; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 54. At this point Peter the Hermit made an attempt to escape from the camp, but was pursued and brought back; Bohemond threatened to leave unless he was granted the lordship of Antioch, and other lesser crusaders planned to flee ‘by land and sea’. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 33-4; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 53-4.

3 See v. 111 n. * Peter Tudebode, p. 72, mentions a force of700; the Gesta Francorum, p. 34, notes that there were fewer than 1,000 knights who had managed to keep their horses in good condition. See also Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 157. > According to the Gesta Francorum, p. 36, the crusading army was divided into six columns.

Five of these advanced

to attack the Turks, and one under Bohemond’s

command remained in reserve.

° The Orontes. See above, iv. 420-1.

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Nostros uiderunt, et in ipsos? se Spicula mittuntur, clamores tela Instant pagani, iactu frustrantur Turcus equo gaudens nec prelia

rapuerunt. sec*ntur.' inani. comminus audens

175

Expectare, tonat uerbis nostrosque coronat.”” Nostri uallati stant in medio glomerati, Et Turcis obstant: clipei® galeeque resultant Ictibus immensis,’ ensemque reuerberat ensis. Iamque fatigati Turci lateque necati Non¢ spe uincendi contendunt sed fugiendi. Mox uersis scutis petitur fuga causa salutis. Turcus‘ equum frenis indulgens urget habenis.* Preceps ille fugit, tellus pede concita mugit. In campo lentus iacet arcus puluerulentus. Iste iacit” pictas pharetras, capit ille relictas, Alter currendo’ se liberat orbe rotundo.* Singula quid dicam?* Gentem superant inimicam, Vix euaserunt aliqui, plures’ perierunt, Qui dum luctantur superare uadum, superantur.° In bello strati pauci sunt ense necati. Hanc stragem quidam gentiles prospiciebant, Quoddam castellum* qui non procul inde tenebant;

180

185

190

195

Illi! fugerunt et castrum® deseruerunt. Huic proceres nostri custodes imposuerunt Qui custodirent pontem. Post hec redierunt Auxilio fulti” diuino, fortiter ulti. Hos exceperunt socii letique fuerunt Conflictu duplici quod” conciderant inimici. Nam dum predicti pugnant,° ad castra relicti Insignem palmam de ciuibus optinuerunt, Et multi uirtute Dei paucos timuerunt.’ * ipsis A > coronant A m. pr. © glipei B *“nonque D m. pr. fTucus Dm. pr. & habenis iacet A m. pr. ‘ curendo F / plures aliqui D m. pr.

quoddam ADG

' jlico ADG

™ freti BC

200

‘in mensis D urget D m. pr. * castellum

” quia CF

° pug-

nant predicti F

' Gesta Francorum, p. 36, refers to a storm of missiles darkening the sky. For other accounts ofthe fighting, which took place on g Feb. 1098, see Gesta Francorum, pp. 36-7; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 56-7.

BOOK

V(II)

enemy saw our men, and hurled themselves upon them. [175] Spears were thrown, and shouts followed the missiles.! The heathen attacked, but were of no effect with their useless hurling of weapons. The Turks, exulting in their horsemanship, did not dare to wait for combat at close quarters, but uttered thunderous cries, and surrounded our men.’ Our side stood packed close together, hemmed in at the middle, [180] and held firm against the Turks: shields and helms rang out with mighty blows, and sword crashed against sword. Already the Turks were tired, and were slain far and wide; they struggled in the hope not of winning, but of fleeing. Soon they swung their shields on to their backs and fled for safety. [185] The Turks slackened their bridles, and urged their horses on with the reins. They fled headlong, and the earth echoed with hoofbeats. The pliant bow lay covered in dust on the plain. One man threw down his painted quivers, another snatched them up. Another freed himself from his round shield? as he ran. [190] What need have I to speak of every detail?* They trounced the hostile race, scarcely a few got away, and many died, overcome as they struggled to overcome the shallow river.’ A few were laid low in the fighting and slain by the sword. Watching this slaughter were some heathen who were [195] occupying a fort not far from there; they made a swift escape, and abandoned the stronghold.® Our nobles set guards there to guard the bridge. After this they returned, strengthened by divine help and bravely avenged. [200] Their comrades welcomed them and rejoiced that their enemies had fallen in the twofold struggle, for while those mentioned above were fighting, those left in the camp gained a noble victory over the citizens, and by God’s power the

many feared the few.’ ? For the Turkish tactic of encircling an enemy, see Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 79, igi 7; orbe rotundo is an accurate description of aTurkish shield (Smail, Crusading Warfare, p. 78). The Franks used a kite-shaped shield.

* Ovid, Amores, i. 5. 23. > The fighting took place on the narrow plain between the Orontes and the lake of Antioch. 6 This castle was called Aregh; see Gesta Francorum, pp. 29, 37; Robert of Rheims, pp. 784-5; and above, v. 135. Gilo may have confused his source material and inadvertently created a ‘doublet’ here. 7 Yaghi Siyan had led an attack upon the crusaders’ camp, but retired when he saw the main army returning from its victory over Ridvan of Aleppo. See Raymond of

Aguilers, pp. 57-8.

112

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Nec? tamen audaci populo fiducia cessit, Nec sociis aduersa suis fortuna repressit. Ergo repente cauis de turribus egredientes Turci turbabant uictus ad castra ferentes. Neue dolo tali paterenter sepe ruinam Inuenere duces nostri super hoc medicinam, Atque super montem, preter? fluuium, prope pontem, Castellum! fieri statuunt pontemque tueri. Sed¢ res difficilis non? perficeretur® ab illis Bello quassatis et uiribus attenuatis;’ Mox Boimundus equo celer insilit et quasi preco

205

210

215

Euocat e castris aliquos* surgentibus? astris;? Egidii Sancti comes associatur eunti.* Ensibus ergo bonis fisi Sancti Symeonis Ad portum properant ut ab his suffragia’ querant Qui sua uendebant illic nostrisque fauebant: Hi sunt Genuenses,’ Angli,° Venetumque colentes, Pisani,’ cuncti nauali marte periti. Dumque’ duces aberant, reliqui torpescere sperant, Si non impeterent ciues urbique nocerent. Protinus afflatis animis* uento leuitatis Vrbanum temere pontem nostri petiere. Sic inconsulte gentis facto grege stulte Prouocat hostiles Turcos prope menia miles.® Funduntur portis subito clamoribus ortis Nudati pedites, quorum uix spicula uites, Prosiliuntque citi iuuenes uittis redimiti? Et procul exertis! iaculantur™ utrimque lacertis. * non ADG > iuxta ADG sin aG 4 ne DG etur A * euolat BC; conuocat ADG ® aliquot BC ADG ‘ uires sibi BC 7 cumque F * annuis A mM. pr.

220

225

230

™ jaculant A; iaciuntur D

' This fortress was built near a Muslim cemetery and mosque, which stood opposite the city and fortified bridge, and was subsequently known as ‘La Mahomerie’. See Gesta Francorum, p. 39; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 62. Its purpose was to guard the vital road to the coast and the port of St Simeon. * The crusaders in fact lacked both the materials and the skilled craftsmen to build this castle, but ships carrying both had arrived at St Simeon in March. See Gesta Francorum, p. 39; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 57-8.

3 Vergil, Georg. i. 440. * According to the Gesta Francorum, p. 39, Raymond of Toulouse was the first to

BOOK V(II)

113.

[205] However, confidence did not depart from that brazen people, and that fortune which checked their allies did not hold them in check. And so the Turks made swift forays from the hollow towers and threw those carrying supplies to the camp into disarray. So that they should not often suffer defeat by such trickery, [210] our dukes found a remedy for this, and agreed that on a hill beside the river, near the bridge, a fort! should be built to watch over the bridge. But the project was difficult, not one to be undertaken by

men who were weakened by fighting and in a state of exhaustion.” [215] Bohemond at once leapt swiftly on his horse, and, like a herald, summoned some men from the camp as night was falling;? the Count of Saint-Gilles went with him.’ So, trusting in their excellent swords, they made haste to the port of St Simeon to ask support from those [220] who sold their goods there and who were on our side: these were Genoese,’ English,° inhabitants of Venice, and Pisans,’ all well versed in maritime warfare.

While the dukes were away, the others felt they would be wasting time if they did not attack the citizens, and do damage to the city. [225] With their spirits raised by a breezy spirit of levity, our men rashly made straight away for the bridge to the city. Massing together in such an ill-advised and stupid way, the troops stung into action some Turks who were near the fortifications.’ The gates were suddenly flung open, and shouts rang out loud. [230] The infantry, who scarcely had vine-branches for spears, were left defenceless, and swift youths crowned with chaplets? leapt forward and from both sides threw weapons with mighty casts at a distance. suggest that they should go to St Simeon for supplies and assistance. Bohemond then agreed to accompany him. Neither of them was prepared to set out for St Simeon alone, each mistrusting the other. The account given here by Gilo is a further indication that he wished to portray Bohemond as a key figure in the expedition. 5 See Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 49. A Genoese squadron of 13 vessels set sail in July

1097 and arrived at the port of St Simeon in mid-November. § On 4 Mar. 1098, an English fleet with some Italian pilgrims on board put in at St Simeon. It had called at Constantinople, where the exiled Edgar Atheling had assumed command. See above, v. 129; David, Robert Curthose, pp. 236-7; A. Grabois, ‘Anglo-

Norman England and the Holy Land’, Anglo-Norman Studies, vii (1984), pp. 132-41. 7 Jtalian ships played an important part in the later stages of the First Crusade. See Albert of Aachen, p. 668. Baldric of Dol, p. 18, however, refers to Venetians, Genoese, and Pisans who had taken the cross much earlier. See also above, i. 167 and n.

§ According to the Gesta Francorum, pp. 39-40, the Turks attacked the crusaders as work on the rebuilding was just beginning; Robert of Rheims, p. 785, suggests that the Seljuk Turks initiated this attack. ° The young men did not wear normal protective leather caps or metal helmets.

114

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Ille sudes iacit, hic lapides, hic tela: sed ille Dum trahitur? gemit, hic petitur per spicula mille. Lumina nostrorum nubes hebetant? iaculorum, Atque coartati crudeli cedere marti Qui tot uicerunt totiens prius‘ hic didicerunt. Laxatis loris fugiunt multumque cruoris Amittunt;¢ Parthus® confractos’ proterit® artus. Hic pedis, hic oris uulnus gemit, ille cruoris Exactas? uenas dum respicit inter habenas Labitur et plenam defunctis’ mordet harenam. Nullus equi frontem uertit donec fuga pontem Repperit, ut dixi quem dudum nauibus ipsi Struxerunt.! Sed ibi restant animi melioris Agmina que nonduny fuerant oblita* decoris, Et se defendunt clipeis hostesque! retardant. Plures dum trepidi pontem conscendere” tardant” Turpiter oppressi moriuntur flumine mersi. Turci letantur, flent°® nostri, castra petuntur. Nec sic? lassatur ferus hostis, et insidiatur Dum succedit ei,? male callidus,’ huic’ aciei, Que ducis hortatu ueniebat cum comitatu Forti, multiplici. Sed et hunc‘ superant inimici? Atque necant peditum" tria milia. Turma quiritum’ Euasit latitans per colles, prelia uitans. Nec” mora,* gaudentes de turribus illa uidentes Perse ridebant nostris” qui castra tenebant Remque docent signis, strepitu, clamoribus, ymnis.

Ergo uir intrepidus Flandrensis, dux Godefridus, Robertus, Stephanus, Tancretius, Hugo, Statinus* * trabitur D > hebebant D m. pr.; hebetant nubes A 4 omittunt F; emittunt G © Parthos G f fugientes G

» exhaustas ADG ' hostemque G eatlenmel) § huice |o7t.eA: “ hec D m. pr.

‘ defunctus BC / necdum ADG ™ cum scendere F; concerndere D

235

240

245

250

255

260 © post G £ preterit D

K ablita A

" parant F Posi ae 1 ei succedit A ‘caldidus D m. pr. ‘hanc A " pedites ADG * quiritu A * mora om. D m. pr. * nostros ADG

" In fact, Gilo has not previously stated that this bridge was built of boats, though his source may well have done. See above, v. 12 and n. * Gesta Francorum, p. 40; Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 59-—60; Robert of Rheims, pp. 7856. The Latin text at this point is very convoluted. hunc in line 254 refers back to comitatu in line 253, which probably refers to the nobles who formed a mounted escort to the

BOOK V(II)

ire.

One threw sticks, another stones, another spears; on the other side one groaned as he was dragged off, another was pursued by a

thousand missiles. [235] The cloud of spears obscured the vision of our men, and, packed together, those who had been victorious so

often before learnt here to yield to cruel fighting. They slackened off their armour straps and fled, shedding torrents of blood; the Parthians trampled over their shattered limbs. [240] One groaned over a wound to his foot, another to his mouth, one looking at his gashed veins gushing with blood slipped down between the reins and bit the sand strewn with corpses. None of them wheeled his horse about until his flight had brought him to the bridge, which as I said they constructed themselves from boats a short time before.’ [245] But there were marshalled there columns of better spirit, who had not yet forgotten their honour, and they protected themselves with their shields, holding up the enemy. Many who were fearful and slow in climbing over the bridge were foully trampled down and met their death by drowning in the river. [250] The Turks were overjoyed, our men wept and made for camp. Nor was the wild enemy wearied by this, but lay in wait for the arrival of that company of men—how cunning he was—which at the duke’s urging was approaching with a brave and numerous escort. The enemy routed this band as well,’ [255] and killed three thousand infantry. The squadron of knights got away, sheltering in the hills and avoiding the fighting. Without delay the Persians rejoiced as they saw those events from their towers, jeered at our men who were occupying the camp, and noised it all abroad with waving, yelling, shouting, and singing. [260] Therefore the fearless man of Flanders, Duke Godfrey, Robert, Stephen, Tancred, Hugh, and Statin’ (who was noseless whole column. As they fled, so the pedites were open to attack. The ambush of Bohemond and Raymond of Toulouse took place on 6 Mar. as they were returning from St Simeon. 3 Statinus is called ‘Tatikos’ by Anna Comnena, “Tetigus’ in Gesta Francorum and Robert of Rheims, ‘Tatic’ by Raymond of Aguilers, and “Tatice’ or “Estatins ’Esnane’ by the Chanson d’Antioche. He was the representative of Alexius Comnenus and accompanied the crusading army to Antioch. In Feb. 1098, when the army was suffering from shortage of food, he sailed from St Simeon to Cyprus, stating that he would arrange a better system of supply for the army, but he was accused of cowardice by those who remained behind, particularly Bohemond: see Gesta Francorum, pp. 34-5; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 54; Robert of Rheims, p. 782; Albert of Aachen, pp. 366, 417. It is therefore interesting that Gilo should list him here amongst the ‘fearless’ leaders ofthe crusade, and in this respect he comes close to the Chanson d’Antioche, where he is regarded

116

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(Qui dum uiuebat naso, non laude carebat) Et reliqui fortes armantur; et ecce cohortes Procedunt, plorant quia frustra sepe laborant. Optat quisque mori nisi* bellum cedat honori: Mors ingrata, grauis, foret illis grata, suauis.

265

Integrat? illorum mentes solator® eorum Et rogat intensis precibus presul? Podiensis Ne desperarent, quia credentes superarent,” Ceruicesque gregis signat summi/ cruce regis. Pluribus hortati mortemque subire parati Aut superare, boni proceres fideique patroni Illuc accelerant, ubi se concurrere sperant Hostibus, et tacite graditur prior et sine lite Corripit ignarum Hugo ductor? Francigenarum, Amotique parum cursores” Christicolarum

270

275

Stantia’ summa’ ducum uexilla uident quasi lucum.* Nec mora, per scalas Godefridus segregat alas. En modo deuictus dux et! de strage relictus” Emersit™ subito de montibus, et repetito Milite signa gerens demissa, fugam sibi querens, Visa recognouit” uexilla metumque remouit. Precipit et stare sua signa® tubisque? sonare.? Alterutrum gaudent sociorum scuta’ uidere, Alterutrumque uiris® resides animi rediere. Exacuit Persas‘ uictoria parta recenter, Erigitur sonipes, dominum gerit impatienter. Arcus lunantur, clipei galeeque parantur, Jam resonant nerui, iam Turci tela" proterui Intorquent, iam cornipedes saliunt quasi cerui, lam tubicen’ teter lituis” sonat, obstrepit ether, lam caua saxa datas uoces reddunt geminatas:

280

285

290

Vndique pugnatur,* belli fortuna’ uagatur. ani B > interga D © solatur D 4 presul precibus D m. pr. © superaerent D m. pr. * summi signat ADG § doctorD » cursores Bm. alt. " stantis DG / signa DG * lucem D m. pr. ! et om. D ™emisit BG ” recogniuit ACDFG sigan De maspr P turbisque D m. pr. 4 tubisque canare sonare A * sociorum signa scuta A mM. pr. *suiresi@ ‘ Perses BCF " pila BC ’ tybicen D m. pr. “ lituus ABCD * bellatur ADG in a favourable light, and defends the Franks in their absence against the emperor.

Statinus’ physical description may also have recalled the character Guillaume as cortes nes

BOOK V(II)

117

but not worthless while he lived) and the other brave men armed themselves, and see! there were the cohorts, weeping as they advanced because they so often toiled in vain. [265] Each of them chose to die if the war did not bring him honour: unwelcome and grievous death would be pleasant and sweet to them. Their comforter, the Bishop of Le Puy, strengthened their hearts and besought with earnest prayers that they should not lose hope, because those who believed would overcome,! [270] and he signed the bowed heads of the throng with the cross of the highest of kings. Encouraged by his many words, and ready to meet their death or conquer, the good nobles and lords of the faith made haste to the place where they hoped they would meet the enemy, and proceeding silently in front without any commotion, [275] Hugh, the leader of the Franks, caught his enemy unawares, and the Christian troopers who were a little way off saw the tops of the dukes’ raised banners standing erect like a thicket. Without delay Godfrey divided his ranks into battalions. Then suddenly the duke who had just been defeated and abandoned after the fray” [280] charged from the mountains, and sought out his troops again with his standards held low, looking for a way of escape for himself, but when he saw the banners and recognized them, his fear vanished. He ordered his standards to be raised aloft and his trumpets to sound. The allies rejoiced to see each others’ shields, [285] and good heart returned to downcast men on both sides. The victory that they had not long before gained sharpened the zeal of the Persians, and the horses reared up, bearing their masters with impatience. Bows were bent tight, shields and helms were made ready, and already bowstrings twanged, already the shameless Turks were [290] hurling missiles, already their steeds were leaping like stags, already the brazen bugler resounded his horncalls, and the air was full of noise, already the hollow rocks reechoed their doubly sounding voices. There was fighting everywhere, and the fortune of war? wandered far and wide: for in the Old French epic Le Charroi de Nimes, ed. J.-L. Perrier (Paris, 1966), ll. 5, 139-47,

533» 847, etc. ' 1 John 5: 4. 2 This is presumably a reference to either Bohemond or Raymond, whose forces had fled into the mountains after being ambushed by the Turks on their way back from St Simeon. See also above, v. 256, Gesta Francorum, p. 40.

3 Cf. above, v. 32.

118

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Nam modo terga dabant hostes,* modo nostra fugabant! Agmina; per bellum uersat Bellona flagellum.’ Diuersum iacitur? nec eisdem missile uotis: Destinat® hic iaculum presentibus, ille remotis. Cedere’ crinitus iuuenis non pellere doctus Funditur in plano, iactu terit aera uano. Neue petat palmam gens conspicienda capillis?

295

300

Libertate fuge, libertas clauditur illis.* Ergo Dei proceres, umbonibus* ordine’ iunctis, Sic cinxere’ uiros ut silua cacumina montis.

Vndique stant turbe; Godefridus pugnat ab urbe, Imminet a tergo Boimundus.*’ Comminus ergo Pugna fit immitis,” tanto minus apta sagittis. Flectit equum Parthus’ nusquam, uetat hoc locus artus; Tinguit’ Persarum cruor enses Francigenarum. Ensis inexperti* studio conantur inerti Turci per minimam campo se reddere rimam.! Vt pateant aditus et possint™ tangere litus Se satis exercent, sed eos stipata cohercent Agmina, constrictus nequit hostis cedere” uictus. Stat stupidus furor eous, uia nulla? saluti, Non iaculis licet aut solitis anfractibus? uti. Audax et timidus pereunt simul: hic? prohibetur’ In pugna pugnare, sed huic fuga fida negatur. Non modice* turbe modico capiuntur' ab orbe. Turcus in oppositum dum sepius erigit ictum Confossis" costis socii partem iuuat hostis. Pectora pectoribus et membris membra teruntur. Soli’ bella gerunt nostri, Turci patiuntur.°

305

310

315

320

Parthus,” Arabs* proni succumbunt’ ultro mucroni, Nec nostri tantum possunt prosternere,? quantum”

Agmina densa mori.” Claudit® madefacta” cruori * Perse

> tacitur D m. pr. © detinatque F @ credere F cedine A § succinxere G; sic cincere D m. pr. ‘ partus P / tingit A * inexpertis G; inherti A ™ aditus rimam possit A " nequit hos procedere A P anfratibus A 4 hic Groco*ck: huic all MSS " procorrected to proibetur m. alt. * inmodice ADG © capuntur B * sola ADFG “ partus DF * Araps D ¥ suc* prosternunt D ** quantis A 5’ moret D m. pr.

* uerbonibus D m. pr.

» inmittis D ' ripam ADG ° nulla uia A betur D m. pr., " confessis A cubunt B ¢¢ cadit F

325

4d malefacta D

BOOK

V(II)

11g

now the enemy turned their backs, now they put our columns to

flight;' [295] Bellona turned her whip about through the fighting.’ All kinds of missiles were thrown, with varied intentions: this man aimed his spear at those near him, that one at men far off. The long-haired youths who had learned to give way, not to drive the enemy back, were brought low in the field and wore the air thin

with their futile throwing. [300] And lest that race so conspicuous for their long hair? should try to gain the victory by having the freedom to flee, that freedom was cut off from them.* Therefore the

nobles of God joined their shields by ranks, and surrounded those men as a wood does a hilltop. The throng stood on every side; Godfrey fought from the city, [305] Bohemond pressed on in the rear.” Therefore the harsh fighting came to close quarters and all the less suitable for firing arrows. At no point did the Parthians wheel round their horses; the narrowness of the place prevented this; the blood of the Persians stained the Frankish swords. In-

experienced at sword-play, the Turks tried with unskilled zeal [310] to reach the open plain through the narrowest of gaps. They laboured hard to force an opening and be able to get to the shore, but the troops packed all round hemmed them in, and the defeated foe was encircled and could not retreat. The frenzy of the east stood dumbfounded, with no way of escape, [315] and no room to deploy their spears or their usual wheeling manceuvres. The bold and the fearful perished together: one was prevented from fighting in the fray, the other was denied a sure escape. Large throngs were captured by a small circle of men. Quite often as the Turks struck blows at their opponents [320] they cut into a comrade’s ribs, and helped their enemy’s cause. They were packed chest to chest and limb to limb. Only our men waged war: the Turks endured it.® Parthian and Arab helplessly fell forward on to the sword, and our men could not kill to the same extent as the close-packed host could die. [325] The sodden earth closed off the way out for the gore, ' On this tactic, see Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 78-9, and above, iv. 219-20.

* Lucan, Bellum ciuile, vii. 568. 3 This reference to long hair may stem from the vernacular tradition: it is a distinguishing feature of Chernubles de Munigre, one of the Saracens described in the Chanson de Roland, ll. 975-8. + the > the 6

Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 60, states that the Turks were trapped because those inside city, fearing that the crusaders would surge inside, closed the gates against them. The Turks were trapped between the two forces of crusaders as they tried to reach fortified bridge, and thereby the safety of Antioch. Robert of Rheims, p. 786: nostri tantum pugnabant, illi patiebantur.

120

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Terra uiam, rimas quia* iam compleuerat imas Sanguis cognatus,° nec habet quos pandat* hiatus. Puluis ubi cessit quem sanguinis unda repressit,” Vincendi certum signum campum per apertum Conspiciunt nostri factos de sanguine riuos® Et sustentantes erecta‘ cadauera uiuos.” Et quoniam tantum licuit pro strage nocentum Se stolide gentes reputabant esse nocentes.

330

Miles ut eoo uidet arua cruore natare Cessit et exactas? uoluit uires! renouare.

335

Rupit ut ille’ chorum, nubes glomerata uirorum Conuersis frenis in se ruit, urget habenis Lassos cornipedes, caruitque modo noua‘ cedes. Hic fratrem terit, ille patrem; ciuilia bella* Exercent dominumque premit super obruta sella.

340

Et, uelut in stagnis, cum sepe recluditur amnis,'

Vnde detente disrupto fonte repente Prosiliunt, prime fugiunt reliqueque sec*ntur, Impediunt alias alie, certare uidentur, Haud secus ad planum properat uulgus male sanum Et fugit ad pontem. Calcans dux Bullicus™ hostem Occupat ingressum pontis prohibetque” regressum Ense cruentato populo grauiter superato. Ira, locus, gladius pugnant, uim quodque? duci dat: Hec? subigit? uires,’ hic impedit,’ ille trucidat. Dux, spes nostrorum, Turcis confusio, luctus, Truncat equos, equites, recipitque cadauera fluctus.* usin)

> conatus Dm.pr.

de sanguine factos F'm. pr.

omits this line “foram BG, ” proibitque D " firmat ADG

4 recessit A

* erepta A m. alt. written over an erasure

345

350

» exhaustas ADG uires uoluit ADG / illa DG 'annis F; anguis A ™ bellicus BC; publicus DG ° quoque BCF; queque G P nec F 7 animos ADG * inpedit D

' Alcimus Avitus, Carm. i. 167. * See Robert of Rheims, p. 786: ‘inter uiuos mortui stabant, quia suffulti densitate uirorum cadere non poterant.’ 3 Lucan, Bellum ciuile, i. 1. * For other accounts of this episode, see Peter Tudebode, p. 75; Robert of Rheims, pp. 786-7; Albert of Aachen, p. 385. There are also close similarities between Gilo’s version of events and a vernacular account, the Chanson du ChevalierauCygne: Cycle belge, ed.

BOOK V(II)

121.

because kinsman’s blood had already filled the deep crevices, and the earth had no more clefts to open up. When the dust settled, held down by the wave of blood,! [330] our men saw a sure sign of victory over the open plain, streams made of blood, and live men holding corpses upright;? and since they were permitted so much slaughter of dangerous men, the foolish people reckoned themselves dangerous too. When our soldiers saw the fields swimming with blood from the east, [335] they left off, wanting to replenish their exhausted strength. As they broke off the engagement, a cloud of men gathered, wheeled round their steeds, and rushed at them, driving their tired horses on with their reins, and the new slaughter lacked all moderation. One man trampled on his brother, another on his father; they waged a civil war,’ [340] and dislodged saddles pressed down hard on their masters. And, just as often when a stream is dammed to form ponds, the waters held in check suddenly leap out when the pond is disturbed, the first currents tumbling down and the rest following, and they get in each other’s way and seem to be at odds, [345] just like that the ill-advised common folk rushed for the open field and fled to the bridge. The duke of Bouillon trampled down the enemy, took possession of the approach to the bridge, and stopped their retreat, vanquishing the people savagely with his bloody sword. Anger, the locality, and his sword fought together, and each gave strength to the duke: [350] anger subdued their might, the locality hindered them, and his sword slew them. The duke, the hope of our men, but disaster and grief for the Turks, slew horses and knights, and the river bore away the corpses.’ F. A. F. T. de Reiffenberg (Monuments pour servir a histoire des provinces de Namur, Hainault, Luxembourg; Brussels, n.d.), Il. 6322-32:

La avient Godefroy une cose avenant, Chou c’onques mais n’avint a nul homme vivant: Ung Sarrasins aloit Godefroy enkauchant, Arme souffisament, sur le destrier courant,

Godefroys le fery du travers du talent, Par itel covenant, on le trouve lisant,

Que le Sarrasin va parmy le corps trenchant. Une moitiet chey sur le pret verdoyant, Et ly aultre moitiet demoura sur Baucant;

Et ly avans s’en va en le porte fuiant Ou Garsions estoit avoecques Solimant. See also the Chanson de Roland, \l. 1367-78.

122

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Quod non de Tideo? legitur nec de Capaneo,? Quod non Eacides,° non Hector, non Diomedes,? ' Dux potuit, neque nos latuit res digna® relatu:” Mole sua terrens proceres multoque paratu Dirus Arabs gladium uoluens radiante rotatu Precipiti portatus equo celerique uolatu Constitit‘ ante ducem, putat hanc extinguere lucem, Et super inuictum caput erigit altius? ictum. Precauet iratus dux sub clipeo replicatus,

355

360

Moxque? choruscantem gladium leuat' et’ ferit hostem: Os, caput illidit, uitalia tota cecidit,! Spargit et aruinam, rupit™ cum pectore” spinam; Sic hom*o prostratus® cadit in duo dimidiatus Atque super scutum partes? in mille minutum Pars cecidit, pars heret equo trahiturque? supina, Estque sui moderator equi non iusta rapina. Ictu sic uno fit magna nec una ruina.” Dicere succincte si uellem funera uicte*

365

370

Gentis, quas mortes sunt passe mille cohortes, Aut‘ quid Normannus comes egerit aut Hugo Magnus Flandrensisue manus, essem” me iudice uanus:

Non’ Maro, non Macer? quid ibi Tancretius acer” Fecerit* exprimerent et uerbis facta carerent.

375

Hic decus’ eoum’ cecidit, nullumque tropheum Hoc magis afflixit ciues. Hic dextra‘ reuixit Mortua nostrorum, satiata cruore uirorum,

Hic ammirati* primates”? sunt iugulati,° Hic urbis magne fracte cecidere columne,” Hic quoque consilio rex designatus inani

380

* Tudeo G; Thideo BC > Canapeo BC © Eatides D 4 siue Titides BC ¢ digne A * constuit A ® altius erigit ADG » mox Gm. pr. ‘ fecit A J se A * leua A ' cecidit Groco*ck; cicidit all MSS ™ rumpit ADG ” spectore A ° truncatus ADG P atque scutum gladio partes BC

4 traditurque D

after |. 367, corr. by m. alt. to put it after 1. 366 “ensem BC “nam D wcacer, ¥ c.cecus D m. pr.; 2 hic detus A

5» principes B m. pr.

«¢ columbe A

7 euum

" Dm. pr. puts this line

Suite D, A m. pr. Matt Al mo pr. * fecerint D

D m. pr.

4 admirati ABCD

BOOK V(II)

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What is not read of Tydeus, nor of Capaneus, what neither Achilles, nor Hector, nor Diomedes! could do, [355] the duke did, and his exploit, worthy to be told,’ is not hidden from us: terrifying the nobles with his massive bulk and his sumptuous equipage, an awe-inspiring Arab whirled his glittering sword about, and carried forward by the rapid flight of his steed, he halted before the duke, thinking he would extinguish this light, [360] and raised his sword high over that unvanquished head to strike. The angry duke took guard, bending back beneath his shield, and then straight away raised his gleaming sword and struck his enemy: he smashed his mouth and head, cut right through his vitals, strewed his fat about,

and shattered his spine and chest; [365] thus was the man laid low, and he fell in two parts, sliced in half, and half of him fell on to his shield, which was shattered into a thousand pieces, and half of him

stuck to his horse and was borne off lying flat on its back; the rider was his horse’s unjust plunder. Thus with one blow came about massive defeat, and not a single one. [370] Were I to wish to speak concisely of the ends met by the conquered race, what deaths those squadrons suffered, or what the count of Normandy achieved, or Hugh the Great, or the hand of the duke of Flanders, I would judge myself vain: not Vergil, not Macer’ could describe what bold Tancred [375] did there, and would lack the words to fit their deeds.

Here fell the glory of the east, and no victory-prize shattered the citizens more than this. Here the long-dead hand of our men‘ came back to life, sated with the gore of men, here the noble emirs had their throats cut,° [380] here fell the broken columns of the great city, here too by useless counsel the crown prince, son of the ' The variant in BC is explained by the gloss on Statius, Achilleid, i. 844: “Tydides, Diomedes uel Ulixes’; see The Medieval Achilleid of Statius, ed. P. M. Clogan (Leiden,

1968), p. 106. ? Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm. vii. 221. 3 “Macer’ is the poet Odo of Meung, who wrote the De wiribus herbarum, a study of plants which became widely studied as a schooltext (see Manitius, Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur, ii. 539-47). See also Robert of Rheims, p. 787; Gesta Francorum, p. 44, for other expressions ofinability to describe adequately the events during the siege

of Antioch. 4 See Robert of Rheims, p. 788; Peter Tudebode, pp. 76-7. In the Chanson de Roland, 1.

597, Roland is referred to as the ‘destre braz del cors’ of Charlemagne. > Gesta Francorum, p. 41, Robert of Rheims, p. 788, and Albert of Aachen, p. 386, say that twelve emirs were killed in this battle.

124

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Filius occubuit magni regis Casiani.” Corporibus plenum flumen stetit Antiochenum? Vndaque pallorem mutans imitata® ruborem.¢ In pontis strata sunt milia quinque’ necata, Dextraque cedentum deforme facit pauimentum.° lamque fatigati, multis spoliis onerati,’ Nocte duces leti* redeunt, dant? membra quieti,’ Sed uigilant sensus, hostesque fugare uidentur Quique suos, capuloque’ manus absente mouetur. Postquam’ clara dies nituit nostri nituere

385

390

Vestibus, era suis uictores distribuere.

Tunc’ capti numerantur equi, septemque fuere Milia, tunc* equites totidem proceres statuere. His ita transactis! castellum turribus altis Et solido fundo stabilitum dant Raimundo.°

395

Dum bene succedit, dum sepius alea fati® Mergit gentiles, sunt extra castra uocati A ducibus magnis audaces meliusque parati. Quilibet hostili gaudens occurrere dampno Ducitur in” predam, sed non hortamine magno, Qui festinantes fluuiumque sub urbe uadantes” Mulas et mulos capiunt multosque camelos Et subito rapiunt animalia milia quinque Cum totidem, licet urbani® iaculentur? utrimque.?

400

405

Huc’ quoque quo iuuenes predam cepere nouatur Quoddam castellum uallumque uetus reparatur.’ Illud Tancreto committitur omine leto, Nam premonstrabat minimi custodia muri * Cassiani BDF est B m. pr.; cruorem

> Antiochenu Bpr. m. © mutata A This line reads fitque pauimentum

morientum ADG; de iugulis flentum miserabile fit pauimentum F

® sua reddunt * tunc pro F ° urbannaA CF

4 ruborem de corporibus f leti om. BC

» scapuloque F ‘ post ubi G i/nunc F ' tranactis D ™ ad ADG " uadentes D m. pr. P culenturA 7 utrumque F * hic ADG S iam

' Robert of Rheims, p. 788, also refers to the death of Yaghi Siyan’s son, Shams adDaulah, who had accompanied the first Turkish army to Antioch. See above, v. 111 and n. In fact, however, while his father was killed as he fled to the hills, Shams ad-Daulah

gained control of the citadel, which he held against the Christians until relieved by Kerbogha.

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great king Cassianus, met his end.' The river by Antioch stood still, full of bodies, and its waters exchanged their pale colour for red. [385] On the planks of the bridge five thousand men’ were killed, and the right hands of the slaughterers made foul its surface. Already exhausted and laden with a mass of booty,’ the dukes returned full of joy at night, and laid down their bodies to rest,* but their senses were still awake, [390] and each of them seemed still to be routing his enemies, and moved his hand, though it held no sword. After radiant daybreak shone clear, our men too were radiant in their clothing, and the victors shared the spoils among their men. Then they counted the horses they had captured, and there were seven thousand, so then the nobles promoted the same number of men to be knights. [395] When all this was done, a fort with high towers and built on solid ground was given to Raymond.° With things going well, and the dice of fate’ more often overwhelming the heathen, the bold and better-prepared men were summoned out of the camp by the great dukes. [400] Whichever of them delighted in causing loss to the enemy was led off to plunder, and did not need a great deal of encouragement; they made haste, forded the river below the city, and captured donkeys and mules and many camels, and then quickly snatched a total of ten thousand beasts, [405] even though the men in the city threw weapons at them from both sides.

In addition, a certain fort to which the young men could take their plunder was renovated, and an old rampart was made good again.’ This was entrusted to Tancred—a happy omen, for the custody of this tiny part of the city wall betokened that he would have * The Gesta Francorum, p. 41, refers to 1,500 casualties. 3 Gilo does not specifically mention the gold and silver which was taken from the Turkish corpses. See Gesta Francorum, p. 42. * Proba, Cent. Verg. 124, 599 = Aen. ii. 691, and Gilo, iv. 330. > See Peter Tudebode, p. 78; Gesta Francorum, pp. 30, 42. The castle known as ‘La

Mahomerie’ was completed on 19 Mar. and entrusted to Raymond of Toulouse. See Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 62. The author of the Gesta claims that it was built with stones taken from Turkish tombs.

6 Lucan, Bellum ciuile, vi. 7, 603. 7 A second castle was built on the site of the monastery of St George, opposite the gate of that name, its purpose being to block off the route whereby supplies continued to

reach the city. See Peter Tudebode, pp. 81-2; Gesta Francorum, p. 43.

126

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vrbis custodem, prenuntia facta futuri.' Iam? timet obsessus ciuis, clamorque repressus Est insultantis populi de se meditantis. Pluribus afflictus® dolet; at penuria uictus

410

Acrius* angebat? quia uix exire licebat.’ Post hec inter se statuerunt talia Perse

415

Vt pax ad tempus cum Christicolis habeatur, Qualiter interea se reddant discutiatur.° Sic igitur coram pax confirmatur ad horam.* Porte celate* sunt interea reserate,

Muros hostiles posita formidine miles

420

Circuit et tuto Parthi? tandemque soluto? Arcu ridebant nostris et castra petebant.

At Gualo’ uir fortis, dum lumina pascit in hortis, Perfidie gentis nimis immemor hec simulantis Dum delectatur, male fida fides uiolatur: Occubuit nempe loca dum uidet emula Tempe.° Iura fidesque data sunt morte uiri temerata, Quem simul elusit se ciuis’ in urbe” retrusit.” Audiit ut funus Humberga® decens et Hugonis Filia, nupta prius comitis, tunc? nupta Gualonis,? Palluit atque genas secat unguibus illa proteruis Et sustentatur matrum’ stipata cateruis.

425

430

Dextra comas lacerat; sed que lacerat laceratur,

Subtilisque manus subtili® crine secatur. 4nam

> afflictu

D m. pr. corr.

to afflictis

m. allt.

4 urgebat F © discuciatur F f scelate F ® Pathi A; parti Cm. pr., F » solutos D ' Galo CF i) pacit D m. pr. k Am. pr. omits ll. 425-8; m. alt. puts them after 460, with the rubric questio uxoris Galonis uitio scriptoris pretermissa. hac xilii cartum ' cuius A ™ ab urbe Fm. pr.; in orbe D m. pr. aD) reads planctus Huncberge super Galone coniuge after this line ° Huncberga D; Hunberga C; Umberga A Pnunc AD 4 Galonis CF " neruis D m. pr. * subtilique F

' Tancred became ruler of Antioch in Mar. 1101, after Bohemond was captured by the Turks (cf. Runciman, Hist. Crus. i. 325-6). This is Gilo’s only reference to an event which took place after the First Crusade. 2 Tancred himself captured a large consignment of food destined for Antioch. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 43-4. > Only Robert of Rheims, p. 794, and the Chanson d’Antioche, 5689-733, appear to mention this truce. In reality it may have been simply a lull in the fighting after‘the crusaders’ victory and amidst rumour that a third Turkish relief force was on its way

BOOK V(II)

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[410] the custody of the city, and these happenings were forebodings of the future.’ By now the beleaguered citizens were afraid, and the shouting of this insolent people was held in check as they considered their own interests. Affliction hurt many, but the lack of food hurt more bitterly because they had scarcely an opportunity of going out.’ [415] After this the Persians came to an accord amongst themselves of this nature, that peace should be observed for the time being with the Christians,’ and that meanwhile they should discuss the terms of their surrender. And so peace was affirmed in their presence until a given time. Meanwhile the decorated gates were opened, [420] and the soldiers laid aside their fear and walked round the enemy walls, and the Parthians at length slackened their bows in safety, smiled at our men, and headed for their camp. But there was a brave man, Gualo,* who went to look at the gardens, and forgot too soon about the treachery of this race who were feigning these things; [425] while he feasted his eyes, their untrustworthy faith was broken, for he was slain as he was looking at places as lovely as Tempe.° The terms of faith which had been given were violated by the death of this man, and the citizen who deceived him at once hid himself away in the city. When the worthy Humberga’® heard of his death—[430] she was the daughter of Hugh, and had earlier been the wife of a count, but was then the wife of Gualo—she grew pale, wildly scratched her cheeks with her nails, and was supported by a band of ladies gathered round her. Her right hand tore at her hair, but in tearing she tore herself, and her graceful hand was cut by her graceful hair. to Antioch. Ibn al-’Athir, i. 193, however, notes that the crusaders sent an abortive embassy to Dukak of Damascus, asking for his neutrality. 4 The death of Gualo is also mentioned by Guibert of Nogent, p. 252, and by Anselm of Ribemont in a letter to Archbishop Manasseh of Rheims (Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 159, 323-4). Albert of Aachen, p. 363, states that he was the French standard-bearer, and in fact he can be identified as Gualo II, lord of Chaumont-en-Vexin, the constable of Philip I of France. See Cartulaire de l’Abbaye de Saint-Martin-de-Pontoise, ed. J. Depain (Pontoise, 1895), pp. 350-1. The editors are indebted to Professor Riley-Smith for this reference. > ‘Tempe’ was a common term for a beautiful place: cf. Statius, Thebaid, x. 119. ° Robert of Rheims, pp. 795-6, also describes the grief of Gualo’s wife, but only Gilo mentions her name. Humberga was the daughter of Hugh of Le Puiset and sister of Everard, himself a crusader. She had previously been married to Count Robert of Meulan.

See J. La Monte, ‘The lords of Le Puiset on the crusades’, Speculum, xvii

(1942), 100-18, at pp. 100-2. The passage from this point to the end ofbook v is treated in depth in Groco*ck, ‘Ovid the Crusader’, pp. 55-69, esp. at 65-8. As might be expected, it owes much to Ovid’s treatment ofsuffering women in the Heroides.

128

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Exanimemque? diu uox pressa dolore? relinquit,°

435

Sed? tandem uoci uia uix® laxatur et inquit: ‘Tantane sustinuit Deus infortunia genti Occurrisse sue, plus inimica mihi? Occubuitne decus’ Francorum, maximus hostis

Hostibus, ille meus, spesque salusque suis? Languet morte graui bello non languida dextra,*

440

Languet et occubuit uir Gualo,” uita mea. Me miseram! non obsequium miserabile feci’ Vir, tibi: cum caderes, compariter cecidi. Hei mihi! non foui, non clausi, non ego laui Os, oculos, uulnus, ueste, manu, lacrimis. Lux mea, cui moriens morituram deseruisti?

445

Vt tecum morerer dignior ipsa fui/ Tu‘ mihi tu, certe memini,! iurare solebas! Te uitaturum cautius insidias. Sed quam” non poterat gens” perfida demere bello Est sublata tibi uita beata dolo. An sine te uiuam patris a patria procul absens?? Absque uiro uiuet femina castra sequens? Figite? me quibus est pietas, opponite? telis”* Parthorum miseram, mors mihi pena leuis, Mors mihi' pena leuis si iungar morte Gualoni," Si non sim’ Turco preda futura truci.’ Hos leuat Eurardus” frater* solamine questus Et reprimit blanda uoce graues gemitus.

Sic apud hostilem uariis euentibus urbem Ducebant longam nostrates obsidionem. Inter Christicolas et Christi nominis hostes Pugna trahebatur prope denos aspera menses;* Instabant isti fisi uirtute superna,

450

455

460

465

Obstabant illi nitentes fraude paterna,

Sperabant siquidem nostros uel deficientes Deserere in medio frustratos sepe labores, * e.exanimemque A > delore F m. pr. © reliquit AC; reliquid D 4eD © lux D f 2 detus A ® D omits this line; G completes the couplet with eheu quis mihi det misera decedere uita * Galo ABCF ‘ fecli Dm. pr. ! ADG omit Il. 447-8 ‘eniG " solebat F m. pr. ™ quia BC; quam

ADG " gens non A m. pr. ° DG omit ll. 453-4:A has quid faciam procul a patria procul a patre degens |quid faciet fragilis femina castra sequens P fugite A

“

BOOK V(II)

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[435] For a long time her voice was checked by grief, and left her lifeless, but eventually the path of her speech was loosened sufficiently for her to speak: ‘Has God allowed such great misfortunes to afflict his own people, misfortunes yet more hateful to me? Has the glory of the Franks perished, the greatest of enemies to [440] his enemies, my own husband, hope and salvation for his own? The right hand that was not idle in war lies idle in grievous death; my husband Gualo, my life, lies still and is slain. Alas, poor me! I have performed no service of pity for you, husband; when you fell dead, I likewise fell. [445] Ah me! I have not wiped your mouth with my dress, nor closed your eyes with my hand, nor washed your wounds with my tears. O my light, for whom have you left me in death, me who must also die? I was more worthy myself to die with you. You used—I remember it well'—you used to swear to me [450] that you would be wary and very careful of ambushes. But your blessed life, which this treacherous race could not take away in war, has been taken from you by a trick. Am I to live without you, far away from the land of my father? Shall a woman live, following the camp without a husband? [455] You who know your godly duty, strike me down! Stand me against the Parthian spears; death is a slight pain for me, yes death is a slight pain for me if I am joined with Gualo in death, if I am not to be enslaved by the savage Turks.’ Her brother Everard’ comforted these laments with soothing, [460] and put an end to her deep sobbing with sweet words. And so with various outcomes our side carried out a protracted siege at the enemy city. Between the Christians and the enemies of Christ’s name, bitter fighting dragged on for about ten months;* [465] one side attacked, trusting in the virtue from on high, the others defended, relying on the treachery of their fathers, and indeed they hoped either that as our men grew weak they would abandon their oft-frustrated toil unfinished, or that the myriads of 4 apponite D

Partis A m. pr.

rects ‘mors A “ Euuradrus F; Euardus A

" Galoni

° Dm. pr. puts this line after |. 456; m. alt. corAD;

Galonis

¥ sum

BY si A

' Ovid, Amores, ii. 10 (11). I. ? Everard of Le Puiset; see below, vii. 428n.

3 Gesta Francorum, p. 77, states that the siege lasted for eight months and one day. Robert of Rheims offers both ten months, like the Charleville Poet (Robert, p. 836), and also eight months and one day (p. 844). The final stages of the siege are described by Gilo of Paris below, in book vii.

130

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vel sibi myriadas Persarum gentis adesse, More locustarumque obstantia cuncta uorare.

470

Tali comperto rumore beata caterua

In conspectu urbis producit pignora sacra: Illic obsidio septem' iuratur in annos, Rursus et in totidem nisi uirtus celica muros Panderet ante sibi, que spem resecauit inanem

475

Ciuibus immodicumque incussit causa timorem. ' This repetition of seven may have an additional significance, an echo of vernacular

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131

the race ofPersians would come to them, [470] devouring all that stood in their way like locusts. When the blessed company heard such reports, they brought holy tokens out in the sight ofthe city, and there the siege was sworn for seven years,' and for another seven, too, ifthe valour ofheaven [475| had not breached the walls for itself before then; this event removed empty hope from the citizens and struck them with terrible fear. poetry and an attempt to draw another parallel between the crusade and Charlemagne’scampaigns against the Muslims. Charlemagne reputedly spent seven years fighting in Spain. See the Chanson de Roland, ll. 1-2.

LIBER

fo. 93° Incipit liber sextus

Talia apud Syriam uaria dum sorte geruntur' Nuncque hinc nunc illinc mala uel bona distribuuntur,

Venit ad heroas supplex legatio nostros Consilii poscens simul auxiliique ministros, ’ Precipueque ducis compellat nobile nomen Vulgatum fama terram uolitante per omnem. Vnde tamen uel cur legatio uenerit ista3 Restat ut expediat narratio suppeditata. Terra inter geminos ditissima clauditur amnes, Tygrin et Eufraten, populos famosa per omnes, In greco retinens que Mesopothamia nomen Ex habitu cause* conseruat nominis omen. A fluuio ad fluuium tantum distare uidetur Quantum tact? pedibus septena luce meatur. Haec inter plures gremio quas continet urbes, Vrbs antiqua, potens, speciosa et diuite uena Eminet antique Babyloni nempe coeua; Nam quo Chaldeam pharetrata Semyramis arcem* Tempore construxit, simul hec quoque condita fulsit, Nomine corrupto que nunc Rohasia® dicta, Temporis antiqui possedit nomen Edyssa.° Haec secus Assyrias tacet ad sex milia Charras Romanis ducibus Crassorum morte perosas,° In quibus antiquus degebat Abram patriarcha * terrae (?) (sic) Riant; Sirmond printsa lacuna lacuna; Holford-Strevens sugg. hominis

> ac cod.; Sirmond and Riant printa

' The style of this book, and the emphasis upon Godfrey of Bouillon, as well as the manuscript tradition, make it clear that it is in its entirety the work of the Charleville Poet. See Introd., Sect. I.

* After the Cilician diversion recounted above in iv. 360-4, Baldwin of Boulogne rejoined the main crusading army at Marash, but when it began the march to Antioch, he led a small force to the east and the valley of the Euphrates. In the course ofthe journey he established contact with local Armenian princes, and it was in Feb. ro98 at

BOOK

Book six begins. While such actions as these were being carried out in Syria,' with varying results, and good or bad fortune was being dispersed now here, now there, an embassy came in supplication to our heroes, asking them to provide counsel and assistance;’ [5] they were driven to do this particularly by the noble reputation ofthe duke, noised abroad as reports ofhim winged their way through the whole earth. Butasto where this embassy came from and why, it remains for the following detailed account to relate.

A very rich land lies closed in between twin rivers, [10] the Tigris and the Euphrates; it is well known to all nations, and still bears the name

Mesopotamia in Greek, keeping from its situation the significance of the cause for that name. It seems that it measures from river to river as far as a man may walk in seven days. [15] Among the many cities which this land cherishes in its bosom is an ancient and powerful city, beautiful and famous for its gold deposits, and coeval with ancient Babylon: for at the same time that quivered Semiramis built the Chaldean citadel,* this city

was founded and shone forth, [20] the city now called Rohas, its name corrupted, but which in ancient times bore the name Edessa.° It lies roughly six miles from Assyrian Carrhae, odious to Roman generals for the death of the Crassi,° where in ancient times the patriarch Abram lived, Tell Bashir rather than at Antioch, as the Charleville Poet implies, that he received the embassy from Thoros, the Armenian ruler of Edessa. See below, vi. 50 and n.

3 For other accounts of the embassy from Edessa, see Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 20910; Guibert of Nogent, p. 165; Albert of Aachen, p. 352. As his chaplain, Fulcher accompanied Baldwin to Edessa and is therefore an eyewitness of events there. The reliability of Albert of Aachen as a source for this aspect of the First Crusade is discussed by A. A. Beaumont, ‘Albert of Aachen and the county of Edessa’, in The Crusades and Other Essays: Presented to D. C. Munro by his Students, ed. L. J. Paetow (New York, 1928), pp. 101-23. * Juvenal, Sat. ii. 108. The Charleville Poet makes use of anumber ofJuvenalian quotations elsewhere: cf. above, iii. 380. > According to Pliny, Hist. Nat. v. 105, Rhoas was the ancient name of Latakia, not Edessa. In this period, however, Roais (or Rohais) was commonly used for Edessa; both spellings are forms of the Arabic al-Ruha’. See C. Cahen, La Syrie du Norda l’époque des Croisades (Paris, 1940), p. iii. 6 The Roman general Crassus was defeated and killed by a force of Parthians at Carrhae (modern Harran), a city some 25 miles SW of Edessa, in 53 Bc. See Lucan, Bellum ciuile, i. 105-6. The reference to Crassi, i.e. ‘Crassus and his son’ derives from

Orosius, Historia aduersum paganos, vi. 13. 3-4; cf. also Ovid, Fasti v. 583.

134

fo. 94°

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VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Cum de Chaldaica diuino numine flamma Erutus euasit, fuerit qua frater adustus, Vnde et uoce Dei mox est excedere iussus.' Sed iam premisse textus repetatur Edysse,* In qua regna tenens fuit Abgaerus ille beatus Ex Domini Christi rescripto magnificatus Ac morbi ueteris cruciatibus exoneratus. Haec ibi temporibus permansit epistola multis Atque ea ab aduersis tutauit menia cunctis,$ Nam si barbaricus furor illuc adueniebat,? Babtisatus eam puer alta in arce legebat, Moxque uel in pacem gens ex feritate redibat Aut terrore fugam diuino tacta® petebat. Hic quoque Thaddeus in septuaginta probatus Et fidei normam contradidit et requieuit,* Hic etiam Thome, qui Christi uulnera sensit

Et dubitans nobis dubitandi* crimen ademit,

Corpus ab Indorum regionibus esse relatum Creditur et magnis hic honoribus accumulatum.* Haec semel in Christi postquam direxit amorem, Numquam sustinuit frigescere religionem Sed neque scismaticts patiens concedere ad horam

és

Catholici tenuit moderaminis integritatem, ° Vnde et gentilis mala plurima conditionis

Et tulit heretice feritates impietatis.’ Maxima sed fuit hec odiorum primaque causa Que super hanc grauius commouit finitima arma, Quod Syrie ueniens Christi chorus in4 regionem Antiochi quateret uariis conflictibus urbem, Et nec eos magno ualuissent uincere bello 2 perueniebat Sirmond, Riant Sirmond; dubitande cod.

> tacta Sirmond; tactu cod.

4 ad Sirmond, Riant

' Gen. 11: 27-8, Acts 7: 2-4. Abraham journeyed from Ur of the Chaldees to Harran and finally Canaan. The reference here must be to Abraham’s brother Haran, whose

death is mentioned in Gen. 11: 28. * This and vi. 15 are the only leonine verses in all the complete books by the Charleville Poet.

5 For the story of King Abgar V, who ruled Edessa 4 Bc-ab 7, 13-50, see L. J. Tixeront, Les Origines de l’église d’Edesse et la légende d’Abgar (Paris, 1888), pp. 82-91. The

miraculous properties of the letter from Christ were noted by Etheria, a Spanish abbess or nun, who made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, Edessa, and Constantinople, probably at the end of the fourth century. See her Peregrinatio, ed. H. Petrie (Sources chrétiennes, xxi; Paris, 1948), pp. 158, 166-8.

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[25] when by the divine spirit he escaped, plucked from the Chaldean flames, in which his brother was burned, and whence he was ordered to depart in haste by the voice of God.' But let our story return to Edessa, mentioned above,” in which that blessed Abgarus held sway [30] who was glorified by a letter from our Lord Christ, and was healed from the agonies of a disease which had long afflicted him. This letter remained there for many years, and it preserved the cityfrom all its enemies.’ For ifthe crazed barbarians came to it, [35] a baptized boy would read it out loud high on the citadel, and that race would either recover from its raging and be at peace, or would be smitten with divine fear and run away. Here too Thaddeus, tested as one of the seventy, handed over the rule offaith and rested,* [40| and here too the body of Thomas, who felt the wounds of Christ and by his doubting removed the charge of doubting from us, is thought to have been brought from the lands of the Indians and here had great honours heaped upon it.> After this city had once given itself over to the love of Christ, [45] it never allowed its religious fervour to grow cold, neither did it allow itself to give way to heretics for an instant, but held fast to the wholeness of Catholic governance.° For this reason it suffered many evils from the heathen regime and the wild attacks of ungodly heretics.’ [50] But the foremost, indeed the principal reason for their hatred, which brought down on it with greater danger the arms of its neighbours, was that the company of Christ, advancing into the region of Syria, was shaking the city of Antioch with attacks of varying kinds, and they were not strong enough either to defeat them in war, * Thaddeus is traditionally identified as Jude, brother of James and one of Christ’s twelve apostles: see Matt. 10: 3, Mark 3: 18; cf.J. A. LeFrancois, art. Jude Thaddeus, St’,

in the New Catholic Encyclopaedia, (Washington, DC, 1967), viii. 16-17. J. Stevenson, A New Eusebius (London, 1957), pp. 152-3, identifies him with Addai the Apostle, one of the seventy (so Eusebius, HE i. 13. 10; the story as the Charleville Poet tells it here is taken from this chapter).

> See John 20: 24-9. Thomas is reputed to have died whilst conducting a mission at Mylapore, near Madras. See L. W. Brown, The Indian Christians of St Thomas (Cambridge, 1956), pp. 43, 54-5. His remains, however, were subsequently taken to Edessa, where they were being venerated at the end of the 4th c. See Etheria, Peregrinatio, ed. Petrie, pp. 158, 162; Gregory of Tours, In Gloriam Martyrum, cc. 31-2 (MGH, Rer. Merov. i. 307-8). 6 In his crusading bull Quantum praedecessores dated Mar. 1146, Pope Eugenius III described Edessa in similar terms: ‘It is said that [Edessa] alone under Christian rule had respect for the power of God at that time when all the land in the East was held by the pagans.’ See P. Rassow, ‘Der Text des Kreuzzugsbulle Eugens III.’, Neues Archiv,

xlv (1924), 302-5. 7 The ruler of Edessa was Thoros (T‘oros), who had started his career as an imperial

official. He subsequently became one ofthe chief lieutenants of the Armenian Philaretus, who ruled the territory from Cilicia to Edessa between 1078 and 1085. In that year Edessa was taken by the Seljuk Turks and, although Thoros became governor in 1094, he had to accept the presence of a Turkish garrison. See J. Laurent, ‘Des grecs aux croisés: Etude sur l’histoire d’Edesse entre 1097 et 1098’, Byzantion, i (1924), 367-449.

HISTORIA

fo. 94”

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Sed nec ab obsesso saltem depellere muro; Inde graues irae contra genus omne piorum Et desiderium delendi nomen eorum.' Propterea celsam circa concursus Edyssam Vastabat totam regionis fertilitatem. Illuc uicini cuncta de parte gregati, Tlluc longinqui fama stimulante uocati Oppida, rura, casas, castellaque concutiebant. Matres, prata, uiros, animalia diripiebant. Nonnumquam portis quoque pugnabatur in ipsis.* Mutua coniectis feruebant uulnera telis, Ciuibus [obsidio|® fessis non futile uisum Auxilium contra perquirere Christicolarum.? Hac igitur causa legatio 1am memorata Missa superueniens penetrauit Gallica castra.$

Monstrant et socios in Christi relligione,

7°

Et conseruata semper fidei integritate, Et, quia [propter eos|° grauia hec sibi proueniebant, Auxilium per eos sibi dandum ture ferebant, Precipueque ducis personam sollicitabant,

Namque {illo nihilum]¢ plus formidabile norant.

Talia mouerunt procerum miserantia corda, Quid sit opus facto tractant indagine multa. Credunt proficuum sibi deinceps esse futurum Si per se columen prestatur rebus eorum;

Hine sibi iuncturos socialia foedera multos

Quos fors tab hilaratist non paterentur inultos.° Magnam uero sibi super hoc accrescere laudem Spargendumque suum longe lateque timorem Si, cum presentem retinerent obsidionem, fo. 95°

Largirentur opem longinquts auxiliarem. His altisque modis dicta ratione probata, Ardor inest cunctis citius gnauare precata. Sed quia presentis domitandi fulmina gentis Maior cura ducem socialibus abstrahit armis, Quod pignus pro se dare carius esse probauit, * ipsis Groco*ck; istis cod. Groco*ck in the lacuna and Riant omit this verse

> obsidio sugg. Hall in the lacuna 4 illo nihilum swgg. Hall in the lacuna

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137

[55] or at least to drive them from the besieged wall; from this came their deep-seated anger against all races ofgodly men, and their desire to destroy their name.' For that reason a marauding band was laying waste all the rich crops ofthe region around lofty Edessa. [60] Neighbouring peoples assembled there from every nearby part, and men who lived far offwere summoned there by rousing reports. They were striking at their towns, their lands and farms and fortresses, making off with their women, their crops, their men, and their beasts, and occasionally there was even fighting right at the city gates. [65] They were afflicted on both sides with burning wounds from the weapons they threw, and it did not seem useless to the citizens exhausted by the siege to summon the help ofthe Christians as a counterweight.’ For this reason, therefore, the embassy already mentioned was sent, and on its arrival entered the Gallic camp.> [70] They showed that they were their allies in the religion of Christ, that they had always held firmly to the soundness of the faith, and, because these hardships were overtaking them because ofthe Crusaders, they asserted that by right help should be given them by the Franks. Above all they attempted to convince the duke, |75| for they knew nothing more formidable than him. All this moved the hearts ofthe nobles to pity, and with much questioning they discussed what needed to be done. They believed that it would be advantageous to the Franks thereafter ifthrough this action they were to prove a bulwark in their situation; [80] then, many would join forces with them in sworn allegiances whom they perchance would not allow to go unavenged ... and moreover they would gain great glory for themselves on this account and would spread fear of themselves far and wide if, while they continued their current siege, [85] they were to bestow help and assistance on men far away. When the said case had been demonstrated in this and other ways, they were all straight away set ablaze to fulfil what had been asked ofthem. But, because quelling the thunderbolts ofthe present race was a greater concern which kept the duke from joining arms with his allies, he gave to those who asked of him a surety [go] which he judged to be the dearest thing he could give on his own behalf, ' This is a reference to Kerbogha, who paused on his way to relieve Antioch at

Edessa and besieged the city unsuccessfully for three weeks in May 1098. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 356-7; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 242-3. 2 News of Kerbogha’s plans to relieve Antioch and fears that he might attack Edessa en route prompted the Armenians to appeal to Baldwin for assistance in Feb. 1098. See

above, vi. 5 and n. 3 This embassy offered Baldwin not only the government ofEdessa, but also the succession-rights to it. An earlier appeal from Thoros for aid, which Baldwin had rejected, had merely asked him to serve as a mercenary. See Laurent, ‘Des grecs aux croisés’, at

PP- 420, 422.

138

HISTORIA

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Fratrem quippe suum,' poscentibus associauit, Cum quo militie partem quam mittere dignum Credidit, emisit populatis suppetiatum.? Iste minor natu fuit eius denique frater, Qui post se rexit Solimorum sceptra decenter.* Tunc proficiscentes longarum strata uiarum, Nempe decem spatiis interdiuisa dierum, Tandem perueniunt memoratam sepius urbem.* Conficiunt stragem de uastatoribus acrem. Arsacide*® uicti neque comminus arma ferentes Diffugiunt, arcus ut inutile reicientes, Dum non expertam nequeunt |con|tendere* [gen]tem, ° In pedibusque citis totam posuere salutem.° Nec nisi qui latuit Francorum uulnera fugit,

Nec qui desiluit sella post hanc repetiuit,’ Nec ueniens uulnus cutis exteriora peregit®

fo. 95°

Sed cesim punctimque anime uitalia® adegit. Non fuit his mirum Gallorum tela pauere, Et collisa nimis post pectora terga fouere, Dum, quorum fuerant uirtutibus omnia prona Solaque habebatur gentilis gloria pugna, Cum Gallis sueti pro sola bella salute Ducere, sepe fugam sibi pro uictoria habere;*® Quos ase Crassi? meminissent funere uictos Sublatisque etiam signis sua sub iuga missos Cum Romanorum per plurima nomina gentis Obruit Eufrates et multa cadauera Tygris Detulit in terras ac reddidit. Ergo repulsis

100

105

110

115

Hostibus et cecis condentibus ora cauernis,

Omni pacata regione et constabilita,

120

Nulla se letis specie miscente maligna, '° * contendere Groco*ck; protendere Sirmond, Riant > gentem Groco*ck; [.....]tem cod. © peregit Groco*ck; pepegit cod.; Sirmond and Riant printalacuna qd uitalia Groco*ck; penetralia sugg. Hall; ?uenalia cod.; Sirmond and Riant printalacuna

' Fulcher of Chartres, p. 210, and Albert of Aachen, p. 352, state that the people of Edessa asked specifically for Baldwin, rather than Godfrey, but again this emphasis is consistent with the Charleville Poet’s theme. Baldwin had previously acted as a hostage at the Hungarian court for the good behaviour of Godfrey’s army. See above, iii. 136 and n. * In fact Baldwin was accompanied by only a small number of knights when he departed from Edessa. Matthew ofEdessa (p. 219) says there were 60, Albert hibernate (p. 352) 200.

;

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139

namely his own brother,’ and sent with him a section ofhis forces hejudged proper to bring help to those who had been devastated.’ This was his younger brother, [95] and he ruled Jerusalem worthily after him.> Then they set out over the long roads for the space ofa full ten days, and at last they came to the oft-mentioned city.* They brought about a bitter slaughter of its assailants. [100] The sons of Arsaces,> unable to withstand the close combat, were

defeated and fled, throwing aside their bows as useless; since they could not fight offarace they had not encountered before, they put all their hope ofsafety in a rapid escape.° Only those who hid escaped the Frankish wounds, [105] and the man who leapt from his saddle did not return to it afterwards.’ The wound as it came did not graze the surface of their skin, but cut and pierced right to their vital organs. It was not surprising for them to quake at the weapons ofthe Gauls, or to look after their backs when their fronts had been so battered, |110] since everything had bowed before Gaul’s courageous exploits, and their only glory was reckoned in fighting the heathen; they were accustomed to wage war with the Gauls only for their survival, and often to consider running away as good as victory;* they remembered that Franks were defeated by Arabs at the death ofCrassus,’ [115] and they also placed them under their yoke when they lost their standards; then the Euphrates overwhelmed the races of Romans under many names, and the Tigris carried many corpses downstream and cast them up on shore. And so the Franks drove offthe enemy and stopped up the mouths of the pitch-dark caves, [120] and brought peace and

stability to the whole region. No setback was seen amidst these successes.'° 3 Baldwin was crowned ruler of the Latin kingdom ofJerusalem on Christmas Day, 1100, having taken the title on Martinmas, and died on 2 Apr. 1118. The use of the past

tense, rexit, implies that this part of the poem was written after his death. See Introd., Sect. III.

* Baldwin arrived at Edessa on 6 Feb., having set out from Tell Bashir a few days earlier. > i.e. the Parthians. The epithet Arsacidae is found mainly in Lucan: see, for example,

Bellum ciuile, viii. 217-18. 6 Baldwin did not engage Kerbogha’s army, but on his journey to Edessa he escaped an ambush by a local Turkish force.

7 Cf. Charleville Poet, iv. 139. 8 For an earlier reference to Frankish bravery by the Charleville Poet, see i. 11. 9 See above, vi. 24 and n. The text at this point is very confusing; the lines from vi. 110 are dependent on non fuit his mirum in 108; at vi. 118, the subject changes without warning to the Franks. ‘0 Shortly after his arrival in Edessa, Baldwin led a small force against the Turkish Emir of Samosata, whose troops were continually raiding the outskirts of Edessa. The Christian army was defeated and forced to withdraw, but Baldwin subsequently captured a small village near the emir’s capital and installed a small garrison there, which controlled some Turkish movements and thereby reduced the number of raids on Edessa. See Matthew of Edessa, pp. 218-21; Albert of Aachen, pp. 353-4; Fulcher of

Chartres, p. 211.

140

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VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vrbis regnator fratrem ductoris adoptat, Vique pater natum penitus sibi nectere certat.' Delegat terram, regionem subiugat omnem, In sua pacta manus facit ipsam iungere plebem. Leta coronatur facies et concinit urbis. Diuersis modulis iubilatio consonat astris.’ Cotidie celsam feruet concursus ad aulam, Vnanimes nostram certant addiscere legem. Funditur in cunctos pax et concordia ciues. Tura docent nostri, componunt undique lites. Militiam exercet sub certo iudice tyro. Hine eques hincque pedes recto mouet agmina gyro. Pellitur atra fames, opulentia regnat in omnes, Non aliquos patitur bonitas communis egentes.

125

130

135

Ductoris nostri nimio plebs ardet amore,

Nec satis expleri uisu ualet alloquioque, Felices sese reputant fore iudice tali, In quo non nisi pax poterat bonitasque uidert, In quo militie decor et uirtutis honeste Omnibus [exemplo poterat|* communiter esse. Nam ueluti Paulus sic omnibus omnia factus,3

140

Sic erat in cunctos moderanter morigeratus, Fortibus ut fortis, infirmis poene sodalis, Gauderet letis et compateretur amaris, Largus erat largis, quasi parcus denique parcis, Mitibus et mitis, feritate tumentibus aspis,° Sic se conformans cunctis moderamine uiro Vt uelut in speculo se quisque uideret in illo.

fo. 96°

Hc inspectanti diuini plasmatis hosti,

150

Inuidie patri, non esse ualebat amori,*

Vnde sibi ingeniti liuoris* fomite moto Collectoque sue impietatis in arma ueneno, Regnatorem urbis, prius hoc se letificantem, Mouit in inuidiam mentis nimiumque dolorem.°® Crescere quicquid huic cernit de plebis amore Diminui sibimet sperat, dictante timore,

Vnde in dogma cadens peruersum Herodis° iniqui’ * exemplo poterat sugg. Sirmond mond, Riant

> asper Sirmond, Riant

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Then the ruler ofthe city adopted the duke’s brother, and strove to draw him close to himself as a father his son. He delegated the land to him and placed the whole region in his charge, [125] and made even the common folk join hands in allegiance with him. The city’s appearance was joyful, and there was singing as their rejoicing reached to the stars in its many-sounding strains.’ Every day people thronged to the lofty palace, and with one heart they strove to learn our laws. [130] Peace and harmony were bestowed richly on all the citizens. Our men taught them our laws, and resolved all their disputes. The novice soldier practised under a sure judge; on this side knights, on that infantry performed their maneuvres in precise movements. Black hunger was driven away and plenty ruled over all, [135] and mutual goodwill did not allow any to go without. The common folk burned with great affection for our leader, and they could not see or hear enough ofhim. They reckoned that they would be happy with such a man to judge them, in whom only peace and goodness could be seen, [140] in whom the grace of military courage and upright character could serve as an example to all. For just as Paul was made all things to all men,’ so this man behaved with moderation towards all: brave towards the brave, almost a fellow-sufferer to the weak, [145] he rejoiced with the happy and had pity on the grieving; he was generous to the generous, and gave short shrift to the mean, was gentle to the gentle, a viper to those swollen with fierce anger, and he thus adapted himself to all, conducting himself in such a way that everyone saw himself reflected in him as though in a mirror.

[150] As the enemy of the divine creation, the father ofjealousy, looked on this,* he had not the strength to love what he sam, but it lit the kindling ofhis natural malice> and roused the poison of his ungodliness to arms: [155] he moved the ruler of the city, hitherto happy at the situation, to be jealous and very sad at heart.° Whatever increase he saw in the love of the common folk for our leader, he believed it meant a lessening of love for himself, as fear ruled his thoughts, so that he fell into the foul ways of wicked Herod,’ ' This adoption ceremony is described vividly by Albert of Aachen, p. 353. See also Beaumont, ‘Albert of Aachen’, p. 108.

? See Albert of Aachen, pp. 352-3. TGie HC * Once again the Latin is very convoluted. vi. 150-3 make up an extremely obscure ablative absolute. vi. 151 recalls John 8: 44. CiaGenr3725: 6 Albert of Aachen, p. 353, claims that Thoros was jealous of Baldwin from the very beginning. 7 Cf. Matt. 2: 3.

142

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Et metuens ab eo de regni culmine pelli, Hunc quem summissis precibus sibi muneribusque Ad succurrendum rogitauerat ante uentre, Cuique sibi patriam penitus tutore carentem Poene et ab hoste malo ferro flammaque ruentem, Cedibus et predis omni de parte gementem,

160

Reddiderat summo conamine, nil metuentem,

165

Querit quo genere specieque modoque uel arte Possit ad interitus casum foueamque rotare. Si faciat, sceptri fructum putat esse retentt, Si non, desperat uite momenta lucrari, Et tam peruerse mentis fuit inuidiaeque

170

Vt, cum Christicolam se dici uellet et esse,

Duxerit indignum se Christicolas adiisse, Et tristaretur per eos sua tuta fuisse, Optans idolatris potius sine honore subesse

Quam Christi famulis foedus sociale dedisse. fo. 96"

U75

Sed quia plebis amor nimio feruore fauebat, Illi cui malus hic placitum loetale parabat Demonstrare palam timuit quod mente gerebat. Ergo legatos similes sibi nactus iniquos, Hostes uicinos, a Christi milite pulsos, Inuitat proprios ueniant ut rursus in agros:

180

Poeniteat quod se socios cepisse* alienos, Hos se missurum bellandi nomine ad illos Tussurumque suis ut primo limine belli Destituant illos fugiendo in terga regressi; Hos permansuros fugiendi obstante pudore; Sic omnes posse simul una morte perire.! Exultant Parthi capientes quod cupiebant, Et celeres assunt, ut uota maligna capescant.

Tile acuit nostros penitus nil tale cauentes, Donat ets comites sibi proditione sodales.? Non tamen associat saltem de ciuibus unum Ne pateat coeptum pacto quocumque nefandum. Extra quesiti subeunt ea castra manipli Indigenis ducibus concedere ad omnia iussi. Procedunt alacres consueta ad ludicra nostri,

Occurrunt contra structis legionibus illi. Primo congressu penetrant media agmina Galli,

1g0

E05

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and fearing that he would be driven from his high place as king [160] by the very man he had earlier asked again and again with humble prayers and gifts to come to his aid, to whom he had handed over his fatherland, utterly lacking in leadership as it was, and on the point of collapse because of the wicked enemy’s attacks with fire and sword, lamenting its depredations and slaughter on every side, [165] fearing nothing at the height of the fighting. He wondered by what sort ofmeans or kind ofplot he could bring about his downfall and destruction. Ifhe were successful his reward, he thought, would be the retention of the crown; ifnot, he despaired of enjoying another moment of life, [170] and he was in such a wickedly jealous frame ofmind that although he wished to say he was a Christian and to be one, he considered it unworthy of himself to have gone to the Christians, and was saddened that his realms had been made safe by them, choosing rather to be under the sway of idolators without honour [175] than to have entered into an alliance with the servants of Christ. But because the love ofthe people burned very strongly in support of him for whom this criminal was preparing his deadly plan, he was afraid of disclosing openly what he had in mind. Therefore he found some envoys who were wicked like himself, [180] and invited the neighbouring foe who had been driven off by the soldiers of Christ to enter his own lands once again; he said that he was sorry he had taken on foreign allies; he would be sending these allies against them under the pretext ofwaging war, and would order his own men to turn around at the edge of the fighting, [185] run away and leave them; the Franks would remain, shame preventing them from running away; thus they could all meet their end at the same time in one bloodbath.' The Parthians were overjoyed as they received what they desired, and swiftly presented themselves to fulfil his evil prayers. [190] The king spurred on our men, who had absolutely no fear ofanything like this, and he gave them his comrades in treachery to be their companions.’ He did not however join even one ofthe citizens with them, lest his unspeakable enterprise should somehow be revealed. The troops sought from outside approached the camp, [195| and were ordered to comply with the native leaders in everything. Our men sallied forth swiftly to their usual sport, and the Parthians ran forward against them in close formations. At the first clash the Gauls pierced the middle oftheir line, * cepisse Groco*ck; coepisse cod.

' This deceit recalls the betrayal of Uriah by King David. See 2 Kgs. (2 Sam.) 11: 15. There is no other evidence that Thoros sought Turkish aid against Baldwin.

2 Some years previously, Thoros had sought help from the Turk Alpyaruk and then, once the immediate danger had passed, had him murdered.

144

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Cedunt, prosternunt, uia fit calcaribus et ut,

Sed postquam infestis terebrarunt obuia telis Inque eadem uersis referuntur prelia frenis, ' Ecce uident socios manifesta proditione Diffugere et retro dare nemine terga fugante. Tunc intellecta per signa patentia fraude, Mutua adhortati in manibusque animas posuere: Amplexi clypeos stringunt animostus enses, Dant ualidos ictus in comminus atque secentes.*

fo. 97”

200

205

Norunt in manibus uitam consistere et armis,

In pedibus uero stipendia mortis inermis. Malunt nobiliter pugnando occumbere plagis Quam paganorum trucibus dare colla cathenis. Non parc*nt dextris, non parc*nt denique telis: Nutllus hic est iaculis leuibus locus atque sagittis. Aspiciunt Parthi circum iaculando uagantes Pro tutela anime nostros rem rite gerentes. Perpendunt quod erat, quia laus sibi nulla canatur Si morientibus his psi quoque commoriantur.

215

Vincere quod nequeunt, dimittunt® aufugientes, Dimittuntque uiros dampnata luce feroces. Desperata salus sic est pugnando redacta‘ At? spes nequitiae in nihilum stercusque reducta.*

Egregius ductor’ fortes affatur amicos De fouea mortis propria uirtute reuersos:° Non bene barbaricis umquam permixta cateruis Agmina que fidei sint enutrita tropheis; Esse sibi tutum comitatum linquere gentis Que specie blanda propinet pocula mortis. Monstrari tamen hec collectis foedera turmis Vt nosci ualeant,‘ placeant si talia cunctis. Cum dicto factum celeratur, contio tota Cogitur, et fit eis mox hec querimonia nota; Ob que sint missi se compleuisse perorant: Tempus adesse sibi ut castra Antiochena reuisant; * secentes

Groco*ck; sedentes cod.

220

225

230

Riant 4 at Groco*ck; et or perhaps est sugg. Hall; ut cod. © remersos cod.; reuersos Sirmond f ualeant Groco*ck; ualeat cod., Sirmond, Riant

' The poet, if he is not following an eye-witness account of the battle, shows a vivid

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cutting and slaying, and making a path with the strength oftheir spurs, [200] but after they had drilled through the opposition with their fierce weapons and wheeled round to head back to the same affray,' look! they saw their allies running away in open treason, turning their backs with no one pursuing them. Then through obvious signs they understood the deceit, [205] urged one another on, and put their lives in their hands; they gripped their shields and drew their swords more boldly, dealing mighty blows at those close by and to their rear. They knew that they held their lives in their own armed hands, and the only reward for running away would beacoward’s death. [210| They preferred to die from wounds fighting nobly, instead ofbending their necks to the savage chains ofthe pagans. They gave no respite to their right hands, nor yet to their lances: there was no room here for lightweight javelins and arrows. The Parthians chasing round throwing their missiles saw our men [215] conducting the fight with fitting courage for their own lives’ sake. They considered the situation, reflecting that no praise would be sung for them ifthey too died with these who were dying. With no chance of victory, they turned from the fleeing men ofEdessa, and also from the men who fought so fiercely on that accursed day. |220| Thus their unhoped-for escape was wrought by fighting, but the hope ofevil was brought to nothing, reckoned as dung.’ The outstanding leader* addressed his brave friends, returned from the pit of death through their own courage. He said that warriors nourished by the victories of faith had never mingled successfully with barbarian troops, [226] and that the safe course was now for them to part company with a people that, while appearing kindly disposed, handed them the cup of death. These plans should, however, be set before the assembled troops,

so that it might be known whether they found common acceptance. [230] As soon said as done, the whole force was assembled together, and they quickly made this complaint known to the assembly, stating clearly that they had carried out the task for which they had been summoned, and that the time had come for them to return to their camp at Antioch. sense of the realities of military tactics. As was often the case, the Frankish cavalry smashed right through the enemy lines, but on turning to regroup could see the Armenians on the far side of the Turks retreating from the field.

? The imagery recalls Phil. 3: 7. 3 Baldwin of Boulogne. In the following passage, the Charleville Poet adapts the events of Feb./Mar. 1098 so as to absolve Baldwin from any guilt for the deposition and subsequent murder of Thoros. He is portrayed as befits the brother ofthe poet’s hero, Godfrey of Bouillon. Fulcher of Chartres, who was an eyewitness, makes only a brief reference to these events. Matthew of Edessa’s account is, not surprisingly, biased against Baldwin, who is quite clearly accused of treachery. See Beaumont, ‘Albert of

Aachen’, p. 103.

146

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Post hac auxilia si poscant, nec mereantur,

Hoc sibi pro meritis fieri non diffiteantur: fo. 97”

235

Propter opem, nece tractata, se poene perisse.

His quod adhuc uiuant se nullam gratiam habere: Per Christum et dextras restare superstite uita. Ergo recedere se melioraque querere pacta. His dictis onerant que deportanda fuerunt, Queque graui bello per se sua facta fuerunt. Dispositi in turmas dant agmina bellica retro Et male mercato celerant abscedere regno. Protinus in tota fit lamentatio plebe Vtpote que fuerat non huius conscia culpe.

240

245

Se miseros clamant, inopes, rationis egenos

Et uice crudeli sine defensore relictos. Postquam dicta satis que dici digna fuerunt, Que dolor atque timor comites dicenda dederunt, Protinus in belli rationem questio transit,

Que sibi causa fuge feruens querimonia poscit; Ac primo tacitis gladium mortemque minantur Ni responsa sibi ueracia mox referantur. Nemo sponte luit peccata aliena silenter: Regem sic fieri* memorant iussisse potenter. Tunc quecunque mali istius’ commenta fuerunt Et qua de causa concorditer edocuerunt. Nec mora, fit celsam populi concursus ad aulam Et cum rege agitant rationem iudicialem. Non bene purganti facinus® crimenque retectum Mox est purpurea caput a ceruice resectum. |

250

255

260

Tunc oratores mox ad tentoria mittunt,

Vt sibi consultum redeant lacrimando reposc*nt. Quamuis inuitus, ductor multa prece uictus Consilii causa est ad menia celsa reductus, fo. 98"

265

Vique fuit primum portis murisque receptus, Omnis eum propere circ*mstat turma senatus.? Omnes se purgant de crimine proditionis, Omnes deplorant mala praue suspicionis

Que sibi ductoris animum per cuncta benignum Abstulerat, cum nil foret a se perpere gestum. Omunes poscere se precibus lacrimisque profusis

270

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Ifthose people were to ask for assistance again after that, they would not merit

it, [235] and they should admit that this refusal was just what they deserved. Their death had been planned, and because oftheir assistance they had almost met their end. It was no thanks to those people that they had survived thus far: they remained in the land of the living through Christ and their own right hands. Therefore they were withdrawing and looking for better alliances. [240] With these words they loaded up what they had to take away, all that had been made their own in the grievous fighting. They drew up their warlike columns in squadrons, turning back, and made haste to leave the kingdom where they had done such bad business. Straight away a shout ofgrief rose up among all the common folk, [245] for they were utterly unaware ofthis guilty action. They wailed that they were helpless wretches lacking in sense, abandoned by a cruel turn offate without a defender. When enough that deserved saying had been said, all that those companions, grief and fear, prompted them to say, [250] the subject of the war was immediately raised, and in a frenzied complaint they demanded what was the cause oftheir running away, and when they at first said nothing they threatened them with death by the sword ifthey did not quickly give them truthful replies. No man willingly atones for the sins ofanother in silence: [255] and thus they recalled that the king had ordered most strongly that this should be done. Then they amicably disclosed all the stratagems that wicked man had planned, and why. Without delay the people rushed to the lofty palace, and they proceeded to put the king on trial. [260] Since he did not properly clear himself of the crime which had been disclosed, they at once cut his head from his purple neck.' Then they quickly sent spokesmen to the tents, to ask them with tears to return to them and discuss the matter. Although he did not wish to, the general was overcome by their many prayers [265] and was brought back to the lofty city for discussions. As soon as he was received within the city’s wall and gates, the whole council quickly thronged round him.* They all cleared themselves of the charge oftreachery, and all deplored the evil offoul suspicion [270] which had estranged them from the general, ever-kind, since they had done nothing wicked, all with entreaties and profuse tears begged him not to letfoul infamy 2 nostri Sirmond, Riant

illius Sirmond, Riant

' Albert of Aachen, pp. 354-5, maintains that Baldwin refused the Edessenes’ request to kill Thoros and warned him oftheir evil intention. Whilst he was doing so, the people attacked the palace and Thoros was killed trying to escape. See also Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 213-14; Beaumont, ‘Albert of Aachen’, pp. 109-12. * Baldwin was invited to assume the government of Edessa on 10 Mar. 1098.

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Ne se dedecoret post hec infamia turpis, Ne se destituat tuiela sue pietatis, Neu se mortiferis uelit obiectare periclis. Eius primatum super omnia uelle et? amare. Non indignetur secum regnando manere. Ille negat sese super illum prefore posse Quo se contigerat urbem inuitante petisse. Quod se purgarent satis illis gratiam® habere; Illius porro consortia nolle tenere. Illi continuo monstrant que gesta fuissent, Que pro perfidie sibi crimine dona tulissent. Ostendunt caput, hocque sui dant pignus amoris, Quod fidei lesae tulerat uindicta fidelis. Hinc uotis uota iungunt precibusque precata, Vimque parant nisi flectatur sententia fixa. Obstipuit ductor tanto se foedere queri In dominum populi pro se hac feritate seueri. Quid sit opus facto sociorum consulit agmen;' Collaudant omnes oblatum scandere culmen. Ingreditur celsam cunctis letantibus arcem. Turis turandi capit undique conditionem. In sua sic totam componit foedera gentem Defensamque regit propris uirtutibus urbem.

275

280

285

290

295

Fis ita compositis et fama notificante

fo. 98°

Nostros obsidio dum detinet urbis amoene,?

Altera ad heroas legatio’ de Babylonis* Arcibus aduenit, non expers proditionis.* Hec autem Babylon, que nunc habitabilis extat, Longe a Chaldaice Babylonis climate distat: * uellet Sirmond, Riant

300

> gratiam Riant; grani or perhaps gramen cod.

MN Chevic 77 ? On hearing of Baldwin’s success, a number of knights abandoned the protracted siege of Antioch and travelled to Edessa. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 441-2. Amongst them was Drogo of Nesle, who had been a member of Emicho of Leiningen’s ill-fated contingent, then joined Hugh of Vermandois, and finally transferred his allegiance to Baldwin. See Riley-Smith, “The motives’, p. 736. * The first embassy was of course the one from Edessa. See above, vi. 5 and n. As is frequent in medieval literature, the author ‘signposts’ the outcome of this part of the story, making clear from the outset that this legation’s evil nature stemmed from the evil character of the Egyptian ruler. SeeJ.Crosland, The Old French Epic (Oxford, 1956), Pp. 144-5, 277, for similar instances of stock traitors in vernacular epic.

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bring subsequent dishonour on him, nor to let the safeguard of his goodness abandon them, [275] and not to wish to hurl them into mortal danger. They said that they desired and loved his primacy over all, and that he ought not to refuse to remain with them as their ruler. He maintained that he could not hold sway over aman by whose invitation he had come to the city. [280] He was glad enough that they had cleared themselves, but he did not wish to carry on ina partnership with that man any more. Straight away they showed him what they had done, and what gift they had brought him to atone for the charge of treachery: they held out the king’s head, and handed it over as a pledge of their love for him, [285] a pledge which faithful vengeance ofgood faith betrayed had taken. They piled vow on vow and prayer on prayer, and made ready for violent action ifhis obstinacy did not yield. The general was staggered that a treaty with him was being sought on such haughty terms by a people who had acted so savagely on his behalf against their own lord. [290] He took counsel with the company of his own allies to see what should be done;' they all exhorted him to ascend to the exalted position offered him. Everyone rejoiced as he entered the lofty citadel. He accepted terms from all parties, sworn on oath. Thus he established peace on his own terms with the whole people, [295] and ruled the city which with his natural virtues he had

defended. When news that this whole matter had been settled reached our men, while

the siege of the lovely city was still detaining them,’ a second embassy,’ not lacking in treachery, came to the heroes from the mighty city ofBabylon.** [300] This Babylon, which even today is inhabited, is a long way from the region of the Chaldaean Babylon: that one is reckoned to lie towards the * All the crusading chroniclers refer to Cairo as Babylon. The Charleville Poet seizes the opportunity to display his knowledge of geography and history. 5 The Charleville Poet’s account of the Egyptian embassy in Mar. 1098 and the subsequent Frankish legation to Cairo is unique. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 58, and the Gesta Francorum, p. 37, attest the presence of envoys from Egypt in the crusaders’ camp, as does a letter from Anselm of Ribemont to Manasseh, archbishop of Rheims. See Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 160. Robert of Rheims, pp. 791-2, records that the Egyptians offered the crusaders a safe passage to the Holy Sepulchre if they went unarmed, and Albert of Aachen, p. 380, refers to a letter which wished the crusaders success against their common enemy, the Turks. The closest parallel to the Charleville Poet’s account is, however, William of Tyre, i. 267-8. The actual purpose of the Egyptian embassy is unclear and still a matter of debate. It may have been to negotiate the partition of Syria with the crusaders, a proposal which they rejected, or simply to use their presence as a counterpoise to the ambitions of the Turks. See Hamilton A. R. Gibb, “The Caliphate and the Arab states’, in Setton, History of the Crusades, i. 81-98, at p. 95; Runciman, “The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon’, ibid. i. 308-42, at pp. 315-16.

150

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Illa etenim uersus Aquilonem ducitur,* ista

Euronothum spectans tangit Memphytica regna. Alluit Eufrates illam torrentibus undis, Fertilis hanc Nilus nigris foecundat harenis. Illam post Nemroth' fundamina preiacientem Inque polos turrim sustollere percupientem Struxit Semyramis,’ quadro latera equa tenentem, Perque latus quodque sex denaque milia habentem, Milia circuitus sic sexagena ferentem Atque quaterna simul tota ambitione replentem. Vndique coctilibus? forma hec circumdata muris Atque gyganteis pedibus fuit alta ducentis, Et cum uicenis pariter spissata tricenis. Preterea portis tantum stridebat aenis In medio turrim gremio complexa superbam, * Quam scriptura refert gentem struxisse proteruam Cum post diluuium ueniens orientis ab axe Repperit hunc campum medio tellurts apertae, Cuius planitie mox delectata capaci Hance statuit turrim facere usque ad culmina celi, Cumque euasisset iam milia ad usque quaterna Atque foret totidem spatiosius® undique lata, Hanc ita stulticiam pietas diuina recidit: Vniloquam linguam per multas extenuauit. fo. 99°

395

310

SHU)

B25

Sic intermissa est operum presumptio cassa,

Non intellecta alterutrum currente loquela. Taliter exstructa uiguit per tempora multa Regibus ac populis compluribus imperiosa, Multa mala exercens, crudelia cuncta frequentans, Reges excecans,® proceres populosque cathenans, Templa Dei uiolans, sacra uasa per idola foedans, Ignibus atque feris sanctorum corpora dedens, Donec sub Cyro Moedos Persasque regente Summo regna Deo sibi plurima subiciente Capta et destructa quod fecerat est quoque passa, Predans predata, captiuans exiliata,° Atque, prophetarum iuxta predicta sacrorum,' Monstrorum facta est habitatio multimodorum. At postquam Cyrus Scytico fuit ense necatus,

$39

335

“340

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north, while this one is to the south-east and borders on the realms of

Memphis. The Euphrates enriches that one with its raging waters, [305] the enriching Nile makes this one fruitful with its black sands. After Nimrod' laid its foundations, and desired to raise up a tower to heaven, Semiramis?

completed its construction, with four sides ofequal length, each side being sixteen miles long; [310] it was thus sixty-four miles round its entire circumference. On all sides the city thus shaped was set about with walls of burned brick® which were two hundred giants’ feet high and likewise fifty feet thick. [315] lts creaking gates, moreover, were made of nothing but bronze, and at the centre it embraced a proud tower,* which the scripture says a reckless race of men built, when on their arrival from the east, after the flood, [320] they came across this plain in the midst ofa wide-open land, and delighted by its spacious openness they at once decided to raise this tower right up to the vaults ofheaven, and when it had reached four thousand feet, and on all sides was as wide again, nay wider, the goodness of God put an end to this folly in this way: [325] he ended the unity of speech, dividing it into many languages. And so their presumptuous labours were unfinished and in vain, for they did not understand one another’s language. Built in this way, the city flourished for many years, dominant over many kings and peoples, [330] executing many evil deeds, repeatedly indulging in all kinds of barbarity, blinding kings,° putting nobles and nations in chains, desecrating the temple of God, polluting the holy vessels with their idols, giving the bodies ofgodly men over to the flames and to savage wild animals, until, when Cyrus was king over the Medes and Persians, [335] the supreme God subjected many kingdoms to him, and the city, captured and destroyed, suffered what it had itself inflicted, the plunderer plundered, the captor himselfnow in exile,° and, in accord with the words of the holy prophets,’ it became the dwelling-place of all kinds of hideous beasts. [340] But after Cyrus was killed by the sword ofthe Scythians, 2 dueitur cod.

> spatiosius Groco*ck; spatiosus cod.

' Cf. Gen. 10: 8-9; 1 Chr. 1: 10; Mic. 5: 6. For the foundation of Babylon (Cairo), see Eusebius, Onomastikon ofBiblical Place-Names, in Jerome’s translation: Babel... erat autem ciuitas regni Nemroth, in qua eorum . . . linguae diuisae sunt, ed. E. Klostermann (Leipzig,

1904, repr. Hildesheim, 1966), p. 41. ? The legendary queen of Assyria, consort of Ninus and his successor. 3 This detail is probably derived from Ovid, Met. iv. 58. The detail on dimensions seems to be a conflation of Orosius, Historia aduersum paganos, ii. 6. 8-9 and Pliny, Hist.

Nat. vi. 121.

4 The tower of Babel. Cf. Gen. 11: 1-9. > Cf. 4 Kgs. (2 Kgs.) 25: 7; Jer. 52: 19-27. The reference is to the blinding of Zedekiah by the Assyrians. ® Cf. 1 Esd. (Ezra) 6: 1-15. 7 Jeremiah must be intended; see Jer. 50: 13, 51: 37.

152

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Filius ipsius Cambyses' patrem imitatus Que nunc incolitur Babylonem condidit, atque Iudeos Arabes sibi subdidit Ethyopasque. Sic ex tunc et nunc Babylon Egyptia regnat Et circum circa famulantia regna coartat. Huius regnator nostris apud Antiochenam Insignes misit legatos perfidus urbem.? Horum primus erat qui tunc fuit alter ab illo, Vir bonus et prudens, non ingenioque maligno.* Nescius ergo doli neque conscius insidiarum Simpliciter dixit sibi quod fuit imperitatum: Regem namque suum nostrorum gesta legentem Exposuit multam nostris mandare salutem;

fo. 99"

Vrbem Hierusalem sibi nunc ditione subactam, Huius causa istos tantum sumpsisse laborem. Velle aliquos sibi nostrorum properanter adesse Visu, colloquio, uictu sibi participare:

345

359

355

Si sibi uel ratio uel honestas relligionis Suadeat ut faueat sua conuersatio nostris,

Tam fieri posse ut gentilia monstra refutet, Vt posito Christum diademate pronus adoret. Tunc sibi Hierusalem fieri per cuncta patentem, Tunc sacrum tumulum, cunctum quoque cedere honorem,

360

Tunc palmeta suis insontes suggerere hastas, *

Inque Dei laudes habiles concedere spicas.

365

Exultant nostri, nihil hic hostile cauentes,

Sed nomen Domini hinc celebrari suspicientes: Ile etiam princeps aliorum mente benigna Perstat,* et hortatur, spondens fore prospera cuncta: Hos etenim incolumes deducere se fore certum, Rursus honorifice reduces dare pectore fixum. Ergo inter primos bellorum laude potentes Interque eximios insignia clara ferentes

B72

Ductores uocitant complures, digniter ornant,

Cunctis militie simul utilitatibus armant Et cum legatis legatos pergere mandant,

375

2 constat Sirmond, Riant

' This figure has been identified with several characters in the Bible: the king who

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Tse.

his own son Cambyses' followed his father’s example and founded that Babylon which is now inhabited, bringing Jews, Arabs, and Ethiopians under his sway. Thus from that day to this, the Egyptian Babylon has reigned [345] dominant over all the subject kingdoms round about. The treacherous ruler of this city sent distinguished envoys to our men at the city ofAntioch.’ In charge was he who was ranked second after the ruler, a good and wise man, not of wicked character.> [350| Not knowing of his deceit, and unaware ofa trap being set, he therefore spoke straightforwardly as he had been ordered; he explained that his king had read ofthe deeds ofour men and sent hearty salutations to them, and that the city ofFerusalem, on whose account they had undertaken such great toil, [355] had at that time been put under his authority. He desired that some ofour men should present themselves quickly before him, to see him and to share in talks and food with him; ifthe good sense and upright character oftheir religion persuaded him to favour our men in his way of life, [360] it might even be that he would turn away from the horrors ofheathendom, lay aside his crown, and falling on his face worship Christ. Then Jerusalem would lie wide open for them, and the holy sepulchre too, and every honour would be given them; [365] then the palm-groves* would provide innocent spears for his men, yielding up nimble spear-points to the glory of God. Our men were overjoyed, fearing nothing dangerous in this, but rather suspecting from it that the name of the Lord would be worshipped; the leader of the other embassy also persisted in his well-meaning, and encouraged them, promising them that all would be well: [370] he would be sure to lead them there in safety, and in his heart he was certain that he would bring them back with honour. Therefore the leaders summoned several of the first rank, mighty men, praised for their fighting, who bore signs renowned among the famous, fitted them out worthily, [375] armed them with all the equipment necessary for soldiery, and instructed them to go as envoys with the envoys, asking them to speak and act as was will devastate Israel (Ezek. 38-9); Ahasuerus (1 Esd. (Ezra) 4: 6), and Nebuchadnezzar (Judith). Orosius (Historia aduersum paganos, ii. 8. 1-2) refers to Cambyses, son of Cyrus,

but does not mention the founding of the new Babylon. ° 2 The anonymous author ofthe Historia belli sacri, p. 181, states that the crusaders had already sent an embassy to Cairo from Nicaea, on the advice of the Byzantine emperor. 3 The envoys were sent by Al-Afdal, the vizier to the Fatimid caliph, al-Musta‘li. 4 The palm branch, collected from the banks of the Jordan, was the sign of a com-

pleted pilgrimage to Jerusalem. See J.Sumption, Pilgrimage:AnImage of Medieval Religion (London, 1975), pp. 173-4, and below, vi. 475.

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Dicere uel facere que sint se digna perorant.' Quid multis opus est? Sociali foedere iuncti Nostri et non nostri subeunt naualia cuncti, Perque maris magni diuortia plurima uecti

380

Tandem sunt propius Babylonica menia ducti. Princeps officti quosdam premittere curat, Atque suo regi que gesserat ordine narrat. Ille dolos uersans preceptum tale remandat: fo. 100°

Ne lucente die Francos in menia ducat, Neue situs urbis cernens manus extera noscat.

385

Sicque animos in se gens bells aspera tollat. Ille dolum metuens paret, sed pectore tristi,

Inducitque uiros in menia nocte silenti, Nec malus hos princeps patiens assistere coram Omnes in quandam deduci precipit aulam: Illuc inclusos et nusquam progredientes Tempore non modico tenuit, suspiria dantes. Tussit habundantem tamen illis affore uictum, Sic celare uolens infandi pectoris astum. Tandem conductor, questu pulsatus ab illis Et grauiter motus pro crimine suspicionis, Regnatorem adit, querit que causa sit ista Quod se legatum Francorum accedere castra Tusserit atque uiros illinc deducere claros, Quos a conspectu proprio uelit esse remotos; Siquid forte mali contrudere* cogitet illis, Non se posse pati consortia proditionis, Sed conaturum toto discrimine uite

Vt sua procedat penitus legatio rite,’ Aut det magnificos coram se stare quirites Et patria dignos illis concedat honores, Aut se de proprio donatos ac renitentes Efficere ut repetant sociorum castra canentes. Talia per socios illo monstrante potentes Obstupuit rector, metuens offendere plures:

fo. 100"

Imperat acciri personas, colloquioque Participans illos (interprete sed mediante) Querit de soctis qui sint, que nomina gestent, Quidue potestatis propria in regione retentent. Illi responsa digna et ueracia reddunt,

390

395

400

405

410

PS)

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fitting for them.' No need for many words. Foined by a treaty ofalliance, all our men and those who were not ours came to the docks, [380] and borne over the mighty sea they tacked hither and thither until at last they were brought close to the city ofBabylon. The leader ofthe delegation had some men sent on ahead, and related all that he had done to his king; he, plotting trickery, gave him back this instruction: [385] he was not to bring the Franks into the city in the daytime, lest the foreign band should see the city’s location and become familiar with it, and should thus raise their spirits against him, for they were a hardy race at fighting. He obeyed, but feared some trickery, and with a heavy heart he led them into the city at dead ofnight, [390] and the evil ruler did not allow them to meet him in person, but gave orders that they should all be led off to a certain hall; he kept them shut in there, and did not let them come out for some considerable time, which made them sigh deeply. However he did order plenty offood to be brought to them, [395] wishing in this way to hide the unspeakable cunning of his heart. At last their guide, driven from them by their complaints and deeply moved by their suspicious accusations, went to the ruler and asked him for what reason he had ordered him to gain access to the Frankish camp as an envoy [400] and to bring those outstanding men from there, when now he wanted them kept out of his sight; ifthe king was planningtodevise any evil against them, he could not endure beingaparty to the treachery, but would endeavour, even at risk to his own life, [405] to see that his embassy was properly and rightly fulfilled;’ the king should either grant that those magnificent knights should stand in his presence, and bestow on them honours worthy of their country, orshouldenrich them splendidly with gifts of his own and see that they made their way back to their allies’ camp with rejoicing. [410] As this man recounted such acts as were performed by the mighty allies, the ruler was dumbfounded, and was afraid of offending more ofthem; he ordered those persons to be summoned, and shared tn discus-

sion with them through the offices ofan interpreter. He asked them which ofthe allies they were, what names they bore, [415] and what positions of power they held in their own lands. They gave him worthy and truthful replies, @ contradere Sirmond, Riant

' The members of the Frankish embassy are unnamed. They were laden with gifts and booty captured from the Turks. See above, v. 387. 2 See above, vi. 370-1. The Egyptian envoy had sworn that the Franks would return safely and with honour. Such conflicts of loyalty are a common theme in contemporary vernacular poetry such as the Chanson de Roland or Marie de France’s Jai called ‘Equitan’.

HISTORIA

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Et pauide menti crementa timoris inurunt. Ille metum celans, uultu fictoque* renidens, Et gestus habitusque uirum spectando pererrans Suadet ut armati campis potiantur apertis, Et sua demonstrent quid Gallia possit in armis. Paretur; capiunt celeres insignia et acres Scandentes in equos geminas statuere cohortes: Aspectus galeis, loricis corpora tect, Ardentes clypeos et spicula lucida nacti, Aspera corripiunt imitantem prelia martem, Et uariis monstrant patriam discursibus artem. Confligunt dociles relegi docilesque relinqui;' Nunc procul absentes a se, nunc uero propinqut, Et nunc terga fuge dantes, nunc uersa fugantes, Impediunt cursus concursibus, orbibus orbes. Nunc uelut infestis in mutua funera? telis Ttur, at in rerum sunt omnia tuta peritis.° Spectant Nilicole, spectat rex ipse malignus, Atque hebetantur eis gelida formidine sensus Sollicitis, quia si gens talis Francigenarum Hierusalem capta fines peruadat eorum, Nil fore uirtuti quod eorum obsistere possit, Cum uehemens bellum quasi quidam ludus eis sit. Tunc sibi dissimilem? post se loca summa tenentem Conuocat, et gestit facere ex ratione furentem;

420

425

430

435

Orat ut hos Francos, quos iussus duxerat ad se, Quos perpendebat sensu sua cuncta notasse,

Ne reduces facti socios huc affore cunctos Procurent, sibi clam procuret decapitandos. Ile uelut gladti per pectus acumine fixus Pessima mandantem tali mox uoce secutus:3 Quenam uesani compellat4 causa furoris Vt sanctum nomen populis per secula cunctis Nomine sub pacis® legatos euocet ad se, Quos mactare uelit sub operta proditione?

fo. 101°

* fictuque cod. compellant cod.

b uulnera Sirmond, Riant © pacisu cod., first hand

450 Sirmond, Riant

' Cf. Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica, vi. 236-7: uaditque uirum ui, uadit equum, docilis relegi docilisque relinqui. The Charleville Poet repeats this verse almost verbatim, but his source is likely to have been indirect, probably a florilegium. For the use of stch

BOOK VI

and burned the seeds offear into his timorous mind. He covered up his fear, smiling with a false expression, and carefully observing the behaviour and manners of the men, [420] he exhorted them to arm themselves and make for the open plain, to show him what his Gauls were capable of in warfare. Obeying him, they quickly took up their emblems, and eagerly mounting their horses they set themselves up in twin columns, covering their faces with helms and their bodies with armour; [425] they grasped their burnished shields and their glittering lances and set to in battle, feigning bitter fighting, and showed off their native skill with various maneuvres. They skirmished, skilfully withdrawing and skilfully lingering;| now far apart, now close to one another, [430] now turning their backs in flight, now pursuing in turn, they checked charges with charges, shield with shield. Now they went at each other viciously with their weapons as though to each other’s destruction, but all they did was safe, for they were well used to it. The Nile-dwellers looked on, and so did the wicked king himself, [435] and a chill of fear gripped their senses and numbed them, for ifsuch a race of Franks were to capture Jerusalem and then invade their territory, there would be nothing that could withstand their courage, since passionate fighting was almost like a kind of game to them. [440] Then the king summoned the man unlike himself? who held the second place in the government, desiring to turn him from rational to frenzied thought; he begged him to see to it that the Franks whom he had been ordered to bring to him, whom he considered had taken stock of all his realm, should not be returned to their allies so they could bring it about that they all came there, [445] but should secretly be beheaded for him. The man was smitten as though a sword had struck him in the chest, and responded to him who commanded such things as follows:> he asked what the cause of his raging frenzy was that forced him to summon to himself under the guise of peace envoys, a name holy to all peoples throughout the ages, [451] and now to slaughter them in covert treachery? Good collections in the Middle Ages, see R. H. Rouse, ‘Florilegia and Latin classical authors in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Orleans’, Viator, x (1979), 131-60, and

L. D. Reynolds and N.G. Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature (3rd edn., Oxford, 1991), p. 113; Texts and Transmission: A Survey Of The Latin Classics, ed. L. D. Reynolds (Oxford, 1983), p. xxxviii; M. D. Reeve notes in this work (p. 427) that over seventy lines from the poem are found

in the Florilegium Gallicum, a detail substantiated by B. L. Ullman, ‘Valerius Flaccus in the medieval florilegia’, Classical Philology, xxvi (1931), 21-30. None of the excerpts noted by Ullman include this line, however. * See above, vi. 350 and n. ° 3 Contrary to the feudal ethic, strictly understood, the vassal here takes a stand against his lord. This speech is interesting in that it is put in oratio recta, at least to

begin with, rather than the Charleville Poet’s preferred oratio obliqua.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Nusquam tuta fides post hac, nil gentibus equum, Hoc si contingat fieri dampnabile iussum. Pacis in hoc equidem se processisse ministrum, Nequitie nunquam consortem se fore uiuum.

455

Si sic complaceat quo* Franci decapitentur, Ceruix ante sua gladio grassante secetur, Sed perpendendum, quocumque hec fama uolaret, Incurabiliter se infamia tanta notaret. Esse quidem dampnum probitatis militieque Si paucos istos contingeret oppetit*se. Sed tamen amissis inter tot milia paucts, Non multum Gallos sensuros debilitatis, Sed tamen inmenso dolituros esse dolore,

fo. 101"

Atque in uindictam maiore calere furore. Non iam gentilem legatio sumpta iuuaret, Dum res facti huius exempla sequenda probaret. Quin potius tales magno cumularat honore, Ditatosque opibus permitteret in sua abire.

465

Talibus inflexus rationibus ille tyrannus Consilium mutat, sequitur que dictat amicus. Sic post immensum, miles generose,' timorem In tua terga redis, claro duce fretus eodem, Ac per lordanem redeuntes Hierusalemque Accipitis palmas,’ petitis loca sancta domosque:

470

475

Omnia lustratis, pascentes lumina uisu,

Discitis ignota, referentes digna relatu; Et bonus ille comes non uobis defuit, usque Dum uos securos soctis dedit incolumesque. Sic igitur celeri repetentes castra recursu Letantes comites proprio fecere regressu. Sed quia iam textus capiende texitur urbis, Hoc melius referet libri textura sequentis.3 Explicit liber sextus. Incipit septimus ® quo Cod., Sirmond; quo(d) (sic) sugg. Riant

480

BOOK VI

159

faith would not be safe anywhere after this, there would be no justice among the nations, ifit happened that this damnable order ofhis were carried out. He said that, for himself, he had set out on this mission as a minister ofpeace, [455] and while he lived he would never be a party to wickedness. Ifit was his wish that the Franks should be beheaded, his own neck ought to be cut through first with the raging sword, but he ought to consider that, wherever news of this spread, a terrible reputation would mark him out without redress. [460] It would in truth be a loss to honour, and to chivalry, ifit happened that those few should meet their end, but on the other hand the Gauls would not feel much weakened by the loss ofa few among so many thousand; they would rather be saddened with intense grief, [465] and would burn with greater fury for revenge. It would not have helped the heathen to have received the legation, since the perpetration of this crime would show them what action to take in future. Why did he not rather heap such men with honour, enrich them with wealth, and let them go back to their own?

[470] That tyrant was swayed by this way ofthinking, and changed his plan, following the advice ofhis friend. Thus, noble knight,' you retraced your steps after terrible fear, trusting in that same distinguished leader, and returning through Jordan and Jerusalem you [475] received the victor’s palm? and sought out the holy places and dwellings: you saw it all, feasting your eyes on the sight, learning things you did not know, reporting back things worthy to be told; and that good companion did not leave you until he gave you safe and sound to your allies. [480] And so they made their way back to the camp at a swift pace, and made their comrades rejoice at their own return. But because the text now concerns itself with the taking ofthe city, the contents ofthe book

which follows will better relate this.* The sixth book ends. The seventh begins. ' This is an unusual instance of apostrophe, in that the poet uses his own persona to address his heroes, after the classical manner, rather than his audience. Note also the

switch from the collective singular to the plural. ? See above, vi. 364 and n., on the significance of the palm-branch. 3 After the failure of the embassy, al-Afdal’s forces marched north and captured Jerusalem in Aug. 1098. The poet picks up the threads of Gilo’s work, preparing the reader for the next part of the story whose narrative he has broken in order to insert these episodes.

LIBER

VII

(GILONIS

LIBER

III)

Nunc age, uirtutem solitam, rex Christe, reuela, Quam neque uis hominum tibi dant nec? plurima tela.

Nunc age, Christe, tuis da sepe datum Machabeis’ Diuinum munus, tot milia uincat ut unus,

Milia famose gentis, ciues populose Vrbis. Christe, faue, uim? turbe° comprime praue.’

Ergo Dei pietas, per pondera tanta malorum? Inspiciens animos non defecisse suorum,

Inspirat cuidam Turco,’ miserata laborum,é Vt nostris urbem tradat° murumque decorum Turribus et capiat pro munere culmen honorum.° Ista diu secum uir uersans iudicat equum Vt prius hec pandat Boimundo.° Nec mora, mandat Illi quanta paret. Sed, ne quicquam dubitaret, Precipit ut capiat missum’ dum res ea fiat, Neue parando moram producant. Tempus et‘ horam Hic designauit. Sed in hoc dux participauit Consilio procerum; comitum pars maxima uerum Missum ferre putat, dubitans pars altera nutat.* Dicta nocte tamen Boimundus colligit agmen Pulcrius armatum, belli sudore probatum. * neque BC erendo suorum DG

>uiB

4 miserendo laborum A; misfad D

' Both Fulcher of Chartres, p. 116, and Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 53, compare the deeds of the crusaders with the wars of the Israelites and Maccabees. See also Y. Katzir, ‘The

conquests of Jerusalem, 1099 and 1187: historical memory and religious typology’, in The MeetingofTwo Worlds: Cultural Exchange between Eastand West during the Period of the Crusades, ed. V. P. Goss and C. V. Bornsteinn (Kalamazoo, 1986), pp. 103, 106-7;J.Dunbabin, ‘The Maccabees as exemplars in the tenth and eleventh centuries’, in The Bible in the Medieval World: Essays in Memory of Beryl Smalley, ed. K. Walsh and D. Wood (SCH, Subsidia iv; Oxford, 1985), pp. 31-41. ? Christ is invoked in the same manner as a pagan classical poet would have invoked the Muses. See also above, iv. 4-6. 3 See above, v. 148-9 and n. * Other sources name this man Firuz, and give conflicting descriptions of his race and position. Gesta Francorum, p. 44, describes him as an emir of Turkish descent; Anna Comnena, ji. 19, says that he was an Armenian; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 64, calls him a “Turca-

BOOK

VII

(GILO

BOOK

III)

Come, Christ the King, reveal now the accustomed prowess which neither the strength of men nor many weapons give to you. Come, O Christ, grant now that divine gift often granted to your Maccabaeans,' that one man may trounce thousands upon thousands, [5] the thousands of the infamous race, the citizens of the populous city. Christ, have mercy, and check the violence of the foul host.’ And so the goodness of God, seeing that the hearts of his people had not grown weak through their terrible burdens of suffering,’ took pity on their toil and prompted a certain Turk‘ [10] to hand over the city and its wall adorned with towers to our side, and to receive the utmost honour for his service.” The fellow mulled his intentions over in his mind for some time, and thought it fitting to reveal them to Bohemond first.® Without delay he sent word to him about the great enterprise he was planning. But so that he should have no doubts at all, [15] he instructed him to keep his messenger’ until the deed was done, lest they should cause delay by their preparations. The man himself decided the time and place. But in this matter, the duke took counsel with the leaders; the majority of the

nobles thought that the messenger was telling the truth, the rest wavered in doubt.® [20] Even so, on the appointed night Bohemond drew up his splendidly armed forces, tested in the sweat of battle. tus’ or renegade Christian, and Ralph of Caen, pp. 651-2, states that he belonged to a family of armour-makers. 5 Firuz was in charge of three towers on the walls of Antioch, near the gate of St George and opposite the towers entrusted to Tancred. See above, v. 407 and n. ° Robert of Rheims, pp. 796-7, sets the first encounter between Bohemond and the Turks at the time oftruce. See above, v. 418. The Gesta Francorum, p. 44, implies however

that Firiz had known Bohemond for some time, and the Chanson d’Antioche, ll. 5501-15, begins the story with the capture of Firuz’s son, and his father’s gratitude for the good treatment that he received from the Christians. 7 Firuz sent his son to Bohemond as a pledge ofgood faith. See Gesta Francorum, p. 45. 8 According to the Gesta Francorum, pp. 44-6, the other leaders were initially reluctant to accede to Bohemond’s proposal that, if successful, he should rule Antioch. They changed their minds when reports reached them of the advancing Turkish army, which had abandoned the fruitless siege of Edessa. See above, vi. 67 and note. The treachery of

Firiz was not disclosed to the other leaders until the last moment.

162

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Dux animo flagrat, diuortia nota peragrat. Quisque pari? uoto suspirat pectore toto. Per tenebras dux carpit iter galeaque nitenti Deposita silet, et graditur sub nocte silenti. Est uia militibus timidis, iuga deuia, ualles,

Queque per occultos® lucebat* semita calles.” Ne male res caderet ductor licet ipse timeret, Quod* tamen angebat mentem/ frons leta tegebat, Dat spem tardanti, tristemque serenat ouanti Vultu,’ uirtutem stimulat, populoque salutem Hactenus?’ optatam nunc innuit esse paratam.

Vtque locum uotis‘ multoque labore’ petitum Prospiciunt, hostemque uident uigilare peritum,* Stant procul et! latebris tuti” noctisque tenebris Collucere” faces spectant arcusque® minaces, Et discurrentes per propugnacula Turcos, Purpureos cristis, gladios uersare choruscos, Qui loca mutantes commissa, uices uariantes, Excubias noctis succedenter faciebant,?

Vocibus assuetis terrores? incutiebant Militibus clamando ‘quis’ es?’, nec adesse sciebant. Nec mora, dat dux magnanimus dignas duce uoces, Instimulando uiros uerbis’ animosque feroces:’ ‘Pluribus optatum uotis, satis inuigilatum, Tempus adest, proceres, Domini pietate paratum. Tempus in hoc protracta‘ fuit uictoria sera, Perque nouem menses Domini uindicta seuera” Nos castigauit. Sed sunt prope gaudia uera. Ergo, uiri fortes, forti persistite mente, Vosque, citi iuuenes, muros’ superate repente. Vincite, sed celeres’—pudeat uos uincere lente. Ille locus’ (monstratque locum) ‘prius aggrediatur;** * patri D © quo A

> obscuros ADG ‘mens et DG

‘ locum spectant uotis BC; locum noctis D

4 polles D m. pr. “Sjamen satis aBG

/ BC omit labore, then add it in the

margin periclum D m. pr. corr. to peritlum m. allt. ™ tecti ADG " pollucere F ° acusque D m. pr. 4 terroribus F; clamores D " quid B * hortans BC " serena Fm. pr. * murum B “ sceleres D m.pr. line

' et om. A m. pr. P et faciebant A ‘ prostrata DF * Fm. pr. omits this

' Probably a reference to a ruse suggested by Firuz. The crusaders marched east, as

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163

His courage aflame, he made his way along the well-known tracks. Each of his men sighed the same prayer with all his heart. The duke made his way through the darkness, his burnished helm [25] laid aside, and made no noise as he proceeded through the noiseless night. There was a path there for the fearful soldiers, and trackless heights and vales, and a track which gleamed amidst the hidden ways.' Even their leader was afraid that things would turn out badly, but his face was cheerful, hiding that which grieved his mind, [30] and he gave hope to the hesitant and soothed the sad with his joyful expression. He urged them to be courageous, and signalled to the people that the salvation they had hoped for thus far was now ready. As they looked over to the place they had prayed and laboured much to reach, and saw their experienced enemy on watch, [35] they halted at a distance, safe in the shadows and darkness of the night, and gazed at the blazing torches, the threatening bows, the Turks running to and fro along the battlements with their purple crests and twirling their glittering swords; exchanging the places entrusted to them and taking their turns one after another, [40] they carried out the watches of the night, causing terror to the soldiers with their usual cries of ‘Who goes there?’, though they did not know men were at hand. Without delay, the stout-hearted duke spoke as was worthy of a duke, stirring the fierce hearts of his men with these words: [45] ‘Noble men, the time for which you have waited with many a prayer, and watched for long enough, has now arrived, made ready by the goodness of the Lord. Victory, late in coming, has been delayed until this time, and for nine months the harsh rod of the Lord has chastised us.’ But true joys are close at hand. [50] So, brave men, stick to your firm resolve, and you, swift youths, climb up the walls at once. Be victorious— but quickly!—you should be ashamed to be slow in conquering. That place’ (he pointed the place out) ‘is to be attacked’ first; if to plunder the Muslim camp, and then under cover of darkness turned back towards the towers controlled by Firtz. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 45-6, and above, vii. 12. ? Gilo alone gives Bohemond such a lengthy speech. The latter’s words of en-

couragement are much shorter, for example, in the Gesta Francorum, p. 46. Here, his words are cast in a frame reminiscent of the pre-battle speeches in Lucan. 3 The crusaders had arrived outside Antioch in late Oct. 1097; they captured the city

on 3 june 1098. 4 Note that aggrediatur here must be passive in meaning. Priscian, Gramm. viii. 14, notes that many writers (Jerome and Augustine among them) use the verb in this nonclassical sense.

164

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vos ibi palma sedens? uocat et prius inde petatur.° Dona manent omnes, sed non mea dona uocabo*

Quod sibi? quisque dabit: uictori nulla negabo. Sed moror. Ite, uiri! Cum paucis hic ego stabo. Accelerate, boni proceres! Ego tardius ibo: Si sit opus, pedes® ipse prior certamen inibo.’ Finierat dubiusque silet dux, atque uagantur Per totam mentem quecunque futura putantur.

Accelerant iuuenes, Fulcherius! imminet ante;

Per tenebras” legit ille* uias gressu titubante. Illis temporibus radios ducente cometa* Premonstrabatur regni mutatio leta; Astra polusque’ nouo sunt obfuscata rubore, Cordaque sunt hominum nimio percussa’ timore. Noctis erat medium cum miles ad illa paratus

Constitit ad turrem/’ quam traditor ille beatus Seruabat, stupuitque nimis*‘ de turre uocatus.

‘Eia’, clamabat Turcus, ‘conscendite muros. Summa petat uirtus,’ premat hostes iam ruituros;

Scalarumque modo funes huc ferte plicatos.” Mouit eos tandem latitantes, sepe rogatos; Denique calcata formidine, ui reuocata,™ Vepribus extracti u1x uincentesque coacti Sese confortant, scalas ad menia portant;

Dantque retro gressus iterum, turpesque recessus Frutectis mersi repetunt,” ad tuta reuersi;

Et, licet® instaret Turcus, lux appropiaret, Nil tamen audebant, sed corda gelata stupebant. Increpat? e muris uir uocibus agmina duris.

Iamque recedebat? nox et Matuta’ ° rubebat * sedes D after |. 59

® ipse D k minus C

> putatur D m. pr. © Dm. pr. puts this line after l.51; m. alt. puts it 4 si D m. pr. © opus pedester pedes D f latebras BC

» polaque D m. pr. ! uirta Gm. pr.

° licen D m. pr.

? perculsa ADG ™ renouata BC

P hicrepat A

/ turrim A; turres DG ” referunt AD; redeunt

1 recedebant F m. pr.

‘ Matura F. with the gloss Aurora above; matutina BCDG

' Raymond of Aguilers, p. 64, names Fulcher as the brother of Bartholomew Boel of Chartres (see below, vii. 98), and the first to enter Antioch. He is also mentioned by

Orderic Vitalis (v. go, n. 3), who probably had some direct information about him and his family, since they were connected with his own monastery ofSaint-Evroul. Fulcher had been a member of Peter the Hermit’s expedition, and was listed by Albert of Aachen as one ofthe casualties at Civetot. In fact he joined Bohemond’s forces and was ultimately

BOOK

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165

the victor’s prize sits there calling you, and must first be sought from there. [55] Gifts await you all, but I shall not call gifts of mine what each man may give himself: I shall deny him nothing who conquers. But I am wasting time. Be gone, men! I shall stand here with a few soldiers. Make haste, good nobles! I shall proceed more slowly; if need be, I shall enter the fray before you on foot myself.’ [60] the duke finished, and fell silent in doubt; every outcome that he could

think of passed through his mind. The young men sped on their way, with Fulcher! pressing on ahead; with faltering steps he picked his way through the darkness.’ About this time, a joyful change of rule was foretold by the rays of a comet;? [66] the stars of heaven were dimmed by the strange brightness, and the hearts of men were struck with terrible fear. It was the middle of the night when the soldier, prepared for this action, stood before the tower which that blessed traitor had in his charge, [70] and he was utterly astounded at being hailed from the tower. ‘Hey’, the Turk was shouting, ‘climb the walls. Let your courage seek the heights and strike down the enemy destined to fall; bring your rope-ladders here.”* At length, having asked them many times, he moved them from their lurking; [75] at last they trod down their terror and renewed their strength; reluctantly emerging from the bushes, compelled to be conquerers, they encouraged one another and carried their ladders to the fortifications, then withdrew again, and made once more for their

shameful refuge, skulking in the bushes, turning back to safety; [80] and although the Turk was insistent, and dawn was approaching, they dared not do anything, but their hearts were chilled and numb. From the walls the man rebuked the soldiers with harsh words. Already night was fleeing and dawn’ was blushing red rewarded with a fief in the county of Edessa by Baldwin of Boulogne. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 277-8, 281, 283, 286, 288, 357, 682; Riley-Smith, “The motives’, pp. 730, 736. There was at least one other person called Fulcher who took part in the First Crusade, namely the historian and chaplain of Baldwin of Boulogne; see Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 1-19. ? Fulcher and a few other knights scaled a ladder on to the city walls and took the

Tower of the Two Sisters held by Firuz. 3 The comet is also mentioned by Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 54; Gesta Francorum, p. 62; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 224. Such phenomena were interpreted as portents of aChristian victory and placed the crusade in a supernatural context. See Riley-Smith, /dea of Crusading, pp. 33-4; 92. 4 The author of the Gesta Francorum, p. 46, makes Firuz call out that there were too few Franks, and appeal for Bohemond. > Matuta here is the goddess of dawn. See for example Lucretius, De rerum natura, v. 656 (which Gilo is unlikely to have known), Priscian, Inst. gramm. ii. 53, and also Siguinus, Ars lectoria, p. 26.

166

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Cum? stans in medio reliquorum iunior unus Sic ait: ‘oblatum, iuuenes, ne spernite? munus. Surgite! Primus ero.’ Parent, Fulcherius ille Natus Carnoti! proceres precedere‘ mille Non? timet inuicte properans ad menia uille. Non hunc tardat honus clipei sed ad‘ ardua pronus Euolat arma gerens’ scaleque uiriliter herens. Illum Veneticus’ sequitur. Stupet hostis iniquus Vt stetit in muris Fulcherius: ense*? necantur Fulmineo uigiles et ad infima precipitantur. Exultat uictor laniataque proterit ora. Corpora? trunca cadunt, lacerantur membra decora. Aspirat! fortuna uiro, plebemque solutam Turbat,’ que requiem trahit inter pocula tutam. Euellit postes turresque subintrat et hostes

—_95

Opprimit incautos, prospectus‘ occupat altos,! Tresque capit turres’ propria uirtute Boellus (Hunc natiua” uocat tali cognomine tellus).* Germanos hic forte tuos, bone traditor urbis,

100

Sternit, quos nollet morientibus addere turbis,”

Et fratres geminos? impellit ab arce? supinos.®

Iamque uiri fortes pendebant undique scalis Nec dubitat quisquam niti per membra sodalis, Ascensu superant muros, fastigia dextris Prensant, obiciunt clipeos ad tela sinistris. Instaurant animos Turci, detrudere primos Frustra luctantur trepidaque manu iaculantur.

105

110

Mths e > perdite D © procedere D 4 num A acetal ‘herens D m. pr. ® esse A h corporea truncata D ' spirat F / turbant A m. pr. * prospectos D ' hostes D m. pr. ™ natura A m. pr. " Dm. pr. adds impellit ab urbe supinos, from |. 104, at the end of this line ° suos geminos D m. pr. P urbe DG 1 Dm. pr. adds morientibus addere turbis, from I. 103, at the end of this line. BC place this line after |. ror

' See above, vii. 62 and n.

* This Venetian is not mentioned in any other crusading narrative. Gesta Francorum, p. 46 and Orderic Vitalis, v. go, n. 3, however, say that a south Italian Lombard named Pain led the ascent of the tower, and called out to Bohemond to follow.

3 This is probably a reference to Fulcher of Chartres’s brother Bartholomew Boel (above, vii. 63n.), who was a member of Bohemond’s contingent. See Raymond,of Aguilers, p. 64; Orderic Vitalis, v. go n. 3; Gesta Francorum, p. 81; Riley-Smith, Idea of

“

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167

when one of the younger men, standing in the midst of the rest, [85] spoke these words: ‘Young men, do not spurn the gift we are offered. Come on! I shall go first.’ They obeyed, and noble Fulcher, born in Chartres,’ did not fear to go in advance of the thousand knights and hurry to the walls of the unvanquished city. The burden of his shield did not slow him down, [go] but he flew swiftly to the top, brandishing his weapons and clinging to the ladder in manly fashion. A Venetian’ followed him. The wicked enemy was astounded when Fulcher stood on the walls; the sentries were slain by the lightning swiftness of his sword, and were cast down to the depths below. The conqueror rejoiced to trample on the mangled faces. [95] Bodies fell, dismembered, and handsome limbs were torn asunder. Fortune breathed on the man, and threw into confusion the heedless crowd idling away its safety and rest over the drinking-cups. Tearing open the doors, penetrating the towers and overwhelming the unwary enemy, Boel (his native land calls him by such a name)’ took possession of the lofty

lookout-posts [100] and captured three towers’ by his own courage. By chance he cut down here your brothers, good betrayer of the city, though he would not have wanted to add them to the host of the dying, and he drove those twin brothers headlong from the citadel. [105] And now brave men were hanging everywhere from ladders, and none hesitated to heave himself up over the limbs of his comrade; they reached the top of the walls in their climb, gripping the summit with their right hands and with their left setting their shields against the enemy’s weapons. The Turks renewed their efforts and [110] struggled in vain to dislodge the front rank, throwing weapons with trembling hands. The Crusading, p. 77. He was the same Bartholomew Boel as the man from Chartres who was grandson of Gerard, canon of Chartres. See Orderic Vitalis, v. 36 n. 1. There is a faint reminiscence of Vergil, Aen. ii. 480-1, in the phrase euellit postes. * The three towers held by Firuz. See above, vii. 12 and note. 5 According to the Gesta Francorum, p. 47, Firaz had one brother who was killed during the ascent of the tower. There are, however, several other stories about his

ultimate fate. William of Tyre, i. 299, maintains that Firuz himself killed his brother; the Chanson d’Antioche, \\. 6216-29, makes Robert of Flanders responsible. According to Robert of Rheims, pp. 800, 805, Firuz had two brothers who were killed by Fulcher of Chartres. By using the imperfect subjunctive, Gilo seems to imply that the killing of Firuz’s brother was a case of mistaken identity: Fulcher would have spared him had he been able to distinguish him from other Turks.

168

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Fratrum fata dolens Turcus! sed? de nece nolens? Sumere uindictam pacemque resoluere fictam Frena‘ dat huic ire, properat portas aperire,’ Educensque? graues gemitus de pectore, claues Porte porrexit Boimundo, duxque reflexit® Supplex ante uirum corpus uultumque seuerum. Diffugiunt miseri ciues ubi morte teneri

115

Cuncta uident. Telis sternuntur menia tota,

Et sunt de muris Parthi‘ rubra signa remota, Albaque pro rubeis illic uexilla locantur.* 120 Ad commune bonum sic agmina fida uocantur, Clangoremque tube tulit ad tentoria uentus; Impediuntur® equi frenis, fremit arma iuuentus. Nec mora, prosiliunt de castris agmina densa, Deseruere duces campis tentoria tensa.” 125 Dum sine lege ruunt ex urbe uiros fugientes Excipiunt terreque premunt hos sponte cadentes: Sponte cadunt quibus exciderant cum corpore mentes.' Agmina per portas mox irrupere patentes, Et pressere/ uiri primorum terga sequentes.* 130 Protinus inuadunt urbem, dant uulnera multa,

Passim turba perit somno uinoque sepulta.° Signa canunt,* matresque gemunt, est luctus ubique, Perque uias omnes gentis cruor errat! inique. Ore uomit cerebrum capitis compage soluta™ Infans et fedant nutricem’ sordida sputa.” Ad matres tendunt captiue lumina nate— Lumina, namque manus rigido? sunt? fune ligate; Flent herentque senes templis auro spoliatis Duraque? percutiunt loca frontibus inueteratis.* ese *dux

aG, quoque

’ dolens flexit

D m. pr. ‘ Parthi

§ impeiliuntur (sic) D » densa F cadunt quibus et cum corpore mentes LOT ie "erat F;) error D ° rigide D m. pr. P sunt rigido F

° freno Groco*ck;

D parti

135

140

4 producensque AF;

partim

BCDG

' For this line, G reads hos non sponte ’ expressere D m.pr. * cadunt BC, ™ saluta A " oscula muta A 7 luraque F

' Again Firuz. > Gesta Francorum, p. 47, describes how a small party, including its author, gained access to the city through a gate hidden by the darkness. The narrative here and in Robert of Rheims, p. 805, focuses on the gates opened by Firiz, the Gates ofStGeorge

“a

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Turk! grieved over the fate of his brothers, but not wanting to take revenge for their deaths or to undo the peace he had made, curbed this wrath and made haste to open the gates,’ and uttering groans from deep in his breast, [115] he held out to Bohemond the keys of the gate, and the duke bowed as a suppliant before the man, lowering his stern gaze. The wretched citizens fled when they saw that all was held in the grip of death. All the fortifications were battered down by weapons, the red Parthian standards were taken down from the walls, [120] and white banners were raised in the place of the red ones.’ Thus were the faithful columns summoned to the general triumph, and the wind carried the blare of the trumpet to the tents; the horses were bridled, and the youths clamoured for

arms. Without delay the close-packed columns leapt from the camp, [125] and the leaders abandoned the tents pitched in the plain. They caught up the men fleeing from the city, rushing on in disorder, and crushed them to the ground as they fell down without a touch: for men whose spirit has failed them as well as their body fall down of themselves. The columns quickly burst in through the gaping gates, [130] and men following pressed on behind the first to enter.* Straight away they invaded the city, inflicting many wounds, and everywhere the host buried in a drunken slumber’ met its death. Trumpets gave the signal, women wailed, there was grief everywhere, and the blood of the wicked race flowed in every street. [135] The infant with its head severed® puked its brains from its mouth, and the foul spittle made filthy its nurse.’ Captured daughters cast longing looks to their mothers— looks only, for their hands were tied firmly with rope; old men wept and clung to the temples despoiled of gold, [40] and struck the hard ground with their aged foreheads.*

and the Bridge. Robert’s wording is similar to Gilo here: ‘cum graues gemitus ab imo pectore traheret longaque suspiria’.

3 Gesta Francorum, p. 47. According to Fulcher of Chartres, p. 234, Bohemond himself had a red banner. + For other accounts ofthe crusaders’ entry into the city, see Albert of Aachen, p. 405; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 65; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 233-5. > Cf. Vergil, Aen. iii. 630, ix. 316. ° Cf. Lucan, Bellum ciuile, i. 72. 7 See below, ix. 329-30 and n., for a similar account ofthe massacre ofthe inhabitants of Jerusalem. The imagery in Il. 137-18 is very close to that in Vergil, Aen. ii. 405-6. 8 The description in this line is curiously suggestive of the characteristic Muslim attitude at prayer; perhaps this action was misunderstood by an uncomprehending observer.

170

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Emicat ante uolans Godefridus,' inertia spernit Corpora, quosque uidet torquentes spicula sternit.* Loricas clipeosque simul secat ense nitenti, Territat instantes hoc,” obicit hoc fugienti; A nece uix gladium dux ipse potest inhibere, Quosque mori nollet gladio multi periere, Vulnere nam si quem modico*’ perstringere? captat, Hunc rapido mucrone manus licet inscia mactat, Dum quecunque suis suadet uictoria leta Gens leuis exequitur licitis miscens inhonesta. Celauit pannis regem rex obsitus annis, Victorumque manus sic euasit Casianus.’

Non tamen est fatis ereptus, sed bene notus Armenio® cuidam fugiens et ab urbe remotus Perdidit annosis cinctum caput undique uillis

145

150

155

Atque reportatur ceruix’ suspensa capillis. Per uicos urbis caput applaudendo’ sec*ntur

Armenii,” Turcique suo pro rege queruntur.? Vrbi contiguus mons est montisque cacumen Non leuiter ualet humanum comprendere’ lumen.’ Stat super hoc’ castrum, de quo patet Antiochena Pulchra nimis regio, cum lux solet esse serena. Illuc euadunt Perse, nostrosque sagittis Inde premunt, nec tota uenit uictoria mitis.° Cum legione sua Boimundus suscipit ictus

_160

165

Illorum, petit hostis eum* per menia uictus. Cumque super murum turrem! dux fortis haberet Que munita parum castro uicinius heret, Incumbebat ei seuissima turba resumptis Viribus, amentant Arabes de culmine montis, Ast alii conantur eum” depellere contis, Perque globos densant cuneos et culmina prensant.

170

* strenit A m. pr. > huic G © quam paruo AG; quem gladio glossed paruo D 4 prestringere G © Armeno F; Ermenio BC * coniunx BC ® applaudando B; ad plaudendum D » Armeni F; Ermenii BCD;

Emenii A

‘ comprehendere F

rim ADG

™ cum A

/ hune F

k 2cum G

' tur-

" Only Gilo gives such prominence to Godfrey of Bouillon in his account of these events. ? The escape of Casianus (Yaghi Siyan), the governor ofAntioch, and his murder at

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Godfrey shone forth,' flying in front, and he paid no heed to the lifeless bodies, but laid low those he saw throwing spears. With his glittering sword he cut through breastplates and shields in one blow; with it he terrified those pressing on him, and thrust it in front of those who fled. [145] The duke himself could scarcely keep his sword from the slaughter, and many whom he would not have wanted to perish died by his blade: for if he tried to touch any man with just a slight wound, his hand, though unaware of it, slew him

with a rapid sword-thrust; whatsoever deeds his joyful victory encouraged his men to perform, [150] the unquestioning mob carried out, mingling unlawful deeds with lawful ones. The king, laden with years, hid his royal self in rags, and thus did Casianus escape the victors’ clutches.’ He was not snatched from the fates, however, but, being well known to a certain Armenian to whom he fled far from the city, [155] he was beheaded, and his head, covered all over with aged locks, was brought back suspended by the hair. Throughout the streets of the city Armenians followed the head, shouting their approval, while the Turks wailed for their king.* Adjoining the city is a mountain whose summit [160] the eyesight of men cannot easily make out.’ On top of this is a fort, below which the beautiful region of Antioch lies wide open, when the light is clear, as it often is. The Persians escaped to this place, and from there they harried our men with arrows, and complete victory did not come smoothly.® [165] Bohemond and his force received their blows, as the defeated enemy sought him out through the city, and since the brave duke had possession of a tower on top of the wall which was very lightly fortified and clung very close to the fort, the ferocious host fell on him with renewed vigour, [170] and the Arabs hurled weapons down from the mountain-top, but others strove to drive him off with pikes. They massed their formations in close ranks and laid hold of the heights. the hands of Armenians, is also described by Gesta Francorum, pp. 47-8; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 66; Robert of Rheims, p. 806; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 235.

3 Gesta Francorum, p. 48, says that Yaghi Siyan’s head was brought to Bohemond by his captors as the price oftheir freedom, and that his belt and scabbard were worth 60 bezants. * Mount Silpius, upon which stood the citadel. For other descriptions of Antioch, see Robert of Rheims, pp. 806-7; Gesta Francorum, pp. 76-7. > Yaghi Siyan’s son, Shams ad-Daulah, had taken control ofthe citadel and appealed from there for aid from Kerbogha. See Gesta Francorum, p. 50, and above, v. 382 and n.

The Turkish relief force encamped before the city walls on 7 June, four days after the crusaders had entered the city.

172

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Prelia committunt, uix primi spicula mittunt Assimilanda? niui, calcantque cadauera uiui. Dux equitesque ducis consistunt, et morientes Turribus euoluunt, ciuesque necant subeuntes, Nunc instant? sude, nunc saxo, per tela ruentes Hos fugiunt, hos deiiciunt. Dux summa tenentes Amputat ense manus clipeoque sonante furentes Sustinet, hortatur proceres, telis honeratur.!

175

180

Dum certant acies, iaculum femori ducis hesit

Atque uirile femur grauiter uulnus leue lesit.’ Dux igitur reprimens fugientis sanguinis undam Deseruit* primam turrem? petiitque secundam. Vtque® sui uidere ducis procumbere mentem, Apulus et Calaber? fugiunt uictam modo gentem.

185

Sed tamen amissa uir solus in arce remansit,

Cuius honesta satis Boimundus funera planxit.'* Hostibus hic® mediis ubi se uidet esse relictum Exagitans clipeum circum sua timpora*® pictum Territat” instantes turbas sub turre uagantes. Obruit! elapsis de summo culmine saxis, Mille manus lassat manus una,’ uiros sude quassat,

190

Frustaque* cementi decrustans ungue trementi® Stantibus infligit, ferro caua timpora figit. Hunc’ sub pace uocant ciues, succurrit at isti™ Quam pulchrum sit marte mori pro nomine Christi. Iamque superficiem clipei densauerat hostis Missilibus, iacet orbis iners,’ pondus graue costis. Protinus haud timide sese super agmina iecit,

195

200

* assimulandaD > instat G © desereit Fm. pr. 4 turrim ABCDG © atque A f plansit D Saisie » territant F ‘ obtulit B / unaque G * efrustaque D m. pr. "tune F = ali D

' Gilo here exaggerates Bohemond’s personal role in the ascent and capture of the tower. See Robert of Rheims, p. 80s. * Robert of Rheims, p. 807, is the only other source to mention the wounding of Bohemond. Wounds in the thigh were often associated with impotence in medieval literature, accounting for the epithet wirile: cf. Marie de France’s Lai ‘Guigemar’, |. gg. * Bohemond’s companions from southern Italy are also mentioned by the Gesta Francorum, p. 78. See in addition G, A. Loud, ‘Norman Italy and the Holy Land’, in The

Horns ofHattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), pp. 49-62, at 49-50. The phrase Apulus et Calaber is also found in Guy of Amiens, Carmen de Hastingae proelio, |. 259.

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They had scarcely joined battle before the front rank sent spears falling like snow, and the living trampled on the dead. [175] The duke and the duke’s knights held firm; they rolled the dying out of the towers, killing the approaching citizens, and attacked now with pikes, now with stones, putting some to flight as they rushed forward through the falling spears, and casting others to the ground. With his sword the duke cut off the hands of those clinging to the top of the wall, and held off the raging foe with his resounding shield, [180] encouraging his peers, and was weighed down

with missiles.’ While the two sides fought on, a spear stuck in the duke’s thigh; the wound was slight, but still gave his manly thigh much pain.’ For this reason he abandoned the first tower, pressing back the wave of flowing blood, and made for the second tower. [185] As his men saw their leader’s spirits fall, Apulians and Calabrians° fled from the people they had just vanquished. But there was one man who stayed on alone in the now-lost citadel, and Bohemond greatly bewailed his noble death.4 When this man saw that he was abandoned in the midst of the enemy, [190] he swung his painted shield wildly about his head* and filled with fear the attacking crowds scurrying below the tower, overwhelming them with rocks dislodged from the topmost height; his one hand wearied a thousand hands; he battered men with his pikestaff, and flaking off chunks of masonry with his trembling fingernails® he hurled them [195] at those who stood against him, and pierced their temples with iron. The citizens called out to him in the name of peace, but he bethought him how lovely it is to die in battle for the name of Christ, and already the enemy had made the face of his shield thick with missiles; the round shield lay there useless,’ a heavy weight at his side. [200] Straight away he threw himself without any fear upon the enemy columns, * On 5 June, Kerbogha’s army attacked one of the towers on the Iron Bridge garrisoned by the crusaders. All the defenders were killed, with one exception; he was later found by the crusaders bound in iron chains. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 50-1. This appears to be the incident described here. > The spelling timpora is attested in Latham, Revised Medieval Latin Word-List, and is widely distributed—though not with any consistency—throughout all six MSS; they use it only in the sense ‘temples ofthe head’, not ‘times’. ® Robert of Rheims, p. 807, has a similar description. 7 In fact the crusaders generally used kite-shaped shields. See above, v. 189 and n.

174

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Tormentumque nouum proprio? de corpore fecit, Et fractus fregit multos. Hec Apulus egit. Sed quis id expediet uerbis? Que lingua notare Funera tot poterit,° tot captiuos numerare?

Ne‘ turbare quidem queat amplificatio! uerum;¢

205

Sufficiat mihi summa sequi uestigia® rerum. Vrbs antiqua, potens, Petri cathedra decorata, Ecclesie sedes post Romam’ iure uocata, Vrbibus innumeris urbs assidue dominata Muris, delubris felix, iocunda, salubris, Ignorantis erat populi demersa tenebris.

Inde’ sed erupit,® noua facta, magisque celebris.”’ Vestes gemmatas auroque domos laqueatas Agmen habet nostrum, peregrinum possidet ostrum, Vrbis et unius expleuit copia gentes,' Pauperibusque’ nichil possunt auferre potentes. Seruus in hac seruos habet urbe, cliensque clientes; Illam luce Iouis> tuus intrat, Christe, satelles, Sed castellanos nequit’ exuperare rebelles. Ergo die tota pugnat, noctique laborem‘ Continuat nullumque! capit sub nocte soporem.” Ast ubi mane datur Venerisque dies reseratur,° Stans eques in muris dum sustentatur” ab hasta Sortitusque locum loca lustrat® lumine uasta, Pulueris obscuram? prospexit in aere? nubem; Tristia mox reliquam uocat ad spectacula pubem. Suspensis animis per propugnacula stabant, Diuersique uiri diuersa uidere putabant. Appropiare quidem Turcos’ pars uaticinatur, Pars Bizantinos fore credit* quos speculatur.’

210

215

220

225

230

* 2porpore Dm.pr. > poterat AD © nec A; non D 4 D, first hand, puts this line after |. 206 ° fastigia G ‘idem A ® eripit B » salubris BC ‘ pauperibus et D / nequid D K labores A ' ullumque A ™ saporem BC ” spectatur A ° uastat D; uisit G P obseruam A

a@aeravn

" tucos D

* cediti A m. pr., corr. to crediti m.

alt.

' Amplificatio is a technical term from medieval poetics, referring to development at length, rather than stress on a particular point: cf. Faral, Arts poétiques, pp. 61-84. Gilo prefers to keep to the main points of his narrative, rather than let amplificatio distort the truth, a stance he also adopts at the start of book ix.

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making a new kind of catapult from his own body, and though shattered himself, he shattered many. It was an Apulian who did this. But who could give fitting expression to that deed? What tongue could tell of so many deaths, or count so many prisoners? [205] Not even expansion! can distort the truth, let it be enough for me to follow the most important steps in the course of events. The ancient, powerful city, beautified by the seat of Peter, rightly called the chief see of the church after Rome,’ a city accustomed to lording it over numerous cities, [210] blessed, joyous, and secure in its walls and shrines, had been plunged in the darkness of an ignorant people. But it escaped from that plight, made new and more glorious.’ Our troops possessed jewelled vestments and houses with ceilings panelled in gold. They possessed its exotic purple-dyed fabrics, [215] and the wealth of one city fully satisfied our peoples*—and the powerful can take nothing from poor men; in this city a slave has slaves, and a client clients. Your company, O Christ, entered it on a Thursday,° but could not overwhelm the rebels in the fort. [220] And so they fought all day, and carried on with their toil by night, taking no rest during the night. But when dawn broke and Friday was revealed,° a knight, standing on the wall and leaning on his spear where he had been allotted a place, was gazing over the wide-open spaces, [225] and saw a shadowy cloud of dust in the air; he swiftly called the rest of the young men to see this sorry sight. They stood on the battlements with bated breath, and different men thought they saw different things, for some predicted that the Turks were approaching, [230] and some believed it was the Byzantines whom they were looking at.’ 2 See above, iv. 428 and n.; Riley-Smith, “The First Crusade and St Peter’, pp. 50-1. St Peter was the first bishop of Antioch. 3 After the capture of Antioch, Adhémar of Le Puy ordered that the churches should be cleansed and the deposed patriarch, John, enthroned. See Albert of Aachen, p. 4333 Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States, p. 7. * Other sources make no reference to booty at this point.

5 3 June 1008. 6 Kerbogha’s army arrived at the Iron Bridge on 5 June. See above, vii. 189 and n. Robert of Rheims, p. 808, is very similar to Gilo: ‘ecce illi qui stabant in turribus et muris eminus contemplantur immensam nubem agitati pulueris’. 7 Alexius Comnenus had set out from Constantinople at the head ofa relieving force, and reached Philomelium in the middle of June 1098. The description ofthe approaching army, seen first from its burnished weaponry glinting in the sunshine, is paralleled by that in the Chanson de Roland, \l. 1031-3. Cf. also below, vii. 503 and n.

176

HISTORIA

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Ardentes clipeos sol lumine percutiebat Paulatimque frequens exercitus adueniebat. Consedere tamen procul, expectando sequentes, Corbana milite princeps reliquique potentes.' Sed quidam Perse iam menia spe capientes Vrbis in aspectu campos petiere? patentes, Diuersisque modis gaudent ibi luxuriare, Turpia non? cessant speculantibus improperare,°

235

Spumantes per gramen equos dimittere certant, Nudatos enses iaciunt iterumque receptant, Exululant, passim uolitant clausisque minantur,‘ Telaque per uacuas auras temere iaculantur. Tutius esse putant nostri loca certa fouere Quam casus incerta sequi bellumque mouere.* Sed cum iam Turci remearent uociferantes, De Barna Villa sequitur Rogerus ouantes‘ Cum tribus armatis,’ quos postquam gens remorata Respexit, facit insidias sub rupe cauata, Dumque lacessentes aliquos nostri sequerentur,® E latebris fures saliunt iuuenesque tenentur” Inclusi, uersique stupent, animisque receptis Vallantes penetrant clipeis ad terga reiectis. Vt fit ubi canibus post cerui crura solutis Hi pedibus predam, portum petit ille salutis, His alas addit spes, fit celer ille timore, Mox uoti compos ceruus canis exit ab ore,

240

245

250

255

Hos’ ita Parthus/ agit preceps; in uerbera pendens, Sic fugit ista cohors ad uite premia tendens. Instigat* socios Rogerus et excipit ictus. Hunc tardare facit probitas et conscia uirtus. Telorum siluam uix sustinet horrida parma,

260

Labentem sustentat equum, tinguit cruor arma. @ paciere D m. pr. > nec ABC © improperares F 4 minatur Gm. pr. © sequi Rogerus ouantes D m. pr. * sequitur bellumque mouere D m. pr. ® sequereneur A » nostrique tenantur A m. pr., corr. to nostrique tenentur m. alt.

‘nos A

/ Partur A m. pr., Fm. pr.; both corr. to Partus m. alt.

* istiga A ' See Robert of Rheims, p. 808; Gesta Francorum, p. 49; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 66. * This episode is also described in Raymond of Aguilers, p. 66, Robert of Rheims, pp. 808-9, and the Chanson d’Antioche, ll. 6676-721, which is very close to Gilo’s account. Roger, who came from Barneville in the Cotentin, had been a baron of Count Roger of

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The sun beat down with its rays on burnished shields as the great army gradually approached. But they halted at a distance, waiting for those following on behind—Kerbogha the leader of the army and the rest of the nobles.' [235] Some of the Persians, already seizing the battlements in hope, made for the plains that stretched out within sight of the city; they rejoiced to relax in various ways there, and did not cease from addressing foul words at our men who looked on at them. They strove to disperse their foaming horses over the grass, [240] threw their unsheathed swords in the air and caught them again, they yelled out loud, flew all round threatening the besieged, and threw spears wildly through the empty air. Our men thought it safer to keep to sure and certain places than to follow the uncertainties of chance and to open hostilities. [245] But when the Turks were already withdrawing, uttering loud cries as they went, Roger of Barneville pursued the exultant foe with three armed men;’ the enemy race lingered, looked back at them, and laid an ambush beneath an overhanging rock. While our men were pursuing some men who were provoking them, [250] the scoundrels leaped from the shadows and the young men were trapped, cut off; they turned round in astonishment, then recovered their senses, and cut their way into those hemming them in, their shields thrown round on to their backs. Just as hounds seek their prey when they are unleashed after the running stag, whereas it seeks a way of escape, [255] and hope adds wings to the hounds, while the stag is made swift by fear, and soon escapes the hound’s jaws, its prayer answered; just so did the Parthians drive these men headlong, ever poised to strike them, just so did that company flee, grasping at the prize of life. Roger goaded on his men and received blows. [260] His noble nature and courage which knew itself true made him delay. His bristling shield scarcely held up the forest of missiles on it; he rallied his flagging horse, and blood stained his weapons. Sicily since at least 1086, and joined Robert of Normandy’s contingent when the crusaders were wintering in Calabria or Sicily. He took part in the siege of Nicaea, and was captured and beheaded by the Turks after leading a sortie from Antioch on 10 June 1098. Tudebodus Imitatus et Continuatus, p. 198, says his horse stumbled in a swamp, Albert of

Aachen, pp. 407-8, that he was hit in the lung by an arrow. He was subsequently buried in St Peter’s church and referred to as a martyr (see above, Prologue, |. 32 and n.). See Gesta Francorum, pp. 15-16; Orderic Vitalis, v. 54 n. 2, 102; E. Jamison, ‘Some notes on

the Anonymi Gesta Francorum with special reference to the Norman contingents from Italy and Sicily in the First Crusade’, in Studies in French Language and Medieval Literature Presented to ProfessorM.K. Pope (Manchester, 1939), pp. 183-208, at 207-8; David, Robert Curthose, p. 227; Riley-Smith, Idea of Crusading, pp. 76, 115.

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Oppressis fortuna nocet. Iam deficiebant Instantes, Rogere, tui iam tuta* tenebant, Cum? te precipitat sonipes male precipitatus, Nec releuaris equi reuoluti mole grauatus. Qui non parcebas hosti fedaris in alto Puluere,° nec uoluit Turcus tibi parcere capto. Estuat in muris confusa pudore iuuentus Dum premitur iaculis uir fortis® ab hoste retentus. Auertunt oculos proceres qui prospiciebant Cum per saxa canes® insignia membra trahebant,

Raptatoque? uiro tandem’ caput amputat ensis. Tumy/ uero resonant clamoribus agmina densis. Parthusé ouat digitisque! premit caput ille cruentum Prefigensque” sudi madefactum sanguine mentum Ora refert ad castra nigro rorantia” tabo. Vrbis ad euentus® nunc ingenium reuocabo.! Vrbi quaque? die Turci? sua castra propinquant, Marte, minis’ clausis suadent® ut adepta relinquant, Et castrum plures ex illis ingrediuntur: Intus et exterius ita nostros aggrediuntur. Non igitur positis telis manus ulla uacabat, Nec galea quisquam pressum caput’ exonerabat. Nocte cubant tecti clipeis in puluere uili, Membraque deficiunt ipso cruciata cubili. Vrbis turbabat loca discursus iaculorum: Turres inde rigent hirsutaque tecta” domorum. Se quoque gentiles in aperta pericula mittunt, Et prope decertant gladiis, arcusque remittunt Hostes, et nostri minimum’ discrimen habebant. Omnes quaque die sub castro” conueniebant.

265

270

—_275

280

285

290

Iamque opibus minimis a pluribus attenuatis Vix aliquid uictus restabat in urbe beatis. * tute Dm. pr. > dum F © uulnere F 4 cum G © fortes D mM. pr. ‘dum A ® canes om. A m. pr. » raptoque A ' subito ADG / tunc ADG * Partus A ' digitis A m. pr., corrected m. alt. (a different hand) ™ profigensque F; prefigitque D; prefiguntque G ” rotantia Fm. pr. ° euentes Dm. pr. P namque F 9 turi F " nimis C * suadent clausis F Scapude! wtelan BE * modicum ADG ’ castra F

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179

Fortune stood against the oppressed. Your attackers were already weakening, Roger, and your men were already reaching safety, [265] when your steed stumbled badly and threw you off, and weighed down by the mass of the fallen horse you did not stand up again. You who did not spare the enemy were made filthy, deep in the dust, and the Turks did not wish to spare you when you were captured. On the walls the young men were in anguish, filled with shame [270] as that brave man in the enemy’s clutches was finished off with spears. The nobles looking on averted their gaze as the dogs dragged his noble limbs over the rocks, and a sword at last cut off the head of the man they had carried away. Then it was that the column rang out with many a cry. [275] The Parthian was overjoyed; he picked up that bloody head with his fingers, and fixing its blood-soaked chin on a spear-point, he carried the head bedewed with black gore back to the camp. I shall now recall my attention to what happened in the city.’ Every day the Turks drew their camp closer to the city, urging the besieged [280] with threats of war to leave what they had gained, and many of them entered the fort: thus they attacked our men from both inside and outside. Therefore no hand was idle, its

weapons laid aside, and no man relieved his weary head of its helmet’s weight. [285] At night they lay down under the shelter of their shields in the foul dust, and their bodies grew weak in agony from this manner of sleeping. Showers of arrows caused havoc all over the city, and the towers and roofs of the houses bristled stiff with them. The heathen exposed themselves to overt danger too, [290] and the enemy fought with their swords at close quarters, laying aside their bows, while our men had but little danger to face. They all gathered each day beneath the fort. By now, with slender provisions eaten up by a large host, hardly any food was left in the city for the blessed company. ' See Gesta Francorum, p. 56; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 67; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 243. On g June a Turkish assault launched from the citadel was driven back, but the following day Kerbogha’s army encircled the city. On 10 June, William of Grandmesnil (who had married Bohemond’s sister Mabilla), his brother Aubrey, and Lambert, count of

Clermont near Liége, escaped from Antioch and made their way to St Simeon. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 56-7; Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 166; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 74. Gilo makes no mention of this and only a brief reference to the earlier departure of Stephen of Blois. See above, i. 213 ff. and nn., and below, vii. 503 and n.

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Ergo fames crudelis adest, crudelior omni

295

Peste.! Viri uigilant, fugiunt ieiunia somni. Deformat macies uultus, nigriora sepultis Ossibus? ossa micant, apparent uiscera multis. Vulgus iners herbas dubias letumque? minantes Vellit et in duro fraguntur® cespite dentes. 300 Frondibus hi gaudent arbusta suis spoliare: Illi more fere radices, prata uorare. Multa quidem comedunt hominum non cognita? mensis. Arida facta manus uix pondera sustinet ensis. O referenda Deo uirtus! Circumdata peste Nostra cohors saturo® ieiuna timetur ab hoste. Res noua, crus asini libris tribus appretiatur, Quisque dedit pretium, non prodigus inde putatur. Ora mouent pueri matresque uocant morientes, Aera pro’ solitis’ epulis aurasque terentes.”

305

310

Cursor equus quem uix nuper carcer retinebat Nunc auido morsu uacuum presepe petebat Et tandem posita feritate, furore remoto,

Labitur infelix’ singultans corpore’ toto. Deuorat hunc etiam prestans uirtute iuuentus,

315

Et cibus iste placet populis, care’ licet emptus.

Dum pereunt, dum qui‘ poterat persistere! fortis Viuit, si uiuit quisquam™ sub imagine mortis,’ Vir quidam data nocte sibi solacia sancta In commune refert—fidei fiducia tanta est!—‘* [lle refert palmam nostris post quinque paratam Esse dies, hilaratque uiros plebemque uocatam. Preterea mentes nostrorum letificauit Lancea que Domini latus innocuum? penetrauit.? Hanc Sancti Andree reserauit uisio certa, Cuiusdamque’ fuit precognitione reperta.?

320

325

* ossebus G m. pr. > loetumque G © luctantur ADG 4 cognit F f aera per pro D m. pr. ® solites F m. pr. » tenentes F ‘ pectore BC / quare F; caro ADG quis: F 'resistere F ™ quisque F " innociumA ° penetriuit D m. pr. P Am. pr.andDm. pr. omit Il. 325-6 © satiro F

' The shortage of food is also noted by Robert of Rheims, pp. 814-15, fames omni hoste crudeltor nostros inuadit,; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 76; Gesta Francorum, pp. 57, 62. 2 Cf. Vergil, Georg. iii. 498. 5 Cf. Ps. 22 (23): 4 for a similar sentiment.

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[295] There was cruel hunger as a result, more cruel than any plague.’ Men stayed awake, and sleep fled from their hunger. Wasting disfigured their faces, and their bones shone darker than the bones of buried men; the insides could be seen on many men. The helpless common folk plucked plants of doubtful nature, threatening death, [300] and their teeth were broken on the hard turf. Some were happy to strip shrubs of their leaves: others ate roots, like wild animals, and consumed the fields. They ate many an item not known to men’s dinner-tables. Their hands dried up and could hardly bear the weight of a sword. [305] What courage, thanks to God! Surrounded by plague our company was starving, yet feared by a well-fed foe. A happening without precedent, the leg of an ass was priced at three pounds, and anyone who paid it was not thought extravagant for doing so. Children moved their lips and, as they died, called to their mothers, [310] gnawing at the airy breezes, instead of the food they were used to. A charger which not long ago the stall could hardly hold, now scoured its empty pen, gnawing ravenously with its teeth, and at last abandoned its wildness, its frenzy gone, and slumped wretchedly,’ heaving sighs with its whole body. [315] Even this charger was devoured by the young knights, and that sort of food was welcome to the people, though it was dearly bought. While they were dying, while he who could remain courageous yet lived—if anyone is alive with images of death all about him*—a certain man let it be known to all that, during the night, help from heaven had been vouchsafed them— so great was his trust in faith!* [321] He recounted that victory was in store for our men after five days, and made cheerful the men and the common folk he had summoned. Moreover the lance which had pierced our Lord’s innocent side brought joy to the minds of our men. [325] A sure vision of St Andrew disclosed this, and it was rediscovered by the foreknowledge of a certain man.* 4 The encl*tic est appears to break the caudate rhyme-scheme (and to introduce elision, a practice which Gilo is elsewhere at pains to avoid). It may have been swallowed up by the elision in the pronunciation of Gilo’s day. > Gilo here links the vision of Stephen of Valence, who claimed that Christ had appeared to him and promised that if the army repented he would send them aid, with Peter Bartholomew’s revelation of the burial place of the Holy Lance. For other accounts ofthese visions, see Gesta Francorum, pp. 57-60; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 6872, 75; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 244-7. See also C. Morris, ‘Policy and wisdom: the case

of the Holy Lance at Antioch’, in War and Governmentin the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich, ed.J.Gillingham andJ.C. Holt (Woodbridge, 1984), pp. 33-45; Runciman, ‘The Holy Lance found at Antioch’, Analecta Bollandiana, \xviii (1950), 190-207.

182

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Post hec congressum castellanis uetuere,

Et? murum nostri gentilibus opposuere. Pluribus exemplis ubi spes est reddita uite, Tertio! ieiunant omnes? sicut Niniuite. Tunc heremita ducem Turcorum Petrus adiuit, Qui procerum portans mandata petenda petiuit.’ Corbana dux sublimis equo se forte ferebat Ad portum,’ lasciua cohors utrinque fremebat, Cum subito Petrus turbam subit impedientem. Nec timuit quendam Turcum/ sibi® precipientem Vt caput inflectat, uultumque potentis‘ adoret, Pectore sic placido demissa uoce peroret.

330

335

Dun negat hic homini deitatis reddere cultum, Illius incuruat gentilis dextera uultum, Illius a stolidis bona deridetur egestas,” Sed tamen est illi fandi concessa potestas. ‘Maxime dux’, uir paruus ait, ‘nos non aliena Querimus, ad nostros urbs’ pertinet Antiochena. Cur igitur nos a propria uis pellere sede? Si censura mouet te iuris, ab urbe recede,* Aut, si credere uis, erroris/ lege remota,’

340

345

Sit regno‘ transcripta tuo Romania tota: Fies rex Syrie, rex istius regionis, Tuque potens multum multis onerabere donis; Aut,! si mente sedet pugnandi tanta uoluntas, Si mauis spectare manus ad prelia iunctas, In paribus sortem reliquorum precipe poni, Quique pari bello cedent, cedant regioni;

Pugnent” cum totidem ter deni uel duodeni;"

350

355

Discedant, si forte° ualent discedere, uicti.”° sate > ieiunant omnes triduo G © portam BC quemdam B © sibi om. G m. pr. f petentis A » honestas Riant ULSme / erroris erroris F ! aud F; at ADG duodeni BC

™ pugnant D

4 Turcum

® cum G * yegno om. F ” triginta siue uiginti ADG; ter deni seu

° sorte Riant

' This biblical allusion is puzzling, as there is no reference in the book of Jonah to the time that the Ninevites fasted. There may be some confusion with Esth. 4: 16, where it is the Jews who fast; and cf. also Bede, Historia ecclesiastica, ii. 2, peracto ieiunio triduano.

Gilo’s use of tertio is also perplexing, as is shown by the rewriting of the verse found in MS G. It may be a confusion with the three days and nights which Jonah spent in the

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After this they prevented those in the fort from meeting together, and our men set a wall against the heathen. When hope of life was given back to them by many token happenings, [330] they all fasted three times,' like the Ninevites. Then Peter the Hermit went to the Turkish general, carrying despatches from the nobles, and he sought what needed to be sought.” The haughty general, Kerbogha, happened to be riding to the harbour, and an insolent company was frolicking all around him, [335] when suddenly Peter met the throng in his way. He was not afraid of any Turk who instructed him to bow his head and worship the face of the ruler, but with a calm heart he spoke in a quiet voice. When he said that he would not give the worship due to God to a man, [340] a heathen hand forced his face downward, and his honest poverty was mocked by these fools, but even so he was given permission to speak. ‘Great general,’ the little man said, ‘we do not ask for what is not ours; the city of Antioch belongs to our side. [345] Why therefore do you wish to drive us from our home? If you are swayed by considerations of justice, withdraw from the city,’ or, if you will believe, and discard your law of error,’ then let all Rim be handed

over to your kingdom: you shall become king of Syria, king of this region, [350] and you shall be laden with many gifts, as a mighty and powerful man; or, if the will to fight is so great in your mind, if you prefer to watch bands of men joined in the fight, then order the fate of the rest of your men to be placed on equally-matched warriors, and whoever shall give way in an even contest, let them leave the country; [355] let thirty or thirty-six fight with an equal number; the losers may depart,” if by chance they are well enough to depart.’ fish’s belly (Jonah 2: 1, Matt. 12: 40). During the siege of Antioch, the crusaders took part in two three-day fasts and associated penitential rituals. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 67-8; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 257; Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 74, 90-1. 2 For other accounts ofPeter’s mission to Kerbogha on 27 June, see Gesta Francorum, pp. 66-7; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 79; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 247-50. He was accompanied by a Frank named Herluin, who spoke both Arabic and Persian. This is the first

reference to Peter the Hermit in Gilo’s own work. See above, ii. 5—6 and n. Riant’s reading honestas in |. 341 is unsupported and spoils the sense. It was Peter’s egestas that the Turks derided. 3 For a parallel, see Robert of Rheims, p. 825: ‘si ratio iuris tecum esset et censura aequitatis nobiscum agere uelles ...’. 4 Gesta Francorum, pp. 66-7, also refers to an offer of conversion, which was recipro-

cated by Kerbogha. > See also Fulcher of Chartres, p. 248.

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Inquit? ad hec ensem quatiens dux Corbana nudum ‘Tune putas impune mihi talem dare ludum? Hoc gladio caput amittes,° truncabitur isto Gens que nescio cui studet obsequium dare Christo.’ Discedit Petrus dictis commotus acerbis. Arma parant proceres* auditis ordine uerbis,

—_360

Illa nocte duces uigilant, errata fatentur, Turba* gemens aras tenet, ecclesieque replentur. Luce data’ ter tres de tota gente statute Sunt acies,’ propriumque ducem sunt queque secute:’ Quas habeant in fronte manus ibi disposuere, Quas medium uel quas* cupiant” extrema tenere. Sistitur Hugo prior, medium robur tenuere Magnanimi septem, Boimundo deseruere

365

370

Vitima, custodes per muros’ instituere/ Hic ducis officium presul Podiensis habebat* Et populos egri Raimundi rite regebat;

Lancea sancta® Dei preuecta uiros animabat, Membraque pontificis lucens lorica grauabat. Hic! populi uoces ubi uoce manuque repressit,

375

Dixit (eo dicente® solo gens prona silescit): ‘Rebus in extremis uires effundite totas,

O proceres, renouate manus Turcis bene notas, Ite per ignauos, gladiis disrumpite gentes Quas” primi iactus exarmant deficientes. Mittet in auxilium” Deus angelicam legionem,’ Opprimet hunc populum uelut oppressit Pharaonem. O quanto rapitur gens insensata furore! Hec emit infernum proprio malesana cruore, Penaque lucratur penam, caro bis cruciatur, * inquid F; dixit ADG

BC 4 patres ADG medios uel quos ADG

BCG ™ quos D

> amites D, Fm. alt.; admittes A, Fm.pr.

380

385 © hostes

/ constituere BCDG ” axilium D

* sancta

lancea D m. pr.

sigh

' ADG’s reading patres is curious, and must have meant something like ‘elders’. The reading of BCF makes much better sense. > The army prepared for battle on the early morning of 28 June. * See Albert of Aachen, pp. 420-1; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 251; Gesta Francorum, p. 68. The Gesta maintains that the army was drawn up in six battle-lines: the first led by Hugh of Vermandois and the count of Flanders, the second by Godfrey of Bouillon, the

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The general Kerbogha brandished his bared sword, and said in reply: “Do you think you can make such sport of me and get away with it? You shall lose your head by this sword, [360] and by it the people shall be slain that is eager to pay homage to some Christ, whoever he may be.’ Disturbed by these bitter words, Peter departed. When they had listened to all he had to report, the nobles made ready their arms, and that night the leaders! kept vigil, confessing their sins, while the weeping crowd held fast to the altars, and the churches were filled. [365] At first light,” nine battle-lines were drawn up from the whole people,’ and each of them followed its own leader: there they drew up those bands whom they could position in the front, and those they wished to take the middle ground and the rear. Hugh took his stand in front, [370] seven stout-hearted leaders held the centre in strength, and they left the last positions to Bohemond, setting guards on the walls. Here the bishop of Le Puy did the duty of a general,* and duly governed the men of Raymond, who was ill; the holy lance of God,’ carried before him, gave heart to the men, [375] and a glittering breastplate weighed heavily on his priestly frame. When he had stilled the people’s voices with a word and a gesture, he spoke (and, as he spoke,° the people kept silence, prostrate on the ground): ‘In these dire straits pour out all your strength, O nobles, refresh the hands that the Turks know so well, [380] and go through these cowards, shatter with your swords these weakling peoples whom the first shock ofbattle disarms. God will send his legion of angels to help,’ he will overwhelm this people as he overwhelmed Pharaoh. Oh, how great is the frenzy with which this senseless race is seized! [385] In their madness, they are buying hell with their own blood, they earn pain with pain, their flesh is twice crucified, third by Robert of Normandy, the fourth by Adhémar of Le Puy, the fifth by Tancred, and the sixth by Bohemond himself. Raymond of Toulouse, who was ill, remained behind to keep watch on the citadel. Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 79, states that there were four divisions, each consisting of knights and infantry. See also Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 172-4. Note in this section that the abrupt changes of gender in ADG are altered to feminines throughout in BCF, referring back to manus in 1. 367. 4 For the role of Adhémar of Le Puy on the First Crusade, see above, i. 254-5 and n. > The Holy Lance was carried into battle by the historian and chaplain to Raymond of Toulouse, Raymond ofa*guilers (see his own account of the event, p. 82). 6 Robert of Rheims, pp. 829-30, and the Historia Gotefredi, pp. 485-6, are the only sources to refer to this sermon. Even there, the details are different from Gilo’s account.

Cf. also Vergil, Aen. x. tor. 7 Cf. Matt. 26: 53. Gesta Francorum, p. 69, describes the appearance of a heavenly army led by SS George, Mercurius, and Demetrius.

186

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Atque per hanc mortem mortem sine fine meretur.' At? nobis sit? siue pati postrema necesse,° Siue Deus superat? gentiles, quod precor esse, Exitus est felix: orietur morte corona,” Militibus diuersa dabit uictoria dona.

390

Vincetis:° uirtutis erit uestre monimentum,

Parthorum cedes iam conspicio morientum.‘

Ne# dubitate, suos equites”? Deus haud patietur Plura pati* quam ferre queant,' ut glorificetur.

395

Letitie stimulis agitari sentio’/ gentem:

Supportate,* * uiri, me gaudia uestra trahentem. Sint rata, Christe, precor, nostris gratissima! uota Vt uincamus.’ ‘Amen’ respondit™ gens prece mota.” Interea mandat Persarum® dux°? Boimundo

400

Primo suos equites duci,? nostrosque? secundo, Nomen’ et a reliqua iubet hoc abradere gente; Neue decus mundi mittatur in arma repente Precaueant, numeroque’ pari pugnetur utrinque.* Tunc ita legatum dux increpat ‘ista relinque! Desine uana loqui, nos ad maiora uocamur. Vincamus simul, 0 comites, simul aut moriamur’ (Respexitque suos comites), ‘bona uel mala uere Proueniunt’ sanctis.”’ Nichil interea timuere Nostri, sed portas egressi distribuere Per loca certa uiros, dum tutus ab urbe recessit

405

410

Nuntius. Ista, Deus, tua dispensatio fecit.‘ Presbiteri turres" rara’ cinxere” corona,! wet Hi

> sit om. D m. pr.

temque necem morientum

of savas Je

/ senscio

” nota B "numero G * muros DG

K sub portate

4 superet AB

f For this lineBC read uincere uos uideo tris-

» pugiles ADG ' srauissima

‘queat @ ™ respondet

° dux Persarum ADG P dici ADG 7 uestrosque D m. pr. * prouenient BC; prouenniunt G ‘ gessit ADG ‘ tara Am. pr; parua G “ cinxtere D m. pr.

' This verse, added only in MS G, is merely a gloss on the previous line. The reason for its addition may be that |. 386 is the sole leonine in a section of caudati, and the Charleville Poet makes |. 386 into the first half of another end-rhymed couplet. Cf. 2 Tim. 4: 8; Jas. 1: 12; Rev. 2: 10. Those who died on the crusade believed that they would become martyrs. See above, Prologue, ll. 31-2 and n. * ADG’s pugiles, attested in Latham as a ‘champion’, lacks the nobility of BCF’s reading.

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and through this death they merit death without end.' But whether it is necessary for us to suffer the final fate, or God defeats the heathen—which I pray may be the case—[390] our end is a happy one: in death a crown will arise,’ and victory will grant many kinds of gifts to you soldiers. You shall conquer: this will be the monument to your courage, and already I see the slaughter of the dying Parthians. Do not doubt, God will not permit his knights? [395] to suffer more than they can endure,‘ so that he may be glorified. I feel this people being stirred by the goads of joy: men, give me your support’ as I bring joy for you. I pray, O Christ, that your most grateful prayers for our men may prove sure, that we may win.’ ‘Amen!’, replied the people, moved by his prayer. [400] In the meantime, the leader of the Persians® sent word to Bohemond that his own knights should be led out first, and then ours, and told him to put aside this honour’ from the rest of the people, saying that they ought to beware lest the glory of the world be sent into battle at once, and that the fight ought to be undertaken by an equal number from each side.’ [405] Then the duke spoke brusquely to the envoy in these words: ‘Away with such talk! Desist from empty words, we are summoned to greater things. Let us conquer in one blow, fellow nobles, or let us perish in one blow’ (he looked round at his comrades as he said this);

‘truly even defeat proves a blessing for the saints’? of God.’ In the meantime our men were afraid of nothing, [410] but rather went outside the gates and posted men in sure positions, until the messenger had left the city in safety. Your direction, O God, brought these things about. The priests manned the towers ina sparse ring,'° Cian Gcreroza3 5 Supportate is a late usage, meaning ‘support in an abstract sense. There is also a hint at the image of Moses being held up by Aaron and Hur, in Exod. 17: 12. 6 Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 80-1, stated that Kerbogha received news of the Frankish advance whilst playing chess. 7 The sense of this line is very obscure: hoc nomen must mean something like ‘the honour of, or renown of, the Christian force’; cf. Vergil, Aen. vii. 717, Lucan, Bellum ciuile, vi. 759, and nomen Christi, which has a similar sense, at viii. 183, below. See also Lewis and Short, A Latin Dictionary, ‘nomen’, B.4.

8 The proposal to have individual armed combats, rather than a full-scale battle, was also made by Peter the Hermit on his mission to the Turkish camp. See above, vii. 333 and n. ” See Gesta Francorum, p. 68; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 253-4. 10 Cf. Vergil, Aen. x. 122.

188

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Illorum iacet in muro? pars maxima prona, Ornatique stolis quas? sumunt tempore misse Altius hi psallunt, hi flent orantque remisse.' At sonuere tube, populos prior Hugo feroces Inuadit,° solitas emittunt? undique uoces, Francorumque cohors longo distenta recessu® In seriem coniuncta pari petit agmina gressu. Stant infra iactum teli totoque uigore, Inflectunt arcus Turci neruo meliore Intensos: stridendo uolant per inane sagitte.’ Instat eis oblita breuis gens Gallica uite. Paulatim dant pressa retro uestigia Parthi, Vicinoque timent dextras committere marti. Spicula Turcorum diuertit ab agmine uentus. Eurardus’ de Puteolo*® feruensque iuuentus In bello” querunt bellum, gladiosque leuabant Percussi, quos percuterent non inueniebant. Nuntius ecce celer missus uenit a Boimundo, Qui, dum pauca refert, sua preterradit! harundo Timpora, sed tamen hec inquit: ‘Boimundus utrinque Hostibus urgetur: fugitiuos, Hugo, relinque!’ Conuersis’ mox Hugo suis Arabes speculatur Hastatos circa Boimundum. Tunc ita fatur:

415

420

425

430

435

‘Quod iuuenes optatis* adest! Huc’ ferreus hastis Horret ager, uertamur™ ad hos, incumbite” uastis

Viribus!’> Ergo manus iungunt comes et Boimundus. Hic etiam dux ille ducum stabat Godefridus,? At? contra? tendunt Arabes’ regesque potentes Et rex Damasci Lucas; illicque furentes Stant* amici‘ duo (namque duos sic turba uocabat): ? muris ADG 4 inuadunt DG

» bellum F

440

> stolis pars per quas F m. pr. © inuasit BC; inuadit et A * recursu BC * BC omit this line ® de Pusiaco ADG

' perterradit A

‘hic G ™ uertatur F Pet 7 cuncta F * proamici A

/ conuersus D

" incombite BC " Arabes om. D m. pr.

* obstatis D m. pr. ° Boimundus F m. pr. * sunt DG; ssunt (sic) A

' See Gesta Francorum, p. 68; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 81. * Everard of Le Puiset, viscount of Chartres. He served with three of the leading figures on the First Crusade: Robert of Normandy, Hugh of Vermandois, and Bohemond. See Albert of Aachen, p. 362; Robert of Rheims, p. 833; Orderic Vitalis,

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with the greater part of them lying flat on the wall, [415] and dressed in the vestments which they put on at the time of mass, some of them loudly sang psalms, while others wept and prayed

quietly.! The bugles blared, and Hugh led the attack against the fierce peoples; they uttered their accustomed cries all around, and the band of Franks, over a considerable distance, [420] sought out the ranks joined together in rows, stepping regularly in formation. They held their positions within range with all their might, as the Turks bent their bows strung with a better thong: arrows flew, whistling through the void. Forgetful of brief life, the men of Gaul bore down on them. [425] Little by little the Parthians gave way under pressure, and were afraid of joining their right hands in combat at close quarters. The wind blew the Turks’ missiles away from the column of men. Everard of Le Puiset’ and his impetuous youths looked for fighting in the fighting itself, and raised their swords, [430] but though they were struck they found no-one to strike. Then suddenly a swift messenger came, sent by Bohemond; arrows whistled close by his head as he related his brief message, but none the less he spoke these words: ‘Bohemond is pressed by the enemy on both sides: Hugh, let these runaways alone!’ [435] Hugh quickly turned his men about, and saw the Arabs armed with spears around Bohemond. Then he spoke: ‘Young men, here is what you are hoping for! The field is bristling with iron spears here, let us turn to these men, lay on with a mighty effort!’? And so the count and Bohemond joined forces. [440] Godfrey, that leader among leaders, was standing here too. But against them there advanced the Arabs, and their powerful kings, and Dukak, king of Damascus;’ the two friends (for the throng called them two such) stood there, seething: v. 30. Everard probably died in 1099 from wounds received at the battle of Ascalon. See above, v. 429-30 and n. 3 The reference here is unclear. Robert of Flanders, Hugh of Vermandois, and Godfrey of Bouillon led the attack on the Turkish camp. In the midst ofthe battle, however, Bohemond prevented an encircling manceuvre by sending Rainald of Toul, in command of a seventh division, to attack the Turkish flank. See Gesta Francorum, pp.

68-9. + Kerbogha’s forces included men provided by other Turkish princes and emirs such as Dukak of Damascus. See above, v. 111 and n. Rivalries between the various con-

tingents and leaders led to desertions from the Turkish force as it waited outside Antioch. See Ibn al-’Athir, p. 194.

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Dux Boimundus adhuc, Godefridus et ipse uacabat. Bellum primus init Magnus frenumque furenti Laxat? equo cuidamque uiros in marte monenti? Hasta disrupit guttur, uitamque loquenti Abstulit et uoces. Hastilis lancea lenti Frangitur: ille gemens petit ore solum morienti.‘ Concurrunt? Arabes et Francigene uiolenter. Pugna grauis surgit, iaculis® obtexitur ether.

445

450

Hic Balgentiacus Odo‘! primus? ubique ruebat Vexillumque tenens se non retinere ualebat, Cum degustasset” latus huic non uisa sagitta, Stridula signiferum priuauit' lancea uita. Lapsus at’ ille cadens humectat sanguine signum Et quo conciderat traxit* de uulnere lignum. Mox succedit ei signumque leuat Beniensis’™ Guillelmus,’ fecitque uiam iuueni” suus ensis. Non procul hinc ibat nostrorum parua caterua,°

455

460

Quos nimis urgebat? Turcorum turba proterua, Turbaque fraude nocens ignes per gramina sparsit, Quos aluit uentus, et sic ager? aridus arsit. Ardor at ille dedit fumum tenebrasque’ creauit, Fumus in aduersos impulsus eos hebetauit,°

465

Perque cauam® nubem campo trahit hostis in equo Atque necat pedites ter centum uulnere ceco. Tunc cum Pagano Beluacensis Rainaldus,” 2 laxa Gm. pr. > mouenti ADG © A omits this line 4 concurrunt om. A © telis DG * Obdo F m. pr. £ pronus CDF; prius B * deglutasset A ‘ priualuit F m. pr. jad A K taxit A m. pr. ' Bemensis D; Boemensis A ™ Dm. pr. puts this line after l. 459 ” juuenique uiam fecit ADG ° catrrua G m. pr. P angebat BC 1 aer D " dedit flammas fumumque F * 2causim A © Tainaldus BC ' Odo of Beaugency was Hugh of Vermandois’s standard-bearer. See Robert of Rheims, p. 831, Chanson d‘Antioche, \l. 8650-5. His brother Ralph was also a member of the expedition, and was married to Hugh’s daughter. See Baldric of Dol, pp. 17, 47, 65. 2 See Robert of Rheims, p. 831; Chanson d’Antioche, ll. 8661-2; Balduini II Historia

Nicaena uel Antiochena, p. 171. William of Benium (Bény-sur-Mer) is otherwise unidentified. 3 Gesta Francorum, pp. 68-9, notes that the burning of grass was a pre-arranged signal by Kerbogha, a sign that he had been defeated and that the Turkish army should retreat. Gilo seems to think it was a ruse by the Turks to appease the Franks, and then make it easier to kill them (this seems to be the force ofll. 466-7). * See, especially, Chanson d’Antioche, ll. 9145-62:

BOOK VII(III)

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thus far, duke Bohemond and Godfrey too had been idle. [445] Hugh was the first to enter the fight, easing the reins of his frenzied horse, and with his lance he ripped out the throat of a man giving orders to men in the fray, taking his life and his speech while he was speaking. The lance with its pliant shaft was shattered; the man groaned, and fell face down, dying on the earth. [450] The Arabs and the Franks charged one another with a violent crash. A fierce fight ensued; the air was thick with spears. Here Odo of Beaugency,' who was everywhere the first to lead the charge, holding the banner, could not hold himself back; an arrow, unseen by

him, gave him a first taste of wounding in his side, [455] and then a whistling spear took his life away from the standard-bearer. He slipped and, falling, moistened the standard with his blood; and he dragged the wooden shaft from the wound by which he had fallen. William of Benium’? quickly took his place, and raised up the standard; his sword cut a pathway for the young man. [460] Not far from here a small band of our men was proceeding, and a fierce host of Turks was pressing them hard. Harming them by deceit, the host scattered fires over the grass, the wind fanned them, and so the parched plain blazed, but that blaze gave offsmoke, creating darkness, [465] and the smoke, driven against them, blunted the edge of their attack.’ The enemy drew three hundred infantry though enveloping cloud across the flat plain, and killed them with an unseen wound. Then Rainald of Beauvais,’ Pagan, A tant es vos Gerart molt tost esperronant, Nes fu de Meleun, tot ot le poil ferrant, Mais malades ot jut grant piece de devant;

En la presse se fiert: jo le tieng pour enfant, Car tost l’orent ocis li cuivert mescreant. Estes me vos Evrart a esperon brocant, Nes estoit del Puisac, molt ot fier hardement, Droon et Clarembaut et Thomas le vaillant, Et Paien de Belvais sor un destrier ferrant;

Quant voiant mort Gerart, forment en sont pesant; De lor ami vengier sont forment desirant. See also Balduini III Historia Nicaena uel Antiochem, p. 172; Robert of Rheims, p. 833.

Otherwise nothing is known about either Rainald or Pagan. Albert of Aachen, pp. 2935, 299, 304-5, mentions Thomas of Marle, Drogo of Nesle, and Clarembald of Vendeuil as members of Emicho of Leiningen’s contingent, who later joined the army of Hugh of Vermandois. They subsequently had very varied careers: Thomas died as count of Amiens in 1130 (Albert of Aachen, pp. 315, 332, 422, 464, 468; Riley-Smith, /dea ofCrusading, p. 51); Drogo followed Baldwin to Edessa and then Jerusalem (see above, vi. 298 and note); Clarembald distinguished himselfin the crusade itself (Albert of Aachen, p. 398; Riley-Smith, [dea of Crusading, p. 51).

192

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Cumque Drogone* Thomas et bellipotens Clarebaldus Et reliqui subitis® se mortibus* eripuere,

470

Et rapido? cursu! belli robur petiere. Fortis ut ista cohors se magno iunxit Hugoni, Immenso ueluti cedunt® armenta leoni‘, Sic’ Arabes illis: uertuntur scuta reiecta,

Dorsum quisque tegit pudibunda fronte retecta.” ‘Vicisti Deus omnipotens!’ clamat Godefridus, Instat ui patria” primusque uclat Boimundus.

475

Corrigiis agit hostis equos, insibilat ether,’ Puluis ad astra uolat morientum/ sanguine‘ teter.° Contigerant collem quemdam populi fugientes. Tunc Parthi latus in leuum sese replicantes Post longam restare fugam fortes uoluerunt,' Arcu conuerso nostros iterum petierunt.” Impiger ergo senex Geraldus” de Melione,’

480

Tempore qui longo fuit eger in obsidione, Sicut inermis erat, medios irrupit in hostes Et meruit pulchram mortem confossus. In hostes De nostris aliqui? tribus inuasere diebus,° Sed tantis non sufficiet mea pagina rebus. Quinque camelorum? capiunt et milia dena. Pluribus inueniunt spoliis tentoria plena.® De Turcis equites decies sunt mille necati, Cum totidem pedites miseri? non sunt numerati. Preterea qui castellum ciuile tenebant Castellum nostris reddunt quia mira uidebant.’ Regius’ inter eos iuuenis de Perside natus Est cum ter centum sacro de fonte leuatus.° Deleo de nostro, de qualicunque libello Hos quos non puduit sese subducere’ bello:

485

Hec miseranda cohors uelut ad uomitum reuocata’

500

490

495

* drogene D > subiti G © moribus D 4 e trapido A; et rabido BC © cedant D * C reads ‘comp’ in the margin here Sehicagh h Am. pr. omits this line; it is added at the foot of the page by a second hand ‘ ether Dm. alt., written over an erasure

/ morientium B m. pr.

sangine m. alt. ' uoluere AD dus F ° manubias nostri D ‘ reius D

™ petiere AD ? camalorum A

* sangne D m. pr., corr. to

" Giraldus BC; Girar1 miseri pedites BC

5 submittere BC

' The text of MS G breaks off abruptly in mid-page at this line.

2 Cf. Vergil, Aen. ii. 491.

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Thomas, and Drogo, and Clarembald the mighty warrior, [470] and the rest snatched themselves from their sudden deaths, and

made for the main body of fighting with a rapid charge.' As that brave squadron joined itself to Hugh the Great, the Arabs fell before them just as herds of cattle fall before a massive lion: they turned tail, with shields swung round, [475] and every man of them covered his back, his face already covered in shame. ‘Almighty God, you have conquered!’, shouted Godfrey. Bohemond pressed on in his native strength? and flew ahead of them. The enemy thrashed their horses, the air whistled, and dust flew up to the

stars, foul with the blood of the dying.’ [480] As they ran away, the peoples had seized hold of a certain hill; then, turning themselves round to their left, the brave Parthians wanted to halt their lengthy flight, and with bows bent taut they again sought out our men. And so the elderly but active Gerald of Melion,’ [465] who was ill for a long time during the siege, charged into the midst of the enemy, unarmed as he was, and was struck down, worthy indeed of a beautiful death. Some of our men assailed the enemy for three days,’ but my page does not have space for such great matters. [490] They captured fifteen thousand camels; they found the tents full of many kinds of plunder.® Of the Turks, ten thousand knights were slain, and the wretched infantry were not reckoned with that number. Moreover those who were occupying the citadel [495] handed it over to our men, because they observed such wonders.’ Among them a young prince, Persian-born, was raised up from the holy font of baptism with three hundred others.® I blot out from my book—from any book, indeed—those who were not ashamed to sneak away from the fighting; [500] this pitiable company, as though called back to their own vomit,’ 3 Robert of Rheims, p. 833, uses similar imagery. 4 Gerard (or Gerald, as Gilo calls him) of Melion (Melun?) is also mentioned by

Robert of Rheims, p. 833; Balduini III Historia Nicaena uel Antiochena, p. 172; and the Chanson d’Antioche, ll. 9145-9 (cited above, pp. 190-1, n. 4), but otherwise he has not been identified. > The Turks were pursued up to the Orontes bridge and Tancred’s castle: Gesta Francorum, p. 70; Albert of Aachen, pp. 425-7. 6 See Gesta Francorum, p. 70; Albert of Aachen, pp. 421-9; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 83; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 256. Robert of Rheims, p. 834, parallels Gilo closely in mentioning the capture of 15,000 camels. 7 See Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 82-3. The citadel was commanded by Ahmad ibnTutun, one of Kerbogha’s trusted lieutenants. ® The baptism of Ahmad ibn-Tutun is also recorded in Gesta Francorum, p. 71. See also above, iv. 111 and n. caG@tbrowe2on ute

194

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Pretulit exilium patrie, mundo sociata.' Pretereo quare nostros timuere iuuare

Consilio Stephani Constantinopolitani.’ Prima cohors primique duces loca prima tuentur; Vulgus in urbe* tenet medium murique replentur. Tunc regalis Hugo,’ qui Magnus iure uocatur, Nomen dote replens, communi uoce rogatur Vt Constantini? petat urbem nomine dictam. Imperii domino® regionem reddere uictam Cura? fuit: lex, iura, fides data, pignora, pactum, Vox populi iusteque*® preces misere coactum.° @ inherme AD

a iura

> Constantin A

505

510

AG Jase4: 451) ohnizsa5. ? Fulcher of Chartres, p. 228, places Stephen of Blois’s departure from Antioch on 2 June, the day before the capture ofthe city. The Gesta Francorum, p. 63, sets it after the city had been taken, but whilst the citadel was still in Turkish hands and Kerbogha’s army was approaching. Stephen and William of Grandmesnil (above, vii. 279 and n.) met the Byzantine relief force at Philomelium when it arrived in mid-June. Painting a desperate picture of the crusaders’ plight, they persuaded it to turn back.

BOOK VII(III)

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were allied to the world, and put exile before their homeland.! I pass over why the men of Constantinople were afraid of helping our men because of Stephen’s counsel.’

The foremost company and the foremost leaders watched over the foremost places; [505] in the city, the common folk occupied the middle ground and thronged the walls. Then princely Hugh,’ who is rightly called ‘the Great’ and endowed that name with lustre, was asked by common accord to journey to the city named after Constantine. It was his duty to hand over the conquered land to the lord of the empire;? [510] law, justice, the oath they had sworn,

their pledges, their allegiance, the voice of the people and their righteous prayers sent him, compelled to do this.° 3 Hugh was commissioned to inform Alexius ofthe capture of Antioch. He set out in early July 1098 and was accompanied on his journey by Baldwin of Hainault. See above, i. 207 and n.; Gesta Francorum, p. 72; Robert of Rheims, p. 837. * Both sides of the tradition attest the reading adopted, imperii domino (though D as often reverses the case-endings, in error). A’s induperatori is very rare, and if it is not to be regarded as an interpolation, may perhaps (following the principle of difficilior lectio potior, whereby harder readings are held to be correct, having been replaced with easier ones by scribes) have been Gilo’s first reading, but its rarity in the tradition makes it likely that the reading printed is his own preference. > On the oaths sworn to Alexius, see above, iii. 440 and n.

LIBER

VIII

(GILONIS

LIBER

IV)

Ast alii proceres* uoto iam mente propinqui Vtiliter statuunt ad tempus bella relinqui:’ Estus enim populos siccataque terra grauaret,? Vreret estus eos, potum dare terra negaret.° Est igitur requies lassorum reddita membris,

Dimittenda breui sub prima luce Nouembris.’ Turba partita, loca sunt diuersa petita, Et quisquis lucro gaudebat? in urbe manebat. Obsequiis erat hic studiosus et era merebat.’ Ex illis plures Raimundus miles alebat,° Quem cognomento Piletum gens nostra uocabat.*

Otia cum multis hic non ignaua‘ secutus Prouidet ut nequeat gentilis uiuere tutus.

Ergo duas urbes pertransit® et ad? Thalamana® Improuisus adest. Hoc castrum gens Suriana Seruabat, que sponte uiruny recipit bene sana.

Itur et* ad castrum quoddan,,’ sed turba profana Obstitit hic nostris intorquens spicula uana: Sed tamen hoc! Domini manus obruit, et peregrini Illic gentiles sunt ad baptisma uocati, Quique reiecerunt illud™ periere necati. Captiuatur ibi puer; at” quicunque senescit Occidit; ignotis regnum breue? parcere nescit. Hostibus euersis, auro, spoliis honerati Ad castrum redeunt cui? iam fuerant dominati.’ * proeeres D m. pr.

> grauabat D

¢ gaudebant D

' Note that in this book, caudati, catenati, and Tiradenreim replace leonines almost

completely in Gilo’s rhyme-schemes. * This decision was taken by the council of leaders. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 72-33 Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 64; Robert of Rheims, pp. 837-8; Albert of Aachen, pp. 449-50.

BOOK

VIII

(GILO

BOOK

IV)

However, others of the nobles by now felt close to fulfilling their prayer, and decided that it was pragmatic to leave off fighting for the time being;' for the heat and the parched earth were a burden on the people, the heat burning them and the land yielding nothing to drink. [5] For that reason rest was granted to the limbs of the weary for a short time, to be forsaken on the first day of November.’ The host was divided up, making for different places, and whoever took his delight in gain remained in the city.’ One man did his duty conscientiously, and was worthy of his pay. [10] This was Raymond, a knight who gave food to many of them; our people called him by the surname of Pilet.* He was not addicted to indolent pleasures, as so many were, but saw to it that the heathen could not live in safety. He therefore passed through two cities, [15] and arrived unexpected at Tell-Mannas.° The Syrian people, in whose keeping this town was, sensibly took the man in of their own free will. He made his way to a certain fortified town,° but a wicked host stood in the way of our men here, uselessly throwing their spears: however, the hand of the Lord overcame this obstacle, [20] and in that place the nomadic heathen were called to be baptized, and whoever refused it perished, cut down. Children there were taken prisoner, but any who were elderly were killed; their brief reign had no thought of sparing the base-born. With the enemy overthrown [25] they returned to the town, of which they were well and truly masters, laden with gold and booty.’ 3 Some knights joined Baldwin at Edessa; others took part in sorties and raids on

neighbouring villages. * Raymond Pilet was lord of Alés and a member of the army led by Raymond of Toulouse. He took part in the sieges of Tell-Mannas, Ma‘arrat an-Nu‘man, Tortosa and Jerusalem. He also acted as a sub-commander and one of the members of his own

contingent was probably the author of the Gesta Francorum. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 734, 83, 87-9; Baldric of Dol, pp. 81-2, 91-2; Orderic Vitalis, v. 130-2, 138, 146, 158, 160; AGL iii. 483. > Raymond set out from Antioch on 17 July and occupied Tell-Mannas, which was situated E. of the Orontes, on 20 July. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 73-4, which also mentions (but does not name) the two cities.

6 The Turkish castle captured by Raymond is also not named. 7 See Gesta Francorum, pp.73-4; Robert of Rheims, pp. 838-9; Albert of Aachen, p.448.

198

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Nec requie? detenta? diu uirtus animosa Hostis ad interitum manet* assidue studiosa,

Gentilisque legens uestigia sparsa per orbem Agereditur Marram,' plenam gentilibus urbem. Fluxerat? ad Marram, duce fama, turba remota,’ Fortis® Aleph,‘ Roboam rex et uicinia tota. Gens ea non humili terrore repressa decenter Disposito bello’ ruit in nostros uiolenter. Ferrea silua* cadit passim’ campumque cruentum Asperat, astra petit fragor et gemitus morientum. Concurrunt per inane sudes, hi spicula iactant, Illi protendunt hastas iterumque receptant;’ Fortius incursant ipsisque cadauera portis

Affigunt* nostri. Iam stabat in aggere fortis’ Miles, inundabant fosse, cum forte retortis

Vertitur™ agmen equis. Quam perfida gratia sortis! Christicole dant terga retro formidine mortis. Turbat eos inimica cohors, agiturque” furore. Tinnitum reddunt clipei® galeeque sonore, Obtenebrant oculos? lapsi de uertice coni, Loricas odiunt® iuuenes ad uerbera proni. Scindit labra sitis, non sufficit umbo’ sagittis. Vt Raimundus eos uidit rarescere, primus ‘Respirate,* uiri!’ clamat, ‘quo,' proh pudor, imus?’ Taliter a trepido cursu proba gens reuocata Gentiles agit ad muros, simul agglomerata. Sed non uertuntur Suriani” deficientes Nec socios iuuere suos sitis” impatientes; Aeris illa” sui gens emollita tepore, Non est marte, sed est martis superata calore. Vt dare terga uident nostrorum castra secutos Turci, Christicolas iam magna* parte minutos” Inuadunt, dat eis uires animosque sequendi * requiem D

duxerat A » turba D gunt F alt. at the top dunt AD

> contempta AD

4 fruxerat F m. pr.;

© urbis AD * Alep BC § disposuit bellum AD ' spassim F m. pr.; sparsim BC / retentant BC * affli' Am. pr. and D. m. pr. omit this line;Am. alt. adds it at the foot of the page, D m. ™ uertuitur D; utitur BC " agitata AD ° clipei redP occulos F

pr. corr. to uerbo " Suriatii BC

9 odiunt all MSS; fodiunt Riant

m. alt. ° respirare D ’ sicitis A m. pr. “ ille Bm. pr.

¥ minutas A; munitos BC

‘quod D, first hand * manga D m.pr.

BOOK VIII(IV)

199

In their spirited courage they were not held back by resting for long, but remained characteristically eager for the enemy’s downfall, and following the heathen’s tracks through the land, they came to Ma‘arrat,' a city full of heathen. [30] Drawn by this news, there rushed to Ma‘arrat a crowd from far and wide,’ powerful Aleppo with its king, Ridvan, and all the neighbouring lands. That people was not restrained by humbling fear, as was fitting, but drawn up for battle they rushed violently on our men. Everywhere the iron forest fell, spattering the field with gore; [35] the crash of battle and the groans of the dying rose to the stars. Stakes clashed in mid-air, some men threw spears, others lunged back and forth with long lances. Our men pressed on more bravely, and pinned corpses to the very gates. Our brave soldiers were already standing on the earthworks, [40] and the ditches were awash, when the column happened to wheel its horses about and turned in retreat. Such is the treacherous favour of fate! In fear of death, the Christians turned their backs in retreat. The enemy force routed them, spurred on by frenzy. Resonant shields and helmets clanged noisily, [45] visors slipped down from the tops of helmets and darkened their wearers’ gaze, and the young men, bent as they were to receive blows, loathed their breastplates.* Thirst split their lips, their shields did not have space enough for the arrows. As soon as Raymond saw that their ranks were growing thin, he first shouted out ‘Get your breath back, men! For shame,

where are we heading?’ [50] Called back from their terrified flight by such words, the trusty people, all crowded into one space, drove the heathen to the walls. But the Syrians, who were weakening, did not turn back, and they could not help their comrades, who could not endure their thirst; those people, made soft by the mildness of their own climate, [55] were not defeated by fighting but by the heat of fighting. When the Turks saw those who had followed our men’s camp turn tail, they attacked the Christians, who were now severely depleted; the runaway race gave them the strength and ' Ma‘arrat an-Nu‘man lies on the road from Hamah to Aleppo. ? A relief force was led by Ridvan of Aleppo. See Kemal ad-Din (Umar ibn Ahmad), Chronicle ofAleppo, in RHC, Hist. Orient. iii. 584, and above, v. 111 and note thereon.

3 The reading odiunt is attested unanimously by all five MSS, and is a peculiar, postclassical rendering of oderunt; Riant’s suggestion fodiunt, ‘they stab their breastplates’, is nonsense; Gilo’s point is that the armour that should have assisted the young men got in their way. Moreover, as Runciman points out (Hist. Crus. i. 252), Raymond Pilet’s troops were ‘unused to bearing arms’.

200

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Gens fugitiua, monet timidos fortuna nocendi. Ordine non habito fugit agmen Christicolarum, Non expectata reuocantum uoce tubarum. Segnius haud fugiunt* equites peditumque caterua Quam fugit ante canes latratu? territa cerua.

Sternitur heu felix’ populus? per opaca uiarum,! Expositusque® Ioui fit martyr et esca ferarum. Expirant’ animas multi,’ nec eos meus edet Versus, uix equidem recolo que dicere tedet.’ Ad castrum rediit Raimundus et inrequieta” Perfruitur requie cum gente dolore repleta. Hic aliquod’ tempus exegit ad omne paratus Vtile uir fortis, per multa pericla probatus.

Interea nimius dolor accidit Antiochenis: Vrbis enim rector, moderatus ad omnia, lenis

Presul obit, patremque suum dolet urbs’ obiisse:

Hanc‘ cum capta fuit non credo magis gemuisse.” Dum calet Augusti dictus” de nomine mensis Non sibi sed populo moritur presul” Podiensis. Pro Petro tracto de carcere dum tibi, Christe, Vrbs canit, est tractus de carcere corporis? iste, Quaque die recolunt soluentem uincula Petrum,* Illa luce uiri deplorauere feretrum. Post nimios luctus,’ post infortunia plura, Stans comes Egidii Sancti per tempora dura Juit ad Albariam,*’ quam multo milite cingens Cepit, et huic urbi murus non profuit ingens.

Ensibus his incurua senum sunt colla secata,? Nec minus infantum rumpuntur timpora grata,

Nec uetulas’ reuerenda iuuat rugosaque pellis,® Nec facies prodest non ledi digna puellis, Nec simplex uia mortis erat, quia mille necantur

* figiunt D > latrantis A; latrantes D Dm. pr. © expositus D f exspiratD quieta A ' doluisse AD

ceris D; corporis carcere B

alt.

* uetulos D

P fluctus D

* persis A

4 resecta A, Dm. pr.; reserta Dm.

BOOK VIII(IV)

201

spirit for pursuit, and fortune admonished the faint-hearted that they too could inflict hurt. [60] The column of Christians fled in utter disarray, and did not wait for the bugle’s blast to call them back. The knights and the band of infantry were no slower in their flight than a hind flees before the hounds, terrified at their barking. Alas! the happy people were slain in the shady paths,! [65] and exposed in the open air became both martyrs and food for the wild beasts. Many breathed their last; my poem will not set them forth, for I hardly recall things which it is tedious to relate.” Raymond went back to his camp, and enjoyed a restless rest along with his people, full of grief. [70] The brave man spent some time here, ready for every useful venture, his worth proven in many an exploit. In the meantime, a great misfortune befell the inhabitants of Antioch: for the governor of the city, the gentle bishop, moderate in all his ways, passed away, and the city was grieved that its father had passed on: [75] I do not think it wept more even when it was captured.’ It was while the month named after Augustus was blazing that the bishop of Le Puy died, not for himself, but for his people. While the city was singing to you, Christ, on account of Peter’s release from prison, he was taken from the prison of his body, [80] and on the day that they recalled the loosing of Peter’s chains,’ on that same day they wept over the bier of the great man. After great sadness and many a misfortune, the count of SaintGilles, who held firm throughout these hard times, went to Albara,° which he surrounded with a large force [85] and captured; that city’s massive wall gave it no help at all. By their swords were the bowed necks of old men severed, and the lovely heads of young children were no less broken; venerable faces, all wrinkled, did not avail the old women, nor their faces, undeserving of hurt, help young girls, [90] and they did not all suffer a single death, for a thousand ! Cf. Proba, Cent. Verg. 273 = Vergil, Aen. vi. 633. 2 Gesta Francorum states that the crusaders were defeated on 5 July, but this is obviously an error; 25 July would be a more likely date.

3 Gesta Francorum, p. 74; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 84; Robert of Rheims, p. 839. Albert of Aachen, p. 435, states that Adhémar died as a result of a plague which had spread through the crusaders’ camp.

4 The feast of St Peter’s Chains, 1 Aug. 1098. > Albara was situated some 30 miles from Antioch.

202

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Mille modis,' meritique uiri? merito lacerantur.’ Albarie sic ad Domini cultum reuocate Preficitur presul, uite persona probate.’ Iamque uocabat hiemps proceres, noua bella mouendi Tempus erat* ceptique® dabat spem perficiendi.° Omnibus ergo! bonis* dum festum fit generale,” Congregat absentes edictum spirituale; Tam/ uarius populus confluxit in Antiochena Menia quam uarii pisces in retia plena,° Dissimilique placet similis sententia genti. Iherusalem loca sancta uident animo cupienti,

100

Vis® secura uirum’ iubet ipsos esse paratos,

Deque suis abolent animis conubia," natos.$ Vrbis‘ ad ignotos tractus’ iam marte feruntur Parthorumque pedes iam martis amore sec*ntur.

105

Conueniens comites dux interea Boimundus

Pactam querit ab his urbem.’ negat hoc Raimundus,* Regis et! aduentus Constantinopolitani”™” Expectare iubet, munitque domum Casiani.

Sic duce turbato comes impatiens” Rugiosam!!

110

Transit ad Albariam, Marramque petit populosam. Ne dolor irati ducis ad communia dampna

Forte redundaret,’” procerum discretio® magna * homines D; necem A AD

® cepitqueA

12) ’ coniugia AD ‘ orbis A ! A omits et ™ Dm. pr. omits this line

/ tractum D " impacies F

4 hinc & his

kK F omits this line ° discretia

Dm. pr.

' Cf. Ovid, Amores iii. 14. 24. * See Gesta Francorum, pp. 74-5; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 91; Albert of Aachen, p. 448. Albara, a Muslim city, was captured in Oct. 1098. At the same time, other crusading leaders including Bohemond led forays against Turkish towns in Cilicia. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 435, 440-1 and above, viii. 9. 3 Peter of Narbonne, a Provengal priest and chaplain of Raymond of Toulouse, who was appointed bishop of Albara and given half the city and its territory. See Gesta Francorum, p. 75; Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 91-2; B. Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States (London, 1980), pp. 10-11, 22-3.

* Gesta Francorum, p. 72, says the crusaders had decided in the summer to leave any action until the beginning of November. > All Saints’ Day, 1 Nov. rog8. = ° Cf. Matt. 13: 47, for a biblical use of this image.

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were slain in a thousand ways,' and men were deservedly cut down according to their deserts.” When it had thus been recalled to the worship of the Lord, a bishop was appointed over Albara, a person of trusty character.’ By this time winter was summoning the nobles, [95] and it was time to begin the war afresh,’ giving rise to hopes of finishing off their enterprise. Therefore, while the common festival of All Saints was celebrated,* a spiritual summons gathered together all those who had been absent; as varied a people flowed into Antioch’s walls as different kinds of fish into a full net,° [100] and a common feeling was shared by the different races. In their eager minds they saw the holy places of Jerusalem, their confidence in their strength bade them be ready,’ and they shut out from their minds their wives and children.’ Already they were being borne in battle to the unknown lands around the city, [105] already through love of battle they were following the steps of the Parthians. Meanwhile Duke Bohemond met with his companions, and asked for the city,’ as had been agreed. Raymond refused this, ordered them to await the arrival of the emperor of Constan-

tinople,!? and fortified the palace of Casianus. [110] With the duke thus displeased, the count would not wait, but crossed

over to Rugia!’ and Albara, and made for the populous city of Ma‘arrat. Lest the angry duke’s ill-feeling should by chance cause general harm,” the nobles in their great wisdom took his 7 Cf. Vergil, Aen. vi. 553. § See above, Charleville Poet i. 154 and n., for a similar sentiment. ° The leaders ofthe crusade met to discuss their future plans in St Peter’s cathedral on 5 Nov. The argument centred on Bohemond’s claim to Antioch and Raymond of Toulouse’s insistence on the rights of the Byzantine emperor. Bohemond was ultimately given three-quarters of the town and the citadel; Raymond remained in control of the fortified bridge and the palace of Yaghi Siyan. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 75-6;

Raymond of Aguilers, p. 93; Tudebodus Imitatus et Continuatus, p. 208; Robert of Rheims,

pp. 843-4.

0 Hugh of Vermandois did not arrive in Constantinople until the autumn of 1098 (above, vii. 510 and n.), and it would therefore not have been feasible for any Byzantine

relief force to reach Antioch until the following spring. See Albert of Aachen, pp. 434-5. 1 Raymond of Toulouse and Robert of Flanders set out from Antioch on 23 Nov. Rugia had been captured by Raymond in October. See Gesta Francorum, p. 77; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 94. '2 Ma‘arrat presented a threat to the army’s left flank on the march south from Antioch to Jerusalem.

204

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Consulit hunc:* mens alta uiri multa prece mota Preposuit uoto priuato publica? uota. Protinus educens acies populi modo mesti Ad Marram properat respectu uictus honesti. Lux‘ Domini specialis erat cum signa replerunt Vrbis circuitus et castra duces posuerunt.' Externos homines‘ ubi uidit gens stupefacta, Quis referet quanta fuerit formidine tacta?* Omnis in urbe locus feruet’ properante tumultu,’ Discurrunt matres timideque nurus’ sine cultu. Hostes plus iusto fore rumor publicus’ edit, Compluresque timor, nec mens sua lumina credit! Si quisquam somnum recipit, somno cruciatur: Vexat et insomnem res uana diemque minatur. Stant ad opus seruile duces cum gente minore,

115

120

125

Nec‘ pudor est seruire, carent extrema pudore.’ Exuit ut Phebus terras caligine nigra, Surgit nostra cohors! sub pigro tempora pigra, Excitique probi iuuenes? clangore tubarum, Corporis immemores, haud immemores animarum Ad muros” properant.’ Iam circumfusus adaptat” Neruo pila pedes, iam letus ad ardua iactat. Iactant saxa, faces flammas per inane ferentes, Quas’ herere uolunt? ad culmina suspicientes.® Desudant alii fossas implere patentes, Per’ prerupta® ruunt equites: transcurrere montes Non sinit' horror equos in frena" retro redeuntes. Iamque caua latitans testudine firma cauabat®

130

135

140

Menia leta cohors, iam scalas turba leuabat, * huic BC ® pullica AD SlexA 4 F m. pr. omits homines © properante tumultu D m. pr. ferice (2) A m. pr. corr. to feruce m. alt. £ formidine tacta D m. pr. » matres D ‘ publicu D / cedit B

Kne D ° quos B

' cohos D m. pr. P uolent BC 5 preruta D m. pr.

" ffrena F

' The Gesta Francorum, pp. 77-9, States that the army arrived outside Ma‘arrat on 28 Nov., which fell on a Sunday in 1098. See also Robert of Rheims, p. 845. é Gils makes no mention ofthe shortages of food and important supplies, including

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counsel; moved by their many entreaties, that man of high principle [115] put the interests of all before his own interests. He immediately led out the host of his downcast people and hastened to Ma‘arrat, overcome by regard for what was proper. It was the special day of the Lord that dawned when standards filled the open spaces around the city, and the dukes pitched camp.! [120] Who shall tell how great was the fear which struck the amazed inhabitants when they saw those foreign men? Every locality in the city seethed with the noise of men making haste, and panic-stricken mothers and daughters-in-law ran about in disarray. Common gossip had it that there would be more troops than they could cope with, [125] and fear had it that there would be yet more. Their minds did not believe their own eyes. If anyone had a dream, he was tormented in that dream; empty fears plagued their sleepless nights also, and threatened their waking hours. The leaders performed menial tasks along with the lesser folk, and had no shame in serving, for there is no shame when straits are dire.’

[130] When Phoebus stripped the lands of their murky blackness, our forces rose up slothfully in that slothful hour, the upright young men were awoken’ by the blare of bugles, and forgetful of the body but not forgetful of their souls they rushed to the walls.* By now the infantry, pouring round, [135] set missiles to bowstrings, now with joyful heart they were hurling them at the heights. They flung rocks and torches that carried flames through the void; they aimed these high, wanting them to stick to the battlements.* Others sweated at filling up the gaping ditches. The knights rushed on over the rugged ground; [140] sheer terror did not let horses cross over the high hills, they reared back, struggling against the reins. By now the joyful band was sheltering beneath a hollow protective shell, digging out the solid walls,° by now the host was raising ladders aloft, wood to make the siege-engines, or the vision of Peter Bartholomew. See Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 94, 97. Cf. Maximianus, Elegiae, i. 149. 3 Cf. Vergil, Aen. ii. 313. * Shortly after the crusaders arrived at Ma‘arrat, they made two abortive assaults on the city walls. The main attack took place on Saturday, 11 Dec. > For a parallel, see Robert of Rheims, p. 847:

Tela, sudes, lapidesque uolent, ignesque facesque, Ex quibus arderent introrsus tecta domorum.

6 Sapping operations are also referred to in the Gesta Francorum, p. 79; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 97.

206

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Cum’ subito coeunt Arabes, grauibusque lacertis Saxa rotant et uulneribus dant proxima certis;' Et’ ueluti nimbos* cum torquet hiemps odiosa, Aera‘ grando* secat, uis austri seuit aquosa, Imbribus insultant crepitantia tecta domorum, Verberat unda sequens fugientia terga uirorum, Sic miseri, quibus una salus inimica saluti’ Pellere tela, sudes iaciunt, clipeique minuti®

145

150

Dant sonitum," fugiunt equites sub eis‘ male tuti. Vt uidet’ ex equo Raimundus bella parari,

Altum de lignis* castrum iubet edificari;? Illud montis habens instar trabibus fit acernis;” Huius ductores™ imis latuere cauernis,

155

In summo” Venator erat cornuque strepebat Eurardus,? * delecta? cohors in fronte? fremebat.

Ergo uiri pedibusque suis pedibusque rotarum Adnixi,” licet impediant loca stricta uiarum, Adiungunt alte turri castrum magis altum, Atque® parant super attonitos subito dare saltum. Tunc et ab urbanis fit machina que iaciebat Immensos lapides‘ et castrum concutiebat,” Grecorum’ piceos ignes” rotat insuper illa, Et uolat ante uiros fetens* et nigra fauilla. Seruat in igne suos diuina potentia uiuos,” Et dedit ardores non posse nocere nociuos.

160

165

Murorum iaciunt per propugnacula fortes Christicole, castrique cadunt de culmine mortes; Pislerio” de Monte* furit Guillelmus® ibidem, Robora, saxa, sudes certatim mittit et idem

170

Oppositus tedis® rubet et lustratur ab igne.’ * com A ’ ac AD © nimbes D m. pr. 4 sera F * grado D f salutis D ® muniti AB » crepitum A; strepitum D ‘ sub eis equites BC / tradet A K lignat D m. pr. ' aceruis F, D m. pr. ™ doctores D ” sumno A ° Euurardus DF P dilecta BC 4 fonte A " atnixi A * adque D ‘ lapidides D “concutiebant D ’ Gregorum Fm. pr. “ lapides F; D omits ignes * fecens D ¥ suos D m. pr. pr.; telis BC

2 Pillerio F; Bislerio C

22 de mote D

6b tedit'F m.

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when suddenly the Arabs rallied, and with a mighty heave they rolled down rocks, dealing inescapable wounds to those nearest to them;! [145] and just as hail cuts through the air when hateful winter swirls the clouds about, the squally south wind blows fierce, the roofs of homes are alive with the pattering of rain, and torrents beat against the backs of men, pursuing them as they flee, so those wretches, whose one hope of salvation was [150] to drive back the weapons hostile to the way of salvation, threw aside their staves; their battered shields rang out as the knights fled, barely protected

beneath them. When Raymond saw that each side’s warlike preparations were equal to the other’s, he ordered a high tower to be built of timbers;’

this was made of beams of maple, and was as high as a hill;? [155] the captains of war hid themselves in its hollow lower parts, and on its top stood Everard the Hunter,’ blowing his horn. A picked band of men fought furiously in the front. And so men pushed with their own feet against the foot of the wheels, and although the narrow tracks in that place impeded them, [160] they brought their higher castle up to the tower on high, and made ready to leap down suddenly on the astonished foe. Then a siege-engine was built by the men in the city also; this threw enormous stones, which shook our tower, and moreover hurled the fiery pitch that the Greeks use,° [165] so that stinking black ash floated in front of our men too. The power of God kept his own folk alive amid the fire, and granted that these harmful flames could do no harm at all. The brave Christians cast their spears over the battlements of the wall, and the dead fell down from the top of the castle; [170] William of Montpellier® raged there, strenuously hurling timbers, rocks, and staves; he stood out against the torches, and was cleansed by the fire.’ ! The Latin here is an imitation of the hypallage used in Vergil’s Aeneid: cf. Aen. iii. 61. 2 See Gesta Francorum, p. 78. The ‘castle’ was commanded by William of Montpellier.

See below, viii. 170 and n.

3 Cf. Vergil, Aen. ii. 15, ix. 87. + Everard is also mentioned by Robert of Rheims, p. 847, and Gesta Francorum, p. 78. > Greek fire was a form ofliquid pitch which was ignited and poured on assailants.

6 William was a leading member of Raymond ofToulouse’s contingent. He took part in the sieges of Ma‘arrat an-Nu‘man and Antioch and remained in Palestine until c.1103. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 26, 78; Orderic Vitalis, v. 68, 138; Riley-Smith, “The motives’, p. 728. i @faRevazaresm bets 1:7.

208

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Huius ego nequeo uirtutes dicere digne. Illum? non? retinet frangendis congrua muris Machina, sed gaudet, gaudet patientia duris. Non retro mollitus uite dulcedine‘ cedit,

175

Nec, quamuis decuisset? ibi fugisse, recedit; Hos necat, hos quassat, se circuit, arma repellit,

Nunc muros nunc scuta ferit, nunc spicula uellit. Non procul a castro nec ab¢ adiuncta procul arce

180

Turba sacerdotum clamabat: ‘rex pie, parce, Parce, Deus, fugiatque‘ tuum gentilis ouile, Qui nomen Christi* conatur” reddere uile.”! Ex alia iuuenes certant irrumpere parte,

Nec bello defessa manus, nec profuit! arte.”

185

Si quis forte parat compagem soluere muri, Illius excussa dampnatur dextra securi.

Hec* indignatus uir de Da Turre! uocatus Gulferius,™? pulchrumque’ diu facinus? meditatus, Turbidus arripuit erecte? robora scale, Quam uix sustulerunt? humeris sudantibus ale, Perque gradus trahit’ ipse* suis sua membra lacertis, Solus et in medium populi portatur inertis;5" Hunc’ sequitur quem pellit” ad hoc manus omnipotentis; Quippe modum nostre transcendunt* taliaY mentis. Sed, dum turba frequens firmat gressus per inane, Scalam frangit onus gentisque repulsa profane. At’ uir predictus, tollendus ad astra fauore, Quo se iam tulerat™ uirtute grauique labore, Inter eos quos uix potuit conducere sursum Eminet: utque canes depasc*nt morsibus ursum, Cui plebs incumbens preclusit iter fugiendi,

190

200

Sic non”? equa manus premit hunc populique premendi. Ille per instantes fertur, iaculo® uenienti. * illis A

> num F ° F m. pr. omits dulcedine 4 docuisset A * metuatque AD ® Christinomen AD » conantur AD 1 AD omit Il. 184-5; m. alt. (different hand) adds them in A only

' proficit F kK hoc C

' de daturre BCF; deda turre D; de la Turre A

” pulchrique A t trait F “ ducit A aut D

° farinus D m. pr.

P erecta B

™ Gulforius BC

7 sustulerant A

5 ille BC * inermis BC 4 A omits this line ’ nunc A * transcedunt CDF Y gaudia D 2 at Groco*ck; et ABCF; ** tolerat A m. pr.; contulerat BC bb nec D ¢¢ adculo A

' See Gesta Francorum, pp. 78-9.

a“

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209

I cannot speak worthily of his outstanding qualities. The siegeengine made for breaking down walls did not hold him back; [175] rather his patience rejoiced, it rejoiced in hardship. He did not shrink back, softened by the sweet things of life, and he did not withdraw, though he might honourably have fled from there; some he slaughtered, others he dashed down, he swung round and repelled their weapons, now striking the walls, now their shields, and now pulling out their spears. [180] Not far from the castle, and not far from the citadel close to it, the band of priests was crying out: “Holy king have mercy, have mercy O God, let them flee before your flock, these heathen who are trying to make foul the name of Christ’.! From the other side the young men strove to break through, [185] and their hand was not exhausted by the fighting, though its skill brought them no advantage.’ If any of them happened to begin to loosen the bonds of the wall, he lost his right hand, severed by an axe. Aghast at this, a man called Geoffrey of

Lastours,’ who had long thought of attempting some noble deed, [190] frenziedly seized a ladder which the groups of men scarcely raised aloft on their perspiring shoulders, and raising its frame up high, he heaved his bulk along its rungs with his arms, and he was borne up alone in the midst of that inactive people; a man followed him, prompted to do so by the hand of the Almighty; [195] for indeed such things surpass our own level of understanding. But while a whole host of them were treading their way through the void, their weight and the repulse of the wicked race broke the ladder. However, the man we have mentioned (and he deserves to be raised to the stars in acclamation),

shone forth there where he had already borne himself by his courage and his hard toil, [200] among those whom he had barely managed to lead up there with him; and just as dogs nip at a bear when the people thronging about shut off its way of escape, so he was hemmed in by a force of men not his equals, who do not deserve mention. He was carried along through his assailants, 2 The siege-tower was used to protect those undermining the city walls. 3 Geoffrey, lord of Lastours in the Limousin, died ¢.1126. For his role in the siege of Ma‘arrat, see Gesta Francorum, p. 79; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 97; Orderic Vitalis, v. 138. One of the knights of his household was Gregory Bechada, author of a lost Provengal epic poem on the First Crusade. See G. Paris, ‘La Chanson d’Antioche provengale’, Romania, xxii (1893), 345-64, at pp. 358-9, 362.

210

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Opponit clipeum, socio tutela* sequenti:° Nunc prior est, nunc‘ posterior, similis fugienti,? Nunc propriis telis populo nocet ille stupenti,° Nunc gladios, nunc pila fugit, nunc mille molares. Iam fumant artus, iam spumant sanguine nares: Contra tot pestes manet unius integra uita,

205

210

Missilibus, iaculis, sude, fustibus, ense petita.

Dum quantum?’ deprensa® potest gens turma’ resistit, Fida cohors iterum scalas ad menia sistit. Mox oblita sui sed non oblita suorum Conscendit! muros properans ad opem sociorum.! Nec mora, per turres sonitu concurritur orto. Non riget his arcus contentus’ fune retorto, Res agitur gladiis: de menibus* ordine fixa Saxa trahunt,’ murisque suis urbs frangitur ipsa. Terga dedere prius nostri, numeroque furentum Cesserunt,”™ pressitque sonum gemitus morientum. Ad terram missi plerique necem” fugiebant, Quam tamen ad terram confracti repperiebant.°

Soluitur? interea murus, quem? nostra iuuentus? Castro tecta subit, solida nec rupe retentus Est eques:’ ingrediens artata foramine stricto Gens repit,* tuba signa dedit tristissima‘ uicto. Vt uidere suis hostes in menibus isti Qui” super adstabant, nec eis iam posse resisti, Per muros rapuere fugam, clipeisque reiectis Merguntur subito diuersis agmina tectis. Pars solo terrore perit, plebique cadenti Mors ignaua’ uenit” non ense uocata rubenti: Maxima turba ruit* uenientum turbine pulsa, Muris fixa rubent” miserorum membra reuulsa. * tutela socio F > uenienti F m. pr. “nec C * stipenti D m. pr. f quarta D ® depressa F ‘ conscendunt D / intentus F; intensus BC ’ tenent Fm. pr. ™ cescerunt A ” Fm. pr. omits necem bant A m. pr. P sternitur D 7 qui A m. pr, corr. * equus BC S reppit F ‘ tristisima F *Cwica * p.uenit F m. pr. * perit AD » rulent A

Nv pa sat

tN tN Qo

tv tN wa

230

235 4 figienti D » turba AD * munibus A ° temperieto quis m. allt. ‘ ignora A

“

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[205] and held his shield out against the approaching spears as a shelter for his comrades following on behind; now he held it in front of him, now behind him, as when a man runs away, now he dealt wounds to the astonished people with his own weapons, now

he escaped their swords, their spears, and the thousand stones they cast at him. By this stage his limbs were steaming, and his nostrils were foaming with blood: [210] the life of one man remained whole against so many plagues, sought out as it was by darts, spears, staves, clubs, and swords.

While the troops fought back as hard as a besieged people can, the faithful company once again placed their ladders against the walls. Putting aside thoughts of themselves, but not of their own, [215] they were soon scaling the walls, rushing to the aid of their comrades.' Without delay, men came running as the noise spread from tower to tower; the bow bent taut with its twisted string did not stiffen for them. It was a time for swords: they dragged firmly-fixed stones from the walls along each course, and the city itself was broken by its own walls. [220] Our side turned their backs first, giving way to the raging horde, and the groans of the dying drowned out their noise. Many threw themselves to the ground, fleeing death, and yet found death, shattered on the ground. Meanwhile, the wall which our young men had sapped,’ [225] covered by their ‘castle’, was breached, and the knights were no longer held back by the solid rock; the people advanced, creeping, hemmed in by the narrowness of the gap, and the bugle gave out its signals, bringing sorrow to the vanquished. When those who were standing on the heights saw the enemy within their walls, and saw too that they could no longer withstand them, [230] they took to their heels through the walls, and throwing their shields away the troops quickly sank into hiding in various buildings. Some died of sheer terror, and a base death, not one summoned by a crimson sword, met the falling people. The greatest part of the crowd rushed headlong, driven on by the whirlwind of the approaching men, [235] and the wretches’ torn-off limbs dripped red, fixed to the walls. ' For a parallel, see Robert of Rheims, pp. 847-9. > See above, viii. 143, 186, and nn.

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Vrbis ad excelsas turres ita dum properatur,

Diuersis mors una modis hos* depopulatur. Vesper erat? nostris minus illo tempore gratus, Paganisque dedit latebras nimium* properatus: Noctem pro lucro penas in luce daturus Ciuis habet, multoque rubet iam¢ sanguine murus.

240

At® dum leta‘ cohors’ urbem sine uindice uastat,

Ad miseras turres gentilis pallidus adstat.” Tunc! monuit Boimundus’! eos interpretis ore Vt sua lenirent mala consilio meliore, Et* subeant turrem que presidet ardua porte; Hos equidem teget in misera sua dextera morte, Victorem uictumque’ facit mox inrequietum. Victa rapit uictor, uidet™ hic accurrere letum, Iamque diem luctusque nouos aurora uocabat, Vicini” morti’ se ciuis in urbe parabat. Christicole stringunt enses et tecta cruentis

245

250

Corporibus complent populique cruore cadentis.° Hic etiam uirtutis opus gladiis iniere Corpore qui tenui modicas uires? habuere, Dantque senes decollandi? penam grauiorem Quam iuuenes: producit’ enim uis parua dolorem, Et ueluti minimums potuissent ense‘ nocere, Timpora quorundam laqueis sic implicuere Vt laqueum baculus constringat, et interiora Perforet ossa rigens funis," cruor impleat ora: Tunc’ educta suis extabant orbibus horum” Lumina,* fedabat” sanies” barbas miserorum.

255

260

Talia fingebat auri sitis effodiendi; Nam quid* non suadet amor immoderatus habendi?? Viscera morte graui iam frigida dextra cruenta Scindit, et ex ipsis manus haurit auara?® talenta.4 Ast alios, quos cura ducis seruare® uolebat,> Inreuocabile uulgus ad impia fata trahebat.® * hos una

modis

mors

> uesperat

©“ nimiumque

265

A m. pr.

4 B omits iam ereteAD f lecta D ® cohor F » astat BD / tum F / Fm. pr. omits Boimundus ute ' uictorem uictum uictumque A

™ rapit Dm. pr.

” uicinie or uicime A

° cadentes D

m. pr. P uires modicas AD 7 decollandi Hall; decollandis all MSS " juuenes sed producit D * nimium D * esse A “ funus F m. pr. “nunc

7 sanguis D quos cura AD

“ orum

cehonl oe

* fulmina

Y fedenbat A; fedabant BC

bb haurit auara manus F

°° seruare ducis

BOOK VIII(IV)

213

And so while a rapid advance was made to the lofty towers of the city, a single death ravaged them in many ways. The evening was less welcome to our men on that occasion, and, hastening on too soon, enabled the heathen to hide: [240] the citizens, who would have paid the penalty in the daylight, had night for their reward, and already the city wall was red with much blood. But while the joyful company laid waste the city without being avenged, the heathen stood pale-faced in their wretched towers. Then Bohemond! advised them, through an interpreter, [245] to alleviate their wretched plight with better counsel, and to come down to the tower which overlooks the steep approaches to the gate; his own right hand, indeed, was their shelter in the face of a miserable death, and at once deprived victor and vanquished of rest, and the victor snatched his booty, and the other saw the approach of death. [250] And now dawn was summoning the daylight, and grief was renewed. In the city the citizens prepared themselves for death, which was now near at hand.’ The Christians drew their swords and filled the dwellings with bloodied bodies and with the gore of people falling in death. Here indeed [255] those who had little strength in their feeble frame proceeded to an act of courage with their swords, and the old men who were to be beheaded paid a heavier penalty than the young, for but a slight force prolonged their agony, and inasmuch as they could only inflict short-lived pain on them with the blade, they tied up the heads of some of them with thongs, [260] in such a way that a stick tightened up the thong, and the rope as it tightened cracked the bones inside,

so that the blood filled their mouths; then their eyes popped out and stood proud of their sockets, and bloody gore befouled the wretches’ beards. It was thirst for uncovering gold that devised such things; [265] for what does unbridled love of possessions not urge men to do?’ Their bloodied hands tore asunder guts already cold in the grip of death, and from them their greedy fists ripped gold coins.* But the uncontrollable mob hastened others, whom it was the duke’s concern to keep safe,’ to an ungodly doom.° ' Bohemond arrived at Ma‘arrat on 28 Nov. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 77-8. ? Bohemond had promised safety to the Muslim inhabitants if they took refuge in a building near the main city gates, but in its destruction no one was spared. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 79-80; Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 98-9. 3 Cf. Prudentius, Psychomachia, 478, Proba Cent. Verg. 201 = Vergil, Aen. viii. 327. * See Gesta Francorum, p. 80. 5 See above, viii. 252 and n.

° Cf. Lucan, Bellum ciuile, i. 509.

214

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Ima senes Herebi repetunt, uenduntur ephebi.'

270

Detinuit nostros in finibus his mora mensis;7

Mortuus interea presul fuit hic Oriensis.’ Nostra cohors paucis consumpsit multa diebus:* Nescit enim partis? uictoria parcere rebus.° Illic ergo famem gens? pertulit immoderatam,

275

Et susceperunt mortem plerique uocatam, Et, quia non habuit populus quod habere licebat, Tendit in illicitum, facit hoc quod ius prohibebat. Proh pudor! heu‘* facinus! ueribus‘ posuere recentes®

Turcorum carnes, lassantque’ cadauere dentes.” Tunc perscrutatur’ Boimundi causa secundo, Nec concordari potuit dux cum Raimundo: Regem non recipi Constantinopolitanum Nec dare iuratum comes asserit esse profanum.° Ergo uie curam sancte’ ducis” ira reiecit; Ira ducem, dux agmen iter postponere fecit. Ille quidem cum principibus® repetiuit amata” Menia, plebsque dolet tantis patribus uiduata.° At? comes Egidii Sancti manet inrequietus, Anxius in multis, curarum mole repletus: Sit? modo salua fides, placet ut descendat ad ima Quelibet, et procerum summetur res’ ea lima,

280

285

290

Mandauitque uiris absentibus ut Rugiosam’” [uris‘ amore petant, rem discutiant odiosam. Conueniant, rem discutiant, sed fraus ibi dira” Demonis insedit, nec finem repperit’ ira.” Tunc Marram petiit comes, expectatio turbe, Collegitque sua comites Boimundus in urbe.

295

* paucis uictoria parcere rebus D m. pr. > parcis D © Dm. pr. omits this line 4 plebs BC © hiu D m. pr. f uerubus BC ® fetentes BC » lassant A ‘ carnes F m. pr. / perscrutantur D K recipit BC ' ergo tue tua sancte D m. pr. ™ duris D ” armata D; amena BC ° uidiata D P sed AD 4 si AD; qit F. m. pr. " summe turres BC * Ruginosam gi. ciuitatem BC *muris F “sed demonis ira D ’ repperis A “ D reads insedit ira finemque boni non repperit ira for this line

' Some of the women and children were sold as slaves. 2 Gesta Francorum, p. 80, states that the army remained in Ma‘arrat for one month and four days. > See Gesta Francorum, p. 80; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 152, and above, i. 150.

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[270] The old men went down to the depths of Erebus, and the youths were sold off.’ Our men were held up for a month in these

regions;’ and in the meantime, the bishop of Orange died.* Our troops ate up many provisions in just a few days: for victory does

not know how to be frugal with her gains. [275] Because of this, the people suffered terrible hunger there, and many of them received the death which they called upon, and, because the common folk did not possess what it was right to possess, they veered towards what was not right, and did what common law forbids. For shame, the dreadful deed! They stuck freshly-sliced flesh from the Turks on spits, [280] and wearied their teeth on the dead.’ Then Bohemond’s case was examined for a second time, and the duke could not be brought to agree with Count Raymond; the count asserted that not to receive the emperor of Constantinople and not to give his oath was a base act.° [285] And so the duke’s wrath pushed concern about the holy journey into the background; for wrath made the duke delay his journey, and the duke delayed

the troops: for he sought out his beloved citadel with the nobles,° and the poor folk were grieved at being bereaved of such leaders. But the count of Saint-Gilles continued to be restless, [290] anxious about many matters, weighed down and full of cares; provided good faith was kept, he was happy to go to any depths, so that the matter could be concluded through the diplomacy of the nobles. He therefore sent word to the absent men to make for Rugia’ in their love of what is right, to discuss this loathsome affair. [295] For all that they met together and discussed the matter, the fateful deceit of the devil was present there, and their wrath found no end. Then the count, the awaited hope of the masses, set out for Ma‘arrat, and Bohemond gathered together his comrades in his

own city.® * Fulcher of Chartres, p. 267; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 101. 5 After the capture of Ma‘arrat, the dispute between Bohemond and Raymond resurfaced (above, viii. 108). See Gesta Francorum, pp. 80-1; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 99; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 267-8; Robert of Rheims, p. 849. 6 Bohemond returned to Antioch in late December; Raymond went to Rugia, leaving

the bishop of Albara in control of Ma‘arrat. See Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 98-9. 7 At Rugia, Raymond offered Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert of Normandy, Robert of

Flanders, and Tancred money to accept his leadership. See Raymond of Aguilers, p. 100. 8 After the abortive meeting at Rugia, Bohemond returned to Antioch and Raymond to Ma‘arrat, where in an effort to force his hand, the starving army had started to destroy the walls. See Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 100-1.

216

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Vt comes a cunctis se conspicit* esse relictum? Et Marram populis minimum‘ iam reddere uictum, Plus fidei? fisus quam uiribus, omnia Christo Committit, fatique uices duce non timet isto. Tunc pedibus nudis, solito cessante paratu, Egreditur Marram cum plebeio comitatu.’ Quelibet huic populo cessura pericula iurat, Nec secura fides regum consortia curat. Cedere pauperibus fortes putat ille fidelis, Audet et ipse ratem laceris* committere uelis. Plebs aggressa uiam propter ieiunia tarda, Et’ comites comitis primum uenere Capharda.’ Consul Normannus Normannorumque cohortes,’ Quos reddit’ sua terra” pigros, incognita fortes, Hic animis et corporibus’ nostris sociantur,/ Nec‘ fidei zelo mala queque subire morantur. Rex quoque Cesaree’ nostris pretendit amorem,

300

305

310

315

Et” specie pacis* male palliat ille timorem. Denique Cesaream’ serie firmata malorum Turba petit, quia longa quies labor esset eorum, Inseditque super fluuium Farfar,® quia tale Nomen habet flumen huic urbi conlaterale. Vt muris admota nimis tentoria uidit Rex urbis, uetuit commercia,? pacta recidit. Nocte sed exacta, populo iam progrediente, His occurrentes? duo Turci, rege iubente, Hostibus obsequium, licet hostes, exhibuerunt, Et uada quos nollet euadere predocuerunt. Venit et ad uallem’ quamdam gens nostra duorum Conductu, cepitque boues multos’ et equorum Predam‘ (nempe boues et equi per gramina late * prospicit F * raceris C

‘vate

> relictam A £ redit D

/ satiantur D m. pr., corr. to sotiantur m. alt.

pr., corr. to cesarie m. alt. ™ at BC P tertia D m. pr. 7 occurrerunt AD AD ‘ predia BC

*nimium D * turba BC K ne D; de A

320

325

4 fides A ‘ corporis BC ' ceserie D m.

° Pharphar CD * multos om.

' Raymond left Ma‘arrat on 13 Jan. 1099. See Gesta Francorum, p. 81; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 102; Robert of Rheims, p. 850. Bare feet were a sign of penitence. Accord-

“

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When the count saw that he had been abandoned by them all, [300] and that already Ma‘arrat was yielding most meagre provisions for his people, he put more trust in faith than in power, handed everything over to Christ, and with Him as captain he did not fear the twists of fate. Then, with bare feet, and laying aside his usual apparel, he departed from Mai‘arrat with an escort of common people.' [305] His firm faith swore that all kinds of peril would yield before this people, and paid no heed to keeping the company of kings. That faithful man thought that the mighty would give way to the poor, and he himself dared to entrust his ship to tattered sails. The common folk set forth on the journey, slow on account of their starving, [310] and the count’s companions were first to arrive at Kafartab.? The count of Normandy and the forces of Normans,’ whom their own land made sluggish but the strange land brave, joined themselves in body and soul to our men here, and they were not slow to endure any hardship in the zeal of the faith. [315] The king of Caesarea also offered his love to our men, barely cloaking his fear under the guise of peace.’ Then, strengthened by a series of mishaps, the host made for Caesarea, for a long respite would have been an onerous task for them, and they settled above the river Farfar;> [320] the river which flows alongside this city has such a name. As the king of the city saw their tents very close to the walls, he forbade any trading and rescinded his agreement. But when the night was over and the people were already moving on, two Turks ran on the king’s orders to meet them, [325] showing co-operation to their enemies, enemies though they were, and, as he did not wish them to depart, informed them about the fords round there. Under the guidance of these two men, our people came to a certain valley, and captured many cattle, and plundered horses (for cattle and horses ing to Albert of Aachen, p. 481, after the capture of Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon processed around the walls of the city wearing the dress of ahumble pilgrim. ? Kafartab was twelve miles south of Ma‘arrat an-Nu‘man. Raymond remained there till 16 Jan. 3 See also Gesta Francorum, p. 81. Raymond of Aguilers, p. 102, says that Raymond of Toulouse was accompanied by Tancred. 4 The emir of Shaizar, of the Bana Mungidh, sent guides to lead Raymond’s army safely across the Orontes and offered to sell the crusaders food and horses. See Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 103; Gesta Francorum, p. 81. > See above, iv. 420-1 and n., for an explanation of this nickname. The army crossed the Orontes between Shaizar and Hamah.

218

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Ibant graminea gaudentes fertilitate,

330

Vtque ferunt quibus illa fuit predatio certa,’ Depredatorum sunt milia quinque reperta).’

Aggere munitum fortique ualloque? rotundo” Stabat ibi castrum, sed redditur hoc Raimundo. Hostibus in mediis per quinque dies habitare Profuit® et spoliis iumenta datis honerare. Tunc gens illa fide firmat se? fedus habere Perpetuum cum Christicolis, nullique nocere; Nec® tamen huic fidei foret ulla fides adhibenda’ Nec leuis illorum’ promissio suscipienda.”

Post Arabum petitur castrum, quod mox aperitur.* Proximus hos labor’ ad uallem perduxit amenam, Fructibus innumeris hiemali/ tempore plenam. Vrbs ibi grata situ manet alto splendida muro, Que quasi gemma micat auro circumdata puro;

335

340

345

Incola Caphaliam™ uocat hanc, qui tunc fugiebat, Certius ut uidit! quos iam rumore uidebat. Ciuibus egressis uictores ingrediuntur,™ Tres et in urbe dies complent opibusque fruuntur. Nescia” gens herere dehinc® montes superauit Immensos, in ualle De Sem” sua castra locauit. Hic quoque larga’ Dei pietas dedit huic aciei

350

Fructus, frumentum uel sufficiens alimentum.’

Sed que proueniunt ad nutum’ despiciuntur, Interdicta placent magis,‘ interdicta sec*ntur, Et castrum confine petunt. Tunc” hostis hianti Proiecit populo predas, et’ res ea tanti Extitit ut castrum uictores fraude subacti

355

Desererent” mentis uitio, non ense coacti,° 2 tenta A > muroque AD ¢ affuit F 4 sed A * non AD f adhibendo A £ eorum F » suspicienda F ' Fm. pr. omits hos labor ! hic mali A * Caphalia A ' ut ut uidit A ™ regrediuntur D m. pr. " hostia A ° diu AD P ualle desen BCF; ualle locus est D 4 laga Dm. pr. " alimentum sufficiens F m. pr. * uotum AD; nuptum F ‘ magis placent F m. pr. “his F m. pr., corr. to hic m. alt. Yat F ” desenerent F'm. pr. ' Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 103, states that these men ‘imprudenter’ led the crusaders to a valley where the local inhabitants had hidden their flocks.

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[330] roamed widely over its meadows, rejoicing in the richness of. its pasture; and according to the report of those who knew for certain about that plunder, the captured beasts were found to be five thousand in number).! A fort stood there too, fortified with a strong rampart’ and a palisade about it, but this too was handed over to Raymond. [335] It profited them to shelter for five days in the midst of the enemy, and to heap their pack-horses with the spoils given to them. Then that race swore in faith to have an everlasting treaty with the Christians, and to harm none of them; but no faith was to be granted to this faith of theirs, [340] and their fickle promise was not to be taken up. After this they made for the Arabs’ fort, which was soon opened up to them.’ Their toil next brought them to a beautiful valley, which was full of countless fruits, even in winter-time. There was a city there, beautiful from its location, and made glorious by a lofty wall, [345] which sparkled like a jewel set about with pure gold; its inhabitants call it Caphalia,* and they fled when they saw with greater certainty those whom they had already beheld from rumour. With the citizens gone the victors entered, and they passed a full three days in the city enjoying its riches. [350] From here, this race which did not know how to be still crossed over

enormous mountains, and pitched camp in the valley of De Sem.* Here too God in his generous goodness gave this force fruit and grain, that is, enough provisions. But the things which were theirs for the asking were despised, [355] forbidden things were more pleasing to them, and they pursued things forbidden, seeking out a neighbouring fort. Then the enemy threw down plunder to the greedy people, and this had such a great effect that the conquerors were subdued by this deception and departed from the fort, not compelled by the sword, but by the fault of their own mind.° 2 The description is typical of bank-and-ditch earthworks, BCF’s uallo replacing the earlier muro in AD. 3 Presumably Masyaf, whose lord made a treaty with the crusaders. See Gesta Fran-

corum, p. 82; Albert of Aachen, p. 451. * Rafaniya. See also Gesta Francorum, p. 82.

> This place is usually identified as al-Buqarah. The plain was commanded by the fortress of Hisn al-Akrad, which stood on the site where Krak des Chevaliers was built.

See also Robert of Rheims, pp. 851-2; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 105. ° Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 106, states that Raymond of Toulouse was almost captured as the crusaders chased after the cattle let loose from the castle.

220

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Et? tamen ageressi® castellum luce sequenti, Defensore® suo uacuum patet aggredienti.' Annua festa Dei genetricis ibi celebrantur, Hec que candelis specialius‘ irradiantur.’ Munera tunc ducibus mittuntur ab urbe Camela,’ Aureus arcus, equi, uestes et lucida tela, Legatique® sui regis mandata‘ ferentes Exorant pacem; quos Christicole sapientes Incertos faciunt, certum nichil instituentes.* Rexé etiam Tripolis formidine’ tactus ut isti

Septem mittit’ equos et mulas quattuor hosti.* Dona duces capiunt, sed et hec suspecta* fuere, Cumque uiris fedus quesitum non iniere.® Post requiem letam’ castellum deseruerunt,” Quindecimaque die proceres iter arripuerunt. Inde petunt Archas,”’ castrum uetus equiparandum®? Vrbibus? et populo non absque labore uiandum.® Hoc Arabes, Turci, Publicanique” coronant, Turres, arma, locus,” muri munimina donant.!” Sed tamen hec’ nostri clauserunt obsidione, Que' superare putant uel ui uel proditione.” Precipiti’ cursu muros nostri petiere,” Precipitem cursum gentiles sustinuere.* Percutiunt clausos” grauiusque repercutiuntur, Nam’ grauius ledunt que desuper eiciuntur;** Arcu, balista, tormento®®"! gens furit ista. Tormento lapis impulsus magnisque uirorum

360

365

370

375

380

385

SAIC > ageressum BF © defensorem A 4 specialis D * legati A ‘ mandanta D ® sex F m. pr. » fortuidine D m. pr. ' mittunt D / isti BC * sed hec incerta suspecta A ' quindecimaque die letam D, A m. sec.:Am. tert. corr. to quindecima die ™ Am. pr. omits this line; it is included at the foot of the page by A m. alt. BEAT CAS oD we mqrnarp te ° equiperandum A P uiribus A m. pr. 4 Pullicanique A; gentes Medique BC ‘ loca A * hoc ADF * quod AD " Bm. pr. puts this line after |. 381 ‘ precipite A m. pr. “ pieciere A * Am. pr. omits this line; it is added by m. alt. at the foot of the page Y classos D “iam F; non A #2 jaciuntur B m. pr.; initiuntur D 5» tormentos D m. pr. ' On the following day, 29 Jan., the army prepared an assault on the city, only to discover that it had been abandoned during the night. ? The Feast of Candlemas, 2 Feb. 1099. * Camela was the crusaders’ name for Homs. See Gesta Francorum, p. 83 and n.

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[360] And yet, when they attacked the fort the following morning, it lay wide open to its attackers, empty of defenders.! The yearly festival of the mother of God, the one which is especially illuminated with candles, was celebrated there.’

Then gifts were sent to the leaders from the city of Homs,’ [365] a golden bow, horses, clothes, and shimmering spears, and the envoys carrying their king’s instructions begged for peace; the Christians

wisely made them unsure, making no firm decisions.’ Even the king of Tripoli was smitten with fear as they were, [370] and sent seven horses and four mules to his foe.’ The leaders accepted the gifts, but these too were regarded with suspicion, and they did not enter with those men into the treaty that they desired.° After a joyful rest they left the fort behind, and on the fifteenth day, the nobles resumed their journey. [375] From there they made for “Argah,’ an ancient castle which was the equal of the cities, and which the people could not reach without toil.’ Arabs, Turks, and Paulicians® encircled this place, and its towers, its weapons, its location and its walls gave it sure protection.!° But even so, our men shut all these in with a siege, [380] and thought they could overcome them either by force or by treachery. Our men made for the walls in a headlong charge, a headlong charge that the heathen withstood. They struck at the besieged, who struck back harder, for those things thrown down from on high inflict greater injury; [385] that people raged with the bow, the catapult, and the siege-engine.!! Stones hurled by the siege-engines and backed up by massive human strength * The emir of Homs was Janah-ad-Daulah, an atabeg of Ridvan of Aleppo (cf. v. eal) 5 See Gesta Francorum, p. 83; Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 106-7; Robert of Rheims, p.

853. The Gesta and Robert mention ten horses. ° Raymond in turn sent envoys to Tripoli. They returned impressed with the city’s wealth and advised him to make a show of force against one of the emir’s fortresses. 7 According to the Gesta Francorum, p. 83, the crusaders arrived at “Arqah, a stronghold at the foot of Mount Lebanon, NE of Tripoli, on 14 Feb. rogg. The settlement there was reputedly founded by Aracaeus, son of Canaan and grandson of Noah. See Gen. 10: 15-17, and also William ofTyre, p. 361. 5 The siege of “Arqah lasted twelve and a half weeks: see Albert of Aachen, pp. 4512; Robert of Rheims, pp. 853-4; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 268-9. ° See Gesta Francorum, p. 83. Publicani became the popular name for the Paulician heretics, who were absolute dualists. See R. I. Moore,

The Birth of Popular Heresy

(London, 1975), p. 73; M. Lambert, Medieval Heresy (London, 1977), p. 23. The crusaders had already encountered Paulicians on their journey across Asia Minor. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 20, 26; Baldric of Dol, pp. 54, 59.

10 See Gesta Francorum, p. 83.

"See Robert of Rheims, p. 853.

222

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Viribus adiutus? terit artus® oppositorum, Funestum sibi pandit iter per scuta uolando, Seminat’ ille neces quicquid petit exanimando.? Hic procerum decus, Anselmus* de Monte Riballo,’ Lustrat’ anhelanti dum menia lata caballo Mortiferum uulnus recipit, uir uiribus Hector, Vir Cato’ consilio, uir primus? in agmine rector. Sepius aggressi muros sunt sepe’” reiecti.

390

Post hec ad Tripolim’ sunt quinque nouemque profecti Vt predam caperent;’ sexagintaque repente 396 Inueniunt Turcos, quos, Christo subueniente, Inuadunt et sex perimunt, armentaque plura Dum leti redeunt’ cepere per hostica rura. Nonf procul urbs aberat, ripe uicina marine, Fertilitate sua’ promittens multa™ rapine, Nomine que celebris ipso” Tortosa uocatur.* Impetit hanc Piletus Raimundus,’ et associatur Tentorie proconsul’ ei, qui par paritate Nominis,° huic non impar erat? mentis probitate.

Hi duo Tortosam cum paucis aggrediuntur, Frustranturque diu nec prosperitate fruuntur. Sed tamen? haud longe iam‘ nocte superueniente Castra locant nimium populo strepitum faciente, Accenduntque uiri non ad sua commoda segnes Per iuga, per campos plures uigilantibus ignes; Quos postquam ciues® lucere‘ procul speculantur, Quod metuunt sperant," quod sperant uaticinantur: Christicolas castri procinctum’ deseruisse, Vrbis ad excidium tentoria iam posuisse.’

400

405

410

415

* impulsus F > arcus D © geminat F 4 examinando ABCD © Ansellus ADF f fustrat A ® magnus BC » sepe sunt F m. pr. ‘ Tripolum F / leti reti redeunt F m. pr., corr. to dum leti leti redeunt m. alt. * hautD ' sue D ™ multa promittensF ” ipsaF ° hominis Ie P erat haud impar AD 7 tamen om.F " jam om.F * clues om. F * luere D “ superant D * procintum F

' Anselm was castellan of Bouchain and the author of letters to Manasses, arch-

bishop of Rheims, which are an important source for the siege of Antioch. See Die Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 63, 144-6, 155-66. Although he led his own force, Anselm served with both Hugh of Vermandois and Raymond of Toulouse. His death is also recorded

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ground the limbs of those who stood in their way, opening up for themselves a path of death as they flew among the shields, sowing the seeds of destruction as they crushed the life from whatever they smote. [390] Here Anselm of Ribemont,! the glory of the noblemen, received a deadly wound as he rode round the broad walls on his panting horse; he was a man as strong as Hector, as wise as Cato,’ a captain in the front rank. They attacked the walls repeatedly, and repeatedly they were repulsed.

[395] After this, fourteen of them set out for Tripoli to capture some plunder,’ and suddenly they came upon sixty Turks, whom they attacked, and with Christ’s help killed six of them; and as they made their joyful return through the enemy fields, they captured many cattle. [400] There was a city not far away which lay beside the sea, promising a great deal of plunder because of its richness;

famed for its very name, it was called Tortosa.* Raymond Pilet? attacked it, and the viscount of Turenne,° his equal in name [405] and not unequal to him in his worthy intentions, joined forces with him. These two attacked Tortosa with a small band, but were thwarted for a long time, and did not enjoy success. Even so, the people pitched their camp not far away as night fell, making a great din, [410] and men not slow to see their own advantage lit many fires on the hills and in the plains for those on watch; after the citizens had seen them burning brightly in the distance, they began to suspect what they feared, and gave voice to these suspicions, namely, that the Christians had left the area round the fort, [415] and had already pitched their tents, to bring down the city.’ by Gesta Francorum, p. 85, and by Robert of Rheims, p. 857. See also Riley-Smith, ‘Death on the First Crusade’, p. 27. * Cato ‘requisite and was Solomon 3 The

was regarded as an ‘exemplary figure’ of wisdom, familiarity with whom was a for scholarly poetry in the Middle Ages’ (Curtius, European Literature, p. 60), regarded by the Platonizing poets of the 12th c. as a pagan counterpart to as a recipient of divine wisdom.

same details are found in both Robert of Rheims, pp. 853-4, and the Gesta Francorum, p. 83. See also Albert of Aachen, pp. 456-7. 4 Tortosa (Tartus), some 28 miles north of Tripoli and important to the crusaders as

the best harbour between there and the garrison at Latakia. See Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 108. 5 See above, viii. 12 n. 6 Raymond, viscount of Turenne and a vassal of Raymond of Toulouse. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 83, 87; HGL iii. 484. 7 This ruse, which made the army appear much larger than it actually was, is also described in Gesta Francorum, p. 84; Robert of Rheims, p. 854.

224

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Ergo metu solo*! superati deseruerunt Menia, terga fuge nullo cogente dederunt.’ Ast® ubi sol rediit nocturnaque lumina texit Lumine maiori,‘ nostris ignota retexit Gaudia, quos subitum regnum,’ non pugna uocabat Expectata diu,* quibus urbs seruire parabat. Parthe fugax,“ ubi magna‘ magis miracula queres? Aduena, sero tuus hostis, modo fit tuus heres! Sufficit hec acies multis non multa ruinis,® Est et ab Archois* tibi mors immissa pruinis.°

Vrbe uiri fortes insperata‘ potiuntur,

420

425

Hostiles portas quasi ciues ingrediuntur.

Bella Deus pro/ gente sua secreta mouebat,‘ Militibusque uiam/ dux preuius expediebat Datque suis aurum telluris ad ima retrusum: Nec™ cumularat opes nostrorum Parthus ad usum. Dum’ castrum tenet obsidio, proceres® tenuerunt Hanc urbem portumque rates illic habuerunt. Rex quoque Maraclee” nostris obstare nequiuit, Collaque? submittens optatum fedus iniuit.

430

435

* solo metu AD Beater © maiore D 4 pegnum D © fugaux F f magnas D m. pr. £ ruinos D m. pr. » Athois BC k ‘ insuperata D / per D monebat D ' militibus quoque uiam A Ze nince

4 tollaque A

" cum

° nostri AD

P Miraclee A; ? Maniclee

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So, conquered by fear alone,' they left their battlements and turned their backs in flight, though no one compelled them.’ But when the sun returned to blot out the lights of the night with its greater brilliance, it laid bare joys unknown to our men: [420] a suddenly acquired kingdom summoned them, not a long-awaited battle,’ for the city was made ready to be at their disposal. Runaway Parthian,’ where will you look for greater miracles? The stranger, of late your enemy, has now become your heir. This force, few in number, was enough for the downfall of many, [425] and death was sent down to you from the frosty north.’ The brave men gained possession of the city they had not hoped for, and they entered the enemy gates as though they were citizens. God was waging secret warfare on His people’s behalf, going ahead as their captain, smoothing the way for His knights [430] and giving His men gold hidden in the depths of the earth, even though the Parthians had not heaped riches up for our men’s use. While the blockade held fast the fort, the nobles held fast this city, and their

ships had a harbour there. The king of Maraqiyah® too was unable to withstand our men, [435] and bowing low his neck he entered into the treaty they desired from him. ' ? 3 4

BCF correct the metre here with the change to metu solo. The crusaders occupied Tortosa on 17 Feb. 1099. Cf. Ovid, Met. xiii. 183; Juvenal, Sat. viii. 87. Cf. Ovid, Remedia amoris, 155.

2s Gfjers621,410:3:22:

6 Maragqiyah was ro miles north of Tortosa on the coast. On hearing news of the latter’s capture, its emir recognized Raymond’s suzerainty. See Gesta Francorum, p. 84.

LIBER

IX (GILONIS

LIBER

Iam, duce materia! cuius pars magna peracta est,* Inspicimus propius?® portum, finemque‘ laboris.’

Obscurat,/ fateor, puerilis pagina grandem Historiam, uersusque® leues onus aggrauat’ ipsum. Quod tamen incepi, sed non quo tramite cepi Aggrediar, sensumque sequar, non uerba sonora, Nec® patiar caudas? sibi respondere uicissim, Pruriet et nulli modulatio carminis auri, Quodque coartabant' humilis stilus et rude metrum, Latius effundet prolixa relatio rerum:

Sic’ collum luctantis equi frenumque uolantis* Contrahit’ egrediens primum” de carcere cursor, Ast, ubi proximus est” mete, mox laxat habenas; Iamque meas? ego laxaui,? nam proxima meta est.’ Cum? Deus abiectis ducibus populique columnis Pauperibus dat regna suis’ paucisque triumphat,” Ne sua que* Domino sunt ascribenda‘ potenti Applaudens humana sibi natura uocaret, Flandrensis comes atque duces uenere Liceam,”° Sed Boimundus ibi consortia leta reliquit, Emensumque remensus iter redit ad sua tristis. Magnus at’ ille ducum Godefridus liber ad arma 2 est om. A © uerusque A

? cohortabant D

® proprius F f agoragat D § non B

i si B; hic F

* uolentes A ' contrhit F P laxaui ego B m. pr.

™ primus AD Brest om ob ° mea A 7 dum A m. pr. " thiumphat F m. pr. > cum D pr. " Licheam DF ‘ ad Dm. pr.

* asscribendo D m.

' It is unclear whether this reference by Gilo to his ‘subject-matter’ should be taken simply as meaning the tale he is in the process of recounting, or the redaction of a written account which he is following. See above, Introd., pp. lix—lx. Blatt, Novum Glossarium Mediae Latinitatis (Copenhagen, 1957), art. ‘materia’, gives two senses, one of which leans towards the former idea, ‘sujet d’un ouvrage’, and the other, ‘exposition du livre a commenter’, to the latter. * For a similar image, see above, Prologue, |. 11.

BOOK

(GILO

BOOK

Now, led on by the narrative whose greater part is done,! we look more closely on our haven and the end of our toil.? My childish writing, I confess, clouds the noble story, and its very weight is a burden to my flimsy verses. [5] I shall, however, attempt what I began, but not along the same path that I first took, and shall pursue the sense of the story, not fine-sounding words; I shall not allow the verse-endings to respond to one another by turns, and the charm of the poetry shall tickle no one’s ears; the story which my humble pen and my unpolished verse hampered [10] shall now flow more broadly ina relaxed narrative of events,’ in the same way that the horseman pulls hard at his struggling horse’s neck and on its bridle as it flies onward, when he first sets off from the startinggate, but when he reaches the finishing-post, he quickly slackens the reins; and now I have slackened my reins, for my finishing-post

is hard by.’ [15] When God spurned the leaders and pillars of the people, and gave his kingdom to the poor,’ triumphing through the few, lest human nature in praising itself should call its own the things which should be credited to the power of God, the count of Flanders and the leaders came to Latakia,° but [20] Bohemond abandoned their joyous company there, and returned in sadness to his own possessions, treading again the route he had trodden before. But Godfrey, that great man among the leaders, freely sprang forward 3 As in the prologue, Gilo affects modesty with regard to his own skills, and in describing his poetic technique, he makes use of some ofthe technical vocabulary ofthe schools. See Faral, Arts poétiques, p. 86, for a discussion of the three levels of poetic writing distinguished by medieval writers, humilis, mediocris, and grauis. + This use of the image of a horse- or chariot-race provides further evidence ofGilo’s originality in adapting a common metaphor from classical verse. See above, Introd., pp. xxvii—xxviii, and also Vergil, Georg..i. 512, iii. 104; Statius, Thebaid, vi. 522-4; Ovid, Met. Xo O52,

> Cf. Matt. 5: 3-4. This is a reference to Raymond Pilet and others involved in the capture of Tortosa. 6 Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemond and Robert of Flanders set out for Latakia at the end of February. Soon afterwards Bohemond turned back towards Antioch. See Robert of Rheims, pp. 854-6; Gesta Francorum, p. 84; Peter Tudebode, pp. 129-30; Albert of Aachen, p. 453.

228

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Euolat et? patriam moto pater ense salutat. Iam sordent terrena duci, iam concipit® ipsum Ethera,” nec meruit certus de munere fatum.

Heret? ei studioque pari° Flandrensis anhelat,’ Miratorque ducis meritum uirtutis honorat In duce, quem merito magni precellit honoris. Hi, licet exultent de successu% Raimundi,? Se tamen alterius non inseruere labori, Sed, dedignantes obsistere uiribus urbem, Vrbem Gibellum’ cinxerunt obsidione;

Huius? precipites cingebant menia fosse. Nuntiat' interea Raimundo fama sinistros* Rumores, ad bella suis occurrere Parthos. Tunc et legatos et uerba precantia’ consul Dirigit ad proceres quos urbs obsessa tenebat,° Qui, pro communi dampno commune uocantes

Concilium, nec bella timent, nec ferre recusant

Auxilium,* pulsatque uiros spes leta triumphi.!

Nec mora, cum clausis pepigerunt fedus et empta™ Pax a ciue fuit, sociosque” suos petierunt. Spe belli decepta cohors spem’? uertit ad Archas,’

Atque tegit? castris fluuii? Castrensis harenas.* Neue diu, Godefride, tuuss frigesceret ensis,

Ad Tripolim ducis proceres‘ ut certior inde Preda tibi quasi de pleno contingat ouili.’ Hostibus occurrunt hostes, leuibusque” sagittis Stulta graues animos fuit ausa lacessere’ turba, Et, uelut improbitas muscarum ledere tantum Nuda potest abigique solet crepitante flagello,” Oppositeque rei morsus infigit inherens,* NEC

ID) ie file

‘ nuncitat D

® conspicit

anelat A; hanelat F

/ consilium A m. pr.

™ emta Fm. pr. ” sotios D ip ‘ harenis B m. pr. ’ lacescere BC “ flagelle A

4 herit D

® suscessu D

» cuius D; ciuis A

* axilium D

' thriumphi F'm. pr.

° spe A * tutus A * herens B

P tegunt AD ‘ acies D

4 fluuium " Jeuibus A

' For the use of aethera to denote the heavenly realms, cf. Servius’ commentary on

Vergil, Aen. iii. 583-6, and also below, ix. 119. ? Raymond of Toulouse, who was besieging ‘Arqah. * Jabala lay between Latakia and Tortosa, and was nominally dependent on Tripoli.

BOOK IX(V)

229.

”

to take up arms, and, brandishing his sword, saluted his fatherland

as a father. By now, earthly things were abhorrent to the duke, for heaven’ had taken hold of him, [25] and, sure of his reward as he was, he was yet unworthy of his fate. The count of Flanders stuck by him, striving with equal vigour, and this admirer of the duke paid honour to the duke’s deserving courage, for he deserved to surpass him through his own honoured position. Though these two rejoiced at Raymond’s? prosperity, [30] they did not involve themselves in another’s hard toil, but thought it beneath them to assail the city with their forces; they encircled the city of Jabala’ and laid siege to it: ditches with sheer sides surrounded its fortifications. Meanwhile, reports of bad news reached Raymond,’ [35] that the Parthians were coming to fight for their people’s sake. Then the count sent envoys with a message of entreaty° to the nobles whom the besieged city was keeping busy.® They called for a joint meeting because of the joint danger they faced. They were not afraid of fighting, and did not refuse to lend their aid, [40] for the joyful hope of victory drove those men on. Without delay they struck a treaty with the besieged, and peace was bought by the citizens; the crusaders then headed for their allies. When hopes of fighting were dashed, the force turned hopefully to ‘Argah,’ and covered the sands of the Camp River with their camp;® [45] and so that your sword should not lie cold for long, Godfrey, you led the nobles to Tripoli,’ so that a more certain source of plunder, as though from a full sheepfold, might fall to you. Enemy came out to meet enemy, and the stupid host dared to provoke stout-hearted men with their trifling arrows, [50] and, just like flies that in their irritating way can only hurt bare flesh, and are regularly driven off by a swishing flail, yet cling biting to whatever is set before them, just so the 4 In early March, Raymond of Toulouse heard rumours that a large Muslim army

under the Caliph of Baghdad was assembling to relieve “Arqah. 5 Cf. Ovid, Met. ix. 159, among a number of Ovidian instances of the phrase uerba preeae were sent to Godfrey and Robert at Jabala appealing for aid. See Gesta Francorum, p. 84; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 111; Robert of Rheims, p. 856; Albert of Aachen, pp. 456-7. 7 Robert and Godfrey arrived at ‘Arqah at the end of March. § Only Gilo mentions this detail, which suggests that he may be drawing on an eyewitness account. See Introd., p. lx. The river is presumably one of those flowing from Mt. Lebanon down to the sea at “Arqah. * Godfrey led a successful raid on the outskirts of Tripoli. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 85-6. In the next verse Gilo’s fondness for word-play (hostibus... hostes) makes the sense obscure.

230

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Taliter instantes uentis commissa sagitta Infestans,* citraque necem dans uulnera, cedit Ensibus’ et fit ei clipei pretensio murus. Sed quid¢ demoror hic ubi non est palma morata? Armorum iam Parthus ope? post terga reiecta Querit opem pedibus desperatamque’ salutem.‘ Instans miles equos calcaribus, ensibus hostes Vrget et in multa uersatur cede cruentus. Obtundunt acies gladiorum membra reuulsa, Queque secare nequit® tepidus mucro conterit ossa. Ciuibus? extinctis! ingressus inhorruit urbis, Testificans cedem fluuius trahit inde ruborem, Haurit et in fluuio perterrita turba cruorem. Cede duces nimium predaque parum satiati

Vexatam petiere de Sem,’ predataque rursus* Reliquiasque suas exquirunt! inrequieti. Hanc” uallem” uelut intactam mirantur ab omni Parte boues, asinos educere, postque rapinas Raptori totiens immittere quod rapiatur. Mox trahit in predam quicquid uidet impiger hostis, Hostilesque manus replet indulgentia uallis: Quippe°’ camelorum tria milia prebuit illis.” Castra replet, uulgus reficit predatio, dantque? Dampna moras,’ animos externis obsidioni Christicolis, et alunt inimici res inimicum. Sed nec pugna ualet clausos nec machina’ muros* Frangere, quasque manus Persarum Corbana ductor, Quas opus Antiochi timuit, populus premit ultor. Christicole socios perdunt et tempora cara. Poncius hic cecidit Balonensis,” timpora cuius Transabiit lapis ingenti conamine missus. Occubuit Guillelmus ibi Picardus,° et una De Petramora Guarinus,; at ille sagitta, * hifestans A > lusibus A © desperata A; desperantamque F

‘ ex cunctisD

/ desen A; densenD

4 Parthus ope iam BC ® nequid A » quibus

* russusA

' querunt

Fm. pr. ™ hunc D ” uallam F ° quiculpe A P dantque Groco*ck; datque all MSS 4 hostilesque manus dampna replet moras D m. pr. ’ multus ibi populus prostratur F * Garinus C; Warinus F ' See above, viii. 351 and n.; Gesta Francorum, p. 85.

” Robert of Rheims, p. 856 and Gesta Francorum, p. 85, give the same figure.

BOOK IX(V)

221

“ww

arrows entrusted to the wind troubled those who were advancing,

inflicting wounds that fell short of fatality, [55] and then arrows gave way before their swords, as shields held outstretched became a wall against them. But why should I tarry here where the victoryprize did not tarry? Already the Parthian had thrown down behind him the aid his weapons afforded, and despairing of safety, ran away. The knights pressed on, driving their horses on with spurs and the enemy with swords, [60] bloody with the mass of slaughter they had made. Limbs that were ripped off blunted the sharpness of the swords, and what bones the warmed blade could not cut

through, it simply crushed. The entrance to the city was cluttered with the bodies of the dead citizens; a torrent bore the red gore away from there, bearing witness to the slaughter, [65] and it was blood that the terrified crowd drew up from the river. The leaders, who had had their fill of killing but not of plunder, made for troubled De Sem,' and once again they relentlessly sought out what remained of its plunder. They were amazed that this valley [70] produced cattle and asses on every side as though it had never been touched, and that, even after previous raids, it could so often

supply the plunderer with things he could carry off. The tireless enemy quickly took as plunder whatever he saw, and the generous provision of the valley filled the hands of its foe, for it furnished them with three thousand camels.’ [75] Their plunder filled the camp and refreshed the common people; the enemy’s loss gave rest to the Christians outside, and encouraged them in the siege, as the enemy’s provisions nourished an enemy. But the fighting was not enough to break the besieged, nor could the siege-engine’ break the walls:* the avenging people pent up the bands which the Persian general Kerbogha [80] and the stronghold of Antioch had feared. The Christians lost their allies, and also precious time. Here Pons of Balazun fell:* a stone hurled with massive force passed through his temples. William of Picardy® died there, and with him [85] Guarin of Petramora, the former by an arrow, the 3 See above, viii. 153 and n. * Cf. Claudian, In Rufinum, i. 219. 5 Pons de Balazun. His death is also recorded by Robert of Rheims, p. 857; Peter Tudebode, p. 131; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 107. Indeed he seems to have been a close associate ofthe latter, and is referred to as co-author ofhis history of the First Crusade.

See Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 35. 6 William’s death is also recorded by Orderic Vitalis, v. 150; Robert of Rheims, p. 857; Gesta Francorum, p. 85; Baldric of Dol, p. 93.

232

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Hic? iaculo, uenitque modis mors? una duobus.' Inter tot luctus paschalis in obsidione

Lux celebratur? et in castris* festum fuit hospes,? Temporibusque suis caruit sollempne serenum.’ Neue diu natura loci uirtusque uirorum Illic decertent® et inexpugnabile castrum Expugnare uolens labor expendatur inanis,

Mensibus obsessum tribus Archas deseruerunt,?

Atque petunt Tripolim,° ubi cum primatibus urbis Dextras iungentes‘ dubiis sua® credere muris Audent, seque ferunt ad celsa palatia regis; Dant" pacem iam multotiens a rege petitam;' Firmauere duces ut fratrum uincla resoluant/ Tunc rex ter centum captiuos Christicolarum Compedibus*‘ uinclisque graues ab utroque resoluit,

100

Datque uiris uir dona, uiros dat dignius auro,'

Addit equos, aurum, populoque stipendia mittit, Et se Christicolam fieri rex asserit ultro Si sua Christicole ualeant attingere™ uota.° Iam tunc reddebant ematurata calore” Arbor, messis, ager,° fructus, frumenta fabasque.”” Fertilitas igitur rerum nouitasque recentis Temporis? ad solitum’ trahit agmina leta laborem.* Mensis erat Maii‘ cum fortes urbe relicta Ad castrum Betholon” uenere, diemque dieta’ Transcendens” uix nocte graui fuit* exuperata. Inde maris litus uexata calore iuuentus RaditY et ad Zebarim"® ueniens, sitis immoderate Dampna tulit, nec in urbe uidet quas hauriat undas,

105

110

Sasicuk > mors omnibus Fm. pr. © castro BC 4 facit hostis D © decertant A f ingentes F ® se AD * et AD ' petita A ) BCF omit this line * cum pedibus F ' D m. pr. puts this line after l. ro2 ™ attinguere C, B m. alt. over an erasure " cruore D m. pr. ° eger A m. pr. P famasque B m. pr. 4 temporibus A " solitos D; solutos A S labores AD * Maius AD " Bethelon DF ’ dieque clieta (?) A “ transcendunt D

* fui B

Y cadit F

' Cf. viii. 237; see also Robert of Rheims, p. 857. > Gesta Francorum, p. 85, confirms the date of Easter Sunday as 10 Apr. 1099. § Gilo makes no mention of Peter Bartholomew’s vision on 5 Apr. announcing that an immediate assault upon “Arqah should be made, and his ordeal by fire on 8 Apr. See Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 112-28.

BOOK IX(V)

latter by a spear, one death coming in two ways.! Among so many grievous events, Easter Day’ was celebrated in the siege, and the feast was held in the alien setting of a military camp; what should have been calm celebration was held in a time of crisis.> [go] So that the nature of the location and the courage of the men within the city might not long protract the fighting, and useless effort be spent in the desire to storm an impregnable castle, they abandoned the siege at “Arqah after three months,’ and made for Tripoli, where they joined their right hands with the chief men of the city, [95] and dared to trust their property to walls of doubtful security, taking themselves off to the the king’s lofty palace; the leaders gave the assurance of peace so often asked for by the king, confirming peace in order to release the bonds of their brethren. Then the king released three hundred Christians [100] from both the manacles and the leg-irons that weighed them down; he handed over gifts as man to man, and handed over men, more precious than gold, added horses and gold, and sent supplies to our people.

Of his own free will the king even affirmed that if the Christians were

to achieve

their desires, he would

become

a Christian

himself.° [105] By this time, ripened by the warmth, the orchards were bearing fruit, the harvest corn, the fields beans.’ And so the arrival of this fresh season with its accompanying fruitfulness brought the joyous company back to their accustomed toil.’ It was the month of May when, leaving the city behind them, the brave men came [110] to al-Batrun, a fort;’ their march there took them more than a day, and was scarcely completed by a night of hard effort. From there, the youthful band, afflicted by the heat, made its way along the coast and suffered terrible pains from

thirst as it came to Jubail,'° for it saw no water to draw in the city; 4 The army left ‘Arqah on 13 May, having arrived outside its walls on 14 Feb. The Gesta Francorum says it arrived at Tripoli on this date. 5 Note the hiatus at the caesura here, very rare in Gilo, but found above in the

Charleville Poet, ii. 140. See Introd., p. xxxi. 6 See Gesta Francorum, p. 86; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 125; Robert of Rheims, pp.

857-8. 7 The same produce is mentioned in the Gesta Francorum, p. 85. § Parallel accounts are found in Peter Tudebode, p. 133; Albert of Aachen, pp. 4578; Gesta Francorum, p. 86.

° Al-Batrun, a small town south of Tripoli. ‘0 This coastal town was known as Byblos in classical times.

234

HISTORIA

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Sed labor alterius lucis duxit sitientes

115

Ad uada magna Braim,” populusque cucurrit ad amnes,” Quos super incumbens* uix flatu sufficiente Turba,? parum uasi credens, auido rapit ore.

Venerat illa® dies’ qua‘ uictor ad ethera* Christus Ascendens* exempla suis se prebuit astris,’

120

Sed graue nostra cohors iter emetitur’ in illa, Et locat ante Baruch’ positam* iuxta mare castra. Post hec, transactis Sagittat Surque’ duabus Vrbibus, applicuit se predo beatus ad Acram.” Hinc adeunt castrum Cayphas,” castroque relicto Iuxta® Cesaream® figunt? sua castra cohortes. Illic letitie festum, si tempore leto Occurrisset? eis, obseruauere’ fideles, In quo discipulis Dominus dedit omnia posse, Vsus iure suo, mundo noua dona stupente.’ Excepit tandem peregrinos Ramula‘ ciues,* Ciue suo uacuata, nouos qui fugerat' hostes,’ Ecclesieque tibi sacrate, Sancte Georgi, Que speciosa satis uicine presidet urbi, Pontificem decimasque suas gens sancta reliquit.""°

125

130

135

Hactenus armorum" grauitate, calore repulsa, Paupertate, siti, nocturno frigore,” pugna Excruciata cohors optatam uenit ad urbem”

Quam Salomon opibus ditauit, Christus honore.' Iunius ardebat" et sol ardebat in armis

140

' ementur D

/ Baruc A, D m. tert.; Brauc Dm. pr.; Buarc

D m. sec; Baruhc F m. alt. over an erasure ™ Achram F; Acra A ” Caiphas AD

* posita A “syustame,

4 occurrisses D m. pr. * obseruare A ‘ fugera D " reliquid B; relinquit C; relinquid F

' Suique A P fugunt (?) A

* Romola CF; Ramdula D * tempore AD

' Probably the classical Lycus, and north of the Nahr al Kalb, which the crusaders called Dog River, and which was known in classical times as the Magoras. See Gesta Francorum, p. 86 and n. ? Cf. below, ix. 271. * Ascension Day, 19 May 1099. * Sidon was reached on 20 May. * Albert of Aachen, pp. 457-60, and Peter Tudebode, p. 133, give the same route as Gilo. Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 271-5, adds a few more geographical details, such as the location of Acre, to the north of Mt. Carmel.

BOOK 1IX(V)

235.

[115] but a further day’s toil brought the thirsty ones to the great waters of the Nahr Ibrahim,' and the people ran to its streams; scarcely able to breathe, the crowd fell upon them and drank from them greedily with their mouths; they had little trust in cups. The day had come’ when Christ rose up to the heavens as conqueror,* [120] and revealed himself to his own stars, to be their pattern; but our troops trod a weary journey on that day, and pitched their camp before Beirut, set beside the sea. After these events, the blessed band of plunderers passed the two cities of Sidon‘ and Tyre, and pressed on to Acre.’ [125] From here they went to the fort of Haifa, and then the troops left the fort behind them and pitched their camp beside Caesarea.° There those men of faith observed a feast which would have been a feast of joy, had it occurred at a time of joy for them, the feast when using his authority the Lord granted to his disciples the power to do all things, [130] that left the world amazed at the new gifts.’ Eventually Ramle® took them in as citizens from overseas, as it was empty of its own citizens, who had fled from the newly-arrived enemy;’ the holy race left a bishop and the tithes due to him for the church dedicated to you, St George, a beautiful church which overlooks the city beside it.'®

[136] The troops who up to this point!' had been beaten down by the heat and by the weight of their weapons, and tormented by poverty, thirst, the cold at night, and the fighting, now came to the city they

had longed for,!* which Solomon enriched with wealth, and Christ with honour.!? [140] The June sun’ burnt hot on their weapons 6 The Crusaders remained in Caesarea from 26 to 30 May. 7 Whitsunday, 29 May 1og9. § Ramle lay SE ofJaffa, on the road to Jerusalem. ° The Muslims had abandoned Ramle on hearing of the crusaders’ advance. See Gesta Francorum, p. 87. 10 The basilica of Lydda was the principal shrine of St George and had been burnt down by the departing Muslims. During their stay, the crusaders elected a Norman priest, Robert of Rouen, as Bishop of Lydda. See Hamilton, The Latin Church, p. 11; Gesta

Francorum, p. 87; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 136. "Cf. Vergil, Georg. ii. 1. 2 For the siege of Jerusalem, see Gesta Francorum, p. 87; Peter Tudebode, p. 134; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 137; Robert of Rheims, pp. 863-4. 13 Cf. Arator, Hist. apost. i. 1012. ‘4 The Crusaders left Ramle on 6 June and encamped outside Jerusalem the following day.

236

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Quando suis texere duces loca congrua castris. Pars ea* cui superest septentrio® castra recepit Normanni‘ comitis, et ei Flandrensis adhesit.4 Solis ab occasu tendit Godefridus in hostem,* Solis ab occasu terret Tancretius urbem. E‘ media, Raimunde, die tua classica clangunt.' Postquam Iherusalem nostrorum cincta corona est,”

Eduxit leuitate* pares Piletus Raimundus: Proxima dum lustrantur equis oculisque remota, Bis centum casus Arabes predonibus offert, Quos neque facta’ sui cultoris prodiga uirtus Nec Hos Nec Vita

145

150

manus eripuit numerosior, aut’ fuga turpis: fuga, sed plures ex illis precipitatos fuga nec gladius saluauit, quos spoliauit nostra cohors, et equos ad castra reduxit.

155

Pluribus aptatis que sunt aptanda ruine

Festinant’ ad uota uiri, murumque priorem* Inuadunt, magnisque uocant clamoribus hostem.° Mox gentilis* adest, Iudeus, Turcus Arabsque:

Missilibus,’ iaculis obsistitur, igne, ueneno, At™ nostri iaculis opponunt pectora nuda, Proque flagellato patiuntur dura” flagella, Perque graues aditus, per tela,° per arma ruentes Muri precipitant irritamenta prioris. Disiecti fugiunt ad menia? tuta manipli, At? dum quisque timens certat prior esse, priores’ Turba sequens inimica suis in limine* porte Conterit, hicque suum Pilades prosternit Horestem.® Maxima pars exclusa gemit, natique parentes Orantes non excipiunt, pietate stupente. Protinus ingenti conatu scala leuata *enA > septenbrioF and B m pr. put this line after |. 145 iat AD / cestinant (?) F dirs

4 et AD

eBE

° nec

’ prioris D

mora

raignanimi

(sic) per

4 adheret AD £ est om. A ' missibus A saxa

160

165

170

eA be fatagD) Zewr

P meniam

* lumine F

' For the disposition of the armies, see Gesta Francorum, p. 87; Albert of Aachen, pp. 463-4. The physical situation of the city, with the ravine of Kedron to the east, meant

that an attack from this side was both difficult and unexpected. See below, ix. 277 and n.

BOOK IX(V)

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when the leaders spread their tents over the area round them. That part over which the northern sky lies was host to the camp of the count of Normandy, and the duke of Flanders stuck close by him. Godfrey faced the enemy from where the sun goes down, [145] and from that same place Tancred terrified the city. Your trumpets, Raymond, blared out from the south.! After Jerusalem had been surrounded by our men encircling it,” Raymond Pilet led out some men who were all alike in mobility:’ while they were roaming on horseback over territory near and far, [150] fate gave two hundred Arabs to the plunderers, and neither their valour which wasted those devoted to it nor their superior numbers saved them, nor cowardly flight; flight saved a few, but most of them were routed, and neither flight nor fighting saved them: [155] our forces despoiled them of life and led their horses back to the camp. When they had made ready the many things which must be made ready for the destruction of a city, the men hurried to bring their wishes about, and attacked the curtain-wall,’ challenging the enemy with loud cries.* Suddenly the heathen were there, Jews, Turks and Arabs: [160] they were assailed with missiles and spears, fire and poison, yet our men presented their chests all exposed to the missiles and spears, bearing this hard scourging as a penance, and rushing through the gates that bristled with spears and swords they overthrew the obstacle posed by the curtain-wall. [165] The scattered platoons fled to the safety of the fortress, but as each of them in his fear struggled to get in front, the crowd following on behind crushed them on the threshold of the gate, and became an enemy to its own side: here Pylades slew his dear Orestes.’ The largest part of them were shut out, wailing, and human feeling received an affront as sons [170] did not let in their fathers who pleaded with them. A ladder swiftly raised aloft with a mighty heave ? Clearly an exaggeration, since there was no one in the east. 3 The Latin phrase /euitate pares could also mean ‘lightly armoured’ or ‘heedless’. Gesta Francorum, p. 87, states that this sortie by Raymond and others took place on the third day after their arrival outside Jerusalem. + The assault on the curtain-wall is also mentioned in detail by the Gesta Francorum, p. 88; it began on Monday, 13 June 1099. Its timing followed a prediction ofvictory made by a hermit on the Mount of Olives: Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 139.

° Cf. Vergil, Georg. iv. 76. 6 These were a ‘type’ of perfect friends in classical mythology: cf. Ovid, Epistulae ex Ponto, iii. 2. 285, Claudian, In Rufinum, i. 107-8, and especially Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm. v. 288-9.

238

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Prebet ad alta uiam, cui nostra iuuentus* adherens”! Decertat gladiis et comminus impetit hostem. Copia‘ scalarum si forte parata fuisset, Innumeri labor ille mali labor ultimus esset.’ Obstitit hoc solum nostris, fortunaque belli Iuuit? ad extremum ductos, alterna reuisens.° Tandem castra cohors petit et respirat ab armis. Fercula qui quondam noua fastidire’ solebat Atque uocare famemé dulcedine deliciarum Irritando gulam nunc sicco pane repletur, Et mentitur eis” pigmenti’ limpha saporem,

175

180

Quam sitiens miles preciosi/ comparat auro.? Montis quippe Syon fons a radice citatus,

Fons Syloe, potu minimo! longeque petito

185

Innumeros reficit populos, et uenditur unda Quam natura potens gratis concessit habendam. Dum” uario premitur gens nostra labore, secute Christicolas” uenere rates, quas° Iaphia portu Excipit optato,° nunc urbs, tunc urbis imago. Ergo uiri centum mittuntur ab obsidione, Qui seruare rates Turcosque repellere possint.?°

190

Prefuit Acardus? Merulo de Monte’ cohorti,

Atque Sabratensis’ Guillelmus® cum Raimundo:’ Sed probus Acardus* cum triginta prior iuit,' Impulsus leuitate sua plus quam” ratione. Hic septingentos Arabes in ualle profunda

195

* fortis miles AD > A adds the line Rambaudus Criminum castri Dunensis alumpnus after |. 172 © copio D 4 iuit D © reuissens D m. pr. f uastidire D ® fame D m. pr. h ei AD ‘ picmentum D m. pr. / preciosa A m. pr. k Siloe A ! nimio D ™ cum BCD " Christicolis D ° quos D P possunt D 4 Achardus BC * Sabratentis D * Achardus C * prior cum triginta iuit Fm. pr.; cum paucis ante cucurrit AD " plusque D ' In view of the manuscript tradition and the transmission of the text to which it points, the presence ofthe additional line after ]. 172 in A alone suggests that it should be regarded as an addition to Gilo’s poem, placed independently by an interpolator (who perhaps had access to local knowledge), rather than an original line lost at an early stage ofthe transmission (accounting for its non-appearance in BCF) and omitted by D. Rambaud is described elsewhere as a knight of Chartres: see Baldric of Dol, pp. 49 n. 12, 7in. 7, 102 n. 8; Albert of Aachen, p. 410; Tudebodus Imitatus et Continuatus, pp. 210-19.

Chateaudun lies some 30 miles SW ofChartres.

BOOK 1IX(V)

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provided a path to the heights, and our youth, clinging to it,! fought it out with swords and charged the enemy at close quarters. If there had happened to be a good supply of ladders there, [175] that toil involving countless miseries would have been their final toil.” Only this stood in our men’s way, and the fortune of war helped those who were at their wits’ end, changing their plans. Eventually the troops headed for camp, and rested from the fighting. He who once used to pick at new recipes, [180] and who used to work up an appetite titillating his palate with the subtle flavours of hors d’ceuvres, now filled himself up with dry bread, and plain water counterfeited for him the bouquet of spiced wine: the thirsty knights likened it to precious gold.3 For indeed, there is a spring which flows swiftly from the foot of Mount Zion, [185] the spring of Siloam,* which was sought from afar and refreshed countless people with a meagre drink, and its waters, which mighty nature gave over to be possessed freely, were sold for money. While our folk were harrassed by various trials, the ships which had followed the Christians arrived, and Jaffa, [190] now a city but then the ghost of a city, took them in, the haven they desired.” On this account, a hundred men were sent from the siegeto protect the ships and drive off the Turks.° The force

was commanded by Achard of Montmerle,’ William of Sabran® and Raymond;? [195] but the noble Achard went on ahead with thirty men, driven on more by his own heedless nature than by reason. He came across seven hundred Arabs in a deep valley ? See also Gesta Francorum, p. 88; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 139. 3 For other accounts of the shortages of food and water, see Gesta Francorum, p. 88;

Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 294-5.

* Cf. 2 Esd. (Neh.) 3: 15; John 9: 7, 11. > Jaffa was the nearest port to Jerusalem. The Genoese galleys arrived on 17 June, carrying food supplies and armaments. See Raymond of Aguilers, p. 141; Robert of Rheims, pp. 864-5; Peter Tudebode, pp. 135-6.

® See Gesta Francorum, p. 88; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 141. 7 Achard of Montmerle was a Burgundian lord who had pledged part of his patrimony to Cluny to raise sufficient money to participate in the First Crusade. See Recueil des chartres de V'abbaye de Cluny (1091-1210), ed. A. Bernard, rev. A. Bruel, 6 vols. (Paris, 1894-1903), v. 51-3. He served with both Hugh of Vermandois and Raymond of Toulouse. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 5, 88-9; Peter Tudebode, p. 135; Raymond of Aguilers, p. 141; Orderic Vitalis, v. 160, 162. 8 William, lord of Sabran, was still alive in 1123. See Gesta Francorum, p. 88; Orderic

Vitalis, v. 160. See also HGL iii. 491.

* Raymond Pilet.

240

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VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Repperiens irrupit? in hos, hastaque reiecta Fulmineo scindit gladio quem respicit hostem.

Tandem succubuit,” non pigritie, sed honesti

200

Funeris‘° exemplo, per quod monet ille? sodales, E quibus elapsus unus crudele cohorti Nuntiat exitium,° clamans*‘ crudeliter ‘ecce Exequias, proceres, sociis* date quas” dare uite

Non licet, at mortem’ licet hostis morte piare!”’ Talibus hortati Piletus Piletique sodales Quos magis hortantur uirtus, uindicta suorum, Vera fides, alternus‘ amor, requiesque laborum,

205

Interius mentes! armis celestibus ornant,

Exterius sua membra tegunt et uilibus™ armant. Inde” repentino uisu turbantur, et hostes Digressi uidere suos spoliare necatos, Et licet innumeros uideant hi qui numerari Mox poterant,’? tamen occurrunt, legitque uirum uir,? Prosternitque suum congressu? quisque priori. Protinus horribilis miscetur in agmine’ pugna: Amittunt galee cristas,* clipei‘ sua signa, Euertunt gladii facies, hominesque” recisis Naribus expauit tyro de cognitione Iam dubius,” hos non” homines sed monstra putauit. Hastis nostra cohors istos petit, ensibus illos,* Impulit hos currens casuque peremit amaro, Illos morte timor subita prosternit inertes. Casibus afflicti’ uariis gentilis Arabsque Dant facili sua terga fuge, multisque’ necatis Vni uictor ouans dilata morte pepercit, Per quem Persarum secreta dolosa paterent.' Tres quoque miles equos et centum duxit ab hoste.?

215

220

225

Dum uacat in castris populus, sitis immoderata Excruciauit eum.*** Gladiis tellure cauata * irrumpit D

exticium A mortes BC ullibus D progressu F t clipeim D m. alt. non hos BC * illos petit ensibus istos A #2 illum D m. pr.

230

succumbit D; subcubit A © muneris F 4 ipse A ‘ clamat BC ® sociis proceres AD » quos ADF / Dm. pr. omits this verse * alterius A ' mentis D "unde F; inque BC ° poterunt A P uir om. A * agmina D m. pr. * chistas F'm. pr., corr. to christas m. alt. * hominumque D ’ dubitans AD “ non om. D; b

Y afflictus AD

* multis A x

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and charged at them, and throwing aside his lance he slashed with his glittering sword at any enemy he caught sight of. [200] In the end he was overwhelmed, not through lack of effort but rather setting an example of a noble death, and in this he gave counsel to his companions, one of whom slipped away and announced their cruel end to the troops, cruelly shouting: ‘Look, nobles, pay your nowdead comrades a tribute you could not pay them while they lived; [205] atone for their death by the death of the enemy!’ Raymond Pilet and his companions were urged on by such words, and courage, vengeance for their own side, the true faith, love of others and rest from their labours urged them on more; [210] they emblazoned their minds inwardly with heavenly weapons, and clothed and equipped their bodies outwardly with earthly ones. Then as they set forth they were disturbed by the sudden sight of the enemy despoiling their slain comrades, and though they who could swiftly be numbered beheld a numberless host, still they ran to meet them, man chose man to fight, [215] and each of them laid low his choice at the first encounter. Straight away the column of men was embroiled in foul fighting: helmets lost their crests and shields their devices, swords mangled faces, and the new recruit was stricken with terror at men with their noses cut off, [220] by now wondering what he was looking at: these were monsters, he thought, not men. Our troops attacked some with staves and others with swords; some they ran at, driving them on, and brought them to a bitter end, while fear made others inert and laid them low in sudden death. Scourged by these differing fates, the heathen and Arabs [225] were swift to turn their backs in flight, and after killing many of them the exultant conquerors spared just one of them, putting off his death, and through this man the treacherous secrets of the Persians were laid bare.' The knights also led away a hun-

dred and three horses from the enemy.’ While the people were idle in the camp, thirst that knew no bounds [230] tortured them.’ A knight would plunge his head into holes ' See Gesta Francorum, pp. 88-9; Robert of Rheims, p. 865. Achard of Mortmerle’s contingent was massacred by the Turks, but they in turn fled upon the arrival of Raymond Pilet. The Franks spared one Turk to tell others of the battle. 2 The number is also recorded in Gesta Francorum, p. 89; Robert of Rheims, p. 865. 3 See Gesta Francorum, pp. 89-90; Robert of Rheims, pp. 866-7; Raymond ofa*guilers,

pp. 145-6; Fulcher of Chartres, pp. 294-6.

242

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Miles in antra caput mergebat, luce relicta, Pinguis ut humectet? tellus arentia labra. Hic quod ab utre cadit resupino suscipit ore, Marmora lambebat alius sudantia rore. Aspiceres pestem languentem cuncta per ossa

235

Iam rabiem traxisse suam, nutare® subactis

Viribus incessum, lingueque‘ retundier” usum. Si mactat quandoque bouem librata* securis, Carnibus abiectis, sorbetur ab agmine sanguis. Esuriem tolerare libet, dolor ille dolorem

240

Hunc minuit. Prodesse famem! quis credere posset?® Clauserat occultos laticum gens seua meatus,

Inuentosque? lacus obseruans, insidiatur‘ Christicolis, mortemque dabat querentibus undas.* Cum gens letifero siccata calore’ calorem Vitalem perdit, nulloque liquore rigata Intestina bonis nature destituuntur, Construitur™ studio Godefridi machina, formam Castelli” retinens, multoque labore reperta. Materiam dant ligna? fabris, urbique timorem. Par? quoque castellum? Raimundi prouida cura

245

250

Erigit, et contra turres turrita parantur.* Exstupuere nouas miseri consurgere moles Gentiles, ipsique suas accrescere turres Nocte laborabant, studio fallente laborem; Nec minus ingentis’ castelli compositores, Quos ducis urgebat presentia sollicitantis,° Nocturnam requiem uigilant,‘ uariasque per artes

255

Intempestiuum” duc*nt sub nocte laborem.” Nox que Iudeis requiem transacta” reliquit* @ humecet A pr.; usum retundier A

crederet unquam AD AD * dum BCD

» immensosque A ' sicalore F

260

4 retunder D m. ® scribere posset BC;

‘ insidiabat F

/ undam

™ construxit D " castella A ° lingnaD P parsD 9 castelliF ingenti BC * sollicitantis Groco*ck; sollicitantes all MSS except compositores F m. pr. * requiem transacta reliquit D m. pr. “ intempestium D “ Dm. pr. omits this line ’ trahens D

* Dm. pr. omits this line

' The rather recherché form retundier is not unknown in r2th-c. verse: see Walter of Chatillon, Alexandreis, 1.218, iii. 146, iv. 123, viii. 393. Itis an imitation of the archaic form of the passive infinitive found in Vergil, and copied iin Proba (Cent. Verg. 501= Vergil, Grorg. i. 454-5) and Sidonius Apollinaris, Carm. xi. 104.

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hacked in the ground with swords, leaving the daylight behind, so that the damp earth might moisten his parched lips. One man leaned his head back and drained what fell from the skin-bottle,

and another would lick marble stones sweating with dew. [235] You might see the plague, which had lain dormant deep in a man’s bones, suddenly bring on its own madness, his walk become unsteady as his strength was impaired, and his ability to speak was suppressed. If ever an axe was swung to slaughter an ox, the meat was thrown away and the blood drunk by the crowds, [240] They were happy to put up with starvation, for the pain of that lessened the pain of this. Who could believe that hunger could be beneficial?? The race of wild men had blocked up the hidden mouths of the springs, and kept watch on the pools that they had found, lying in ambush for the Christians and dealing death to those who came looking for water.’ [245] When the people became dehydrated by the killing heat, and lost the natural heat of life, and, with no mois-

ture to slake their thirst, their inner parts were deprived of the blessings of nature, a siege-engine was built, at the earnest prompting of Godfrey; it resembled a castle in shape, and took a great deal of effort to construct. [250] Its timbers gave raw material to the carpenters, and fear to the city. With equally careful provision, Raymond also raised up an equal siege-castle, and its towers were built up to face the turrets of the city.* The wretched heathen were astonished to see these massive structures suddenly rise up, and they themselves [255] toiled by night to raise their own towers higher, their zeal beguiling their toil; equally, the builders of the massive siege-castle, encouraged by the duke urging them on in person, stayed awake in the time of rest at night, and in their divers skills drew out their unseasonable toil throughout the night.° [260] That night which, when it passed over, left respite for the Jewish people,

* For a parallel, see Robert of Rheims, p. 866. 3 Apart from the pool of Siloam, which was exposed to attacks from the city, the nearest water supply was 6 miles away, and reaching it involved the risk of enemy ambushes. See Gesta Francorum, p. 88. Note the chiasmic play on words letifero calore/calorem uitalem. * Gaston of Béarn was responsible for the construction of Godfrey’s castle, the Genoese William Embriaco for Raymond’s. See Raymond ofa*guilers, pp. 145-6, and below, ix. and n. cs See Gesta Francorum, p. go. Although the Genoese fleet brought some building materials, wood was scarce in the hills around Jerusalem and had to be collected from further afield. See also Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 146-7.

244

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Lucida uelabat* tenebrosa sidera palla,? Cum ducis artifices ad muros applicuerunt

Robora castelli minitantis solis ab° ortu’ (Nam leuius poterant irrumpere solis ab ortu).? Multiplicando preces, lacrimas, ieiunia, uota,

265

Circa Iherusalem portant insignia Christi Christicole, uexilla, cruces, altaria sancta.’

Dicere longa mihi mora finem prospicienti Quotque quibusque’ modis’ breue tempus comparat hostis, Cuius Parca necans iam rumpere fila parabat.* Venerat illa dies’ qua mortificare magistrum Gens lIudea Ihesum‘ cupiens se mortificauit. Hac in luce duces ad muros agmina duc*nt. Stans comes Eustachius’ in castro cum Godefrido Susceptos ictus reddit cum fenore duro.’ Ilia Turcorum transuerberat a duce missa

270

275

Non unum contenta® latus.transire sagitta. Dux ducis exequitur curam fortisque laborem

Militis,‘ hortatur pugnantes, pugnat et ipse, Pugnat pro duplici regno, quia querit utramque’* Iherusalem, decertat in hac ut uiuat in illa.®

280

Saxa super crates uenientia uimina! frangunt,’ Robora, scuta, uiros de castri culmine uoluunt.” Mortis in articulo uirtus non defuit hosti,

Donec, qua Christum crux Adfuit hora, diem minuens Hac hora quidam de castro Nomine Letoldus,®"' muro * ualebat A * quibus AD ‘ multis A

sanctificata recepit, ciuisque uigorem.'® fortiter instans,” prior insilit urbis:

> palla sidera D * Deum D / utrumque ABCD

™ uolunt D; nolunt A

” infans D

285

fad A 4 BC omit this line ® nuntium A » contempta F * Dm. pr. omits this line ' nimina A ° Letholdus BC; Letaldus A

" See above, ix. 147 n. The Gesta Francorum, p. 90, also states that a siege-tower was positioned on the eastern side, where the inhabitants least expected an attack. * This penitential procession was prompted by a vision in which the recently deceased Bishop Adhémar of Le Puy appeared to the priest Peter Desiderius. See Raymond of Aguilers, p. 151. The fullest account of the procession is given by Peter Tudebode, pp. 137-8, who claims to have taken part himself. 3 Cf. Ovid, Amores, ii. 8. 28. * The procession took place on Friday, 8 July, and the following day the siege-engine

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was covering over the shimmering stars with a cloak of shadow, when the duke’s craftsmen brought the menacing mass of the siege-castle up to the walls from the east! (for they could break in more easily from the east). [265] Redoubling their prayers and lamentations,

fastings

and

petitions,

the

Christians

carried

Christ’s standards around Jerusalem, banners, crosses, and holy altars.’ It would delay me long as I look forward to the end of my tale to tell the many and various ways’ in which the foe made preparations in a short time; [270] the death-dealing Fates were already making ready to snap their threads.’ That day had come® on which the Jewish race, desiring to put to death their master Jesus, put themselves to death. At dawn on this day the leaders led their forces to the walls. Count Eustace® stood firm on the siege-castle with Godfrey, [275] and paid back the blows he received with hard interest.’ Arrows shot by the duke passed quivering right through the Turks’ bellies, not content with penetrating one side of them. The duke carried out the duties of a general and the hard toil of a brave knight, encouraging those fighting and fighting himself, [280] fighting for a twofold kingdom, since he was looking forward to both Jerusalems: he fought in the one so that he might have life in the other.’ Rocks coming down on the woven wicker coverings’ smashed through them, and timbers, shields, and men were tumbled from the top of the siege-castle. Even on the point of death the enemy were not lacking in courage, [285] until the hour came at which the blessed cross received Christ, diminishing the light of day and the strength of the citizens. '°

At this hour a certain man, Lethold by name,!! charged bravely was brought up to the walls of Jerusalem. The final assault on the city took place a full week later, on 15 July. See Gesta Francorum, p. 90 and n., p. 93.

> Cf. Gilo, ix. 119. “That day’ was Friday. ® Count Eustace of Boulogne. See above, i. 182 n. 7 See Robert of Rheims, pp. 366-7: ‘et duros ictus iaculorum et lapidum suscipiebant, et quadruplici fenore recompensabant.’ § For the imagery of the two Jerusalems, the spiritual and the physical, see Augustine, De ciuitate Dei, xvii. 13. See also Siberry, Criticism of Crusading, pp. 37-8. ° The siege-towers were covered with ox- and camel-hides, as a protection against Greek fire, as well as with wickerwork.

10 Again a reference to Friday, the day of Christ’s crucifixion. The Gesta Francorum, p- 90, also states that the crusaders entered the Holy City at the hour of Christ’s suffering upon the cross; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 149, simply says it was at midday. "! Lethold of Tournai. See Orderic Vitalis, v. 158 n. 3; Gesta Francorum, p. 91; Peter

Tudebode, p. 140; Albert of Aachen, pp. 472, 477; Riley-Smith, “The motives’, p. 725. Lethold’s brother Engilbert also took part in the crusade.

246

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Illum qui nimia secuit uirtute leonem Guicherius*! sequitur. Iam dux super alta choruscat

—_290

Menia, iam gladius? late° per iniqua? uagatur Pectora, fulmineis® iam murus ab ensibus ardet.

Nescius‘ istorum Raimundus mobile castrum Conducebat adhuc,’ sed uoces auribus hausit? Insolitas, turremque Dauid‘ celer ipse petiuit; Nec mora, Turcorum princeps,* custodia turris Cui commissa fuit, demissa uoce, roganti Vultu, submissis oculis, a consule uitam

295

Postulat. Auferret" quis inertis' premia uicto? Ecce pauens Turcus aperit sine munere’ portam Hostibus, a nostris totiens maioribus emptam.° Turbidus‘ optatam prorumpit uictor in urbem, Precipitesque uiros grauiter suus impetus urget. Occurrit suprema dies gentilibus, illi De bello fugiunt in bellum, lapsus! ubique” est,” A nullo ferrum reuocatur, Turcus Arabsque Iudeique cadunt, horum de funere pugna est.° Sanguinea iuuat ire manu, gladiosque nitentes? Ferre pudet qui non desudent? sanguinis haustum. Inconsulta ruit gens’ ad templum Salomonis® Quam mortis timor exagitat, uelut esset ab illo Vnica danda salus, talique tegantur’ asilo.‘ Implerant" plerique domum quam diximus: illis Victorum manus incumbens’ per lubrica strage Marmora se rapuit.” Numerum quis scire cadentum Milia uel ualeat, passim cum frusta* per omnes Sint dispersa gradus? Longe ceruice” reuulsum? Rore caput rubeo** commixta strage natabat,

300

305

310

— 315

* Wicherius BC > gladiis D © late om. D 4 unquam D © fulmineiis F f nesscius D ® priceps D » aufferret B; afferret D ‘ inerti AD / murmure AD * turbibusD ' laupsusF ™ ubi je ” est om. AD ° est om. A P gladiumque nitentem AD; gladiosque nitente F 2 desudet AD " fuit gens D; gens fuit F * teguntur BC ‘ absilo D m. pr. “ impleuerant D ’ incohens A “ repuit F m. pr. * frustra AD ¥ ceruicem A 7 reuulsa AD #2 niueo AD ' Wicherus was a prominent member of Godfrey’s contingent. See Albert of Aachen, PP- 507, 522, 526, 531, 533; Baldric of Dol, pp. 47, 50; Robert of Rheims, pp. 867-8: *

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from the siege-castle and was first to leap on to the city wall; [290] Wicherus' followed that lion, carving its way with great courage. Soon that leader blazed forth on top of the ramparts, and soon his sword slashed far and wide through wicked breasts, and soon the walls were ablaze with flashing blades. Unaware of all this, Raymond was still moving his mobile castle

on,” but he caught snatches of unusual cries as he listened, [295] and himself made swiftly for the tower of David;* without hesitating, the prince of the Turks to whom guarding the tower had been entrusted begged his life from the count, his voice lowered, his face pleading, his eyes cast down; and what man would be so idle as to despoil a vanquished foe? [300] The terrified Turk actually opened the gates to his enemies without a payment, a passage so often bought by our ancestors.° In a frenzy they burst victorious into the city they had longed for, and their own momentum forced them headlong in a powerful charge. The last day had come for the heathen, [305] and they ran from the fighting into more fighting, men fell everywhere, the sword was held back from no man. Turk, Arab, and Jew were slain, and there was a fight about their destruction. Our men were pleased to go about with bloody hands, and ashamed to carry weapons that gleamed and were not dripping with draughts of blood. [310] The people, panicked by the fear of death, rushed on in utter disarray to Solomon’s temple,° as though it provided their only escape, as if they could take refuge in this shelter. A good number of them had filled the building which I mentioned; the band of conquerors fell on them, rushing on over the marble, slippery with slaughter. [315] Who could know the number of the thousands who fell, when cheir remains were scattered everywhere you trod? Far and wide, severed heads bedewed with blood floated about in the welter of carnage. You could see 2 Godfrey’s siege-tower was placed against the northern wall, whereas Raymond’s attacked from the south, and he and his troops were not immediately aware of Godfrey’s progress. See Gesta Francorum, pp. 90-1.

3 Cf. Vergil, Aen. iv. 359. 4 The citadel, situated on the western wall and commanded by the Fatimid governor of the city, “Iftikhar ad-Daulah. See Runciman, Hist. Crus. i. 279-81. 5 Presumably the Jaffa gate, one of the main entrances to the city and where the pilgrims paid their taxes. See Gesta Francorum, p. 91. 6 The Dome ofthe Rock, the reputed site of Solomon’s temple.

248

HISTORIA

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HIEROSOLIMITANE

Abscisas aliena manus ad corpora iungi Aspiceres, truncos? gemino? sine poplite ferri, Cunctaque° membra loco uel cesa carere? priore, Saucia uel remanere® suo.’ Tantusque cauernis Sanguis iit plenis‘ ut flumen adire putares. In plano’ uelut a summis cum montibus ingens

320

Grando cadit mixtisque simul tonat imbribus ether,

325

Tunc collecta petunt demissas" flumina ualles,’ Saxa trahunt siluasque ferunt totaque uagantur’ Agri planitie, gemitus dat rusticus imo* Pectore, non aliter cesorum membra feruntur

Sanguine rapta suo, totidemque necantur’ in urbe.’

330

Sed tamen illorum pauci fastigia templi Ascensu superant, et eis sua signa dederunt Tancretius Gastonque,”™ piis affectibus acti. Hinc ad opes properant effrenes, tecta subintrant. Vestes, diuitias, et quod satis esset auaro Inueniunt,” si diuitiis satietur auarus. Non perdit quod quisque rapit, nec uendicat? alter, Quamuis nobilior, quod computat in sua pauper. His ita completis,? mundata taliter urbe, Ad sua felices uenerunt gaudia turbe,

335

340

Prostratique duces, aspersi! fletibus ora, Pro Domino Domini uenerantur rite sepulchrum, Hicque suum capitale Deo dat quisque fidelis.* Mane dato non plenus adhuc tot cladibus ultor Miles id exiguum quod adhuc superesse’ sciebat Sanguinis in paucis furatur, et ardua templi Ascendens tacite subito turbauit inertes: 2 trun F D

> geminos BC; etiam D

* remanente D

f plenis iitA

345

4 celsa carcere » immensas

BC ‘ uallos D / uagatur AD * uno A ' uocantur A ™ Guastonque AD " priueniunt F ° uindicat A; uindica F P transactis F 1 aspersa D " superesset F

' See also Robert of Rheims, pp. 867-8. * Raymond of Aguilers, pp. 150-1, Gesta Francorum, pp. 91-2, and Fulcher of Chartres, p. 301, give a graphic account of the slaughter fallowing the ane of Jerusalem.

BOOK

IX(V)

249

cut-off hands joined to bodies to which they did not belong, [320] torsos borne along without either leg, every part of the body either cut off and far removed from its former location, or just wounded and left where it belonged.! So much blood flowed into the cellars, filling them, that you would have thought a river had come there. Just as when a massive hailstorm falls from the mountain-tops on to the plain, [325] and the sky thunders, mingled with rain-showers, then rivers gather and head down to the lowlying valleys, dragging rocks along and sweeping forests away, and then flow all over the fields in the plain, and the peasant groans from the bottom of his heart, in just the same way the limbs of the slain were borne away, [330] carried off in their own blood, and as many again were cut down in the city.” However, a few of them managed to scale the temple roof, and Tancred and Gaston’ gave them their banners, prompted by feelings of mercy. From here they rushed madly to plunder their wealth, and entered their houses. [335] They found clothes and riches, enough to satisfy the greedy if the greedy could be satisfied with riches. No man lost what he snatched up, nor did another man, though he was more noble, claim for himself what the poor man reckoned as his own. When the city had been purified in this manner by the completion of these actions, [340] the blessed bands came to the wellspring of their joy, and the dukes, bending low and with cheeks wet from weeping, gave fitting worship to the sepulchre of the Lord, for the Lord’s sake, and here each of the faithful gave his own due to God.4 When morning came, [345] the knights’ vengeance was still not sated by the downfall of so many, and in slaughtering a few they stole what little amount of blood they knew still remained to be shed; silently climbing the heights of the temple, they suddenly overthrew 3 Gaston IV, viscount of Béarn, who was accompanied on the expedition by his son Centule. See J. H. and L.L. Hill, Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, tog (ou 1042)-1105 (Toulouse, 1959), pp. 29-30. Gaston and Tancred gave their banners as a guarantee of protection to the Muslims sheltering on the roof of the temple in Jerusalem. Gaston subsequently fought at Ascalon and after his return to the west he took part in expeditions against the Muslims of Spain. See Orderic Vitalis, v. 30 n. 7, 178; vi. 400; Gesta Francorum, pp. 92, 95; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 145. 4 Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 151; Fulcher of Chartres, p. 310. For Godfrey’s pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre, see above, viii. 305 n.

250

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Illi precipites sese iaculantur ab alto, Et que dat uitam reliquis animantibus, illos Terra repercutiens morientes mittit ad umbras.

350

Occurrunt alii gladiis animoque uirili: Supposita ceruice moras in morte queruntur. Hi sese cedunt,* mortesque? suas inimicis Eripuere suis, isti pugnando secantur. Naufragium dum quisque facit sibi, quisque necatur, Corpora cesorum caudis‘ religantur equorum,

Atque foras iuxta muros glomerantur inusta. Plura quidem diuisa locis in frusta’ iacebant Perdiderantque notas humani corporis: illa Gentiles nondum dampnati flendo legebant*® Et congesta simul ducebant montis ad instar.’

— 355

360

Queritur interea cui regni cura regendi Conueniat, quis digne’ sciat dare premia Christi Militibus qui’ marte sciunt superare tyrannos, Melchisedech‘ exempla sequens, qui iusta’ fideli Victorique seni data porrexisse refertur.! Diuino tandem nutu‘ procerumque salubri

365

Consilio regnum! sortitur dux Godefridus,’ Octaua qui regna die suscepit ab urbe Capta,’ uir regno dignus, cum rege beato™

370

Vivat in octaua.* Anno milleno de centeno minus uno Iherusalem capitur Iulii, cum dicitur, Idus.°

* cadunt A m. pr.

> mortesque

? frustra ADF » qui om. D I regimen AD

A m. pr., corr. to morteque

m. alt.

f istar B; ista / juxta D

' Cf. Gen. 14: 18; Ps. 109 (110): 4; Heb. 7: 1-22. For senis referring to Abraham, cf. Prudentius, Psychomachia, Praef. 1-2.

* Peter Tudebode, p. 142; Gesta Francorum, p. 92; Raymond ofa*guilers, p. 143. On the subject of Godfrey’s title, see Riley-Smith, “The title of Godfrey of Bouillon’, BJHR lii

(1979), 83-6.

BOOK IX(V)

251

the people trapped there: these threw themselves down headlong from the top, and the earth, which gives life to the rest of living creatures, [350] struck them hard and sent them dying down to the shadows. With manly courage, others ran on to their comrades’ swords, and with necks bowed they complained of death’s delaying. Others slew themselves and snatched their deaths from their enemies, and yet others were cut down as they resisted. [355] While each of them brought about his own destruction and each was killed, the bodies of the slain were tied to horses’ tails and were piled up outside, beside the walls, but not burnt. Many bodies were cut up, the pieces lying in different places, and they ceased to be recognizable as human bodies: [360] the heathen who had not yet been destroyed wept as they picked them up and collected them together, heaping them up like a mountain.

In the meantime,

the question arose

as to who

should be

responsible for ruling the kingdom, what man knew how to give proper rewards to the knights of God who knew how to overthrow tyrants in war, [365] following the example of Melchizedek, who is said to have offered fitting gifts to the faithful and victorious patriarch.' At last, through the prompting of God and the healthy counsel of the nobles, Duke Godfrey obtained the kingdom.” A man worthy of the kingdom, [370] he began to rule on the eighth day after the city was taken:’ may he live in the eighth age with our blessed king.* In the year one thousand and ninety-nine, Jerusalem was captured, as is said, on the fifteenth day of July.” 3 The crusaders met to elect a ruler on 17 July. Like Gilo, however, the Gesta Francorum mentions the eighth day after the city was captured, which would be 22 July. There was, of course, not yet a kingdom: cf. the use of the term regimen in AD. * This quasi-Vergilian half-line, with which Gilo’s epic closes, is not only unique in this poem, but is (so far as we have been able to ascertain) unparalleled in rath-c. Latin verse. The eighth age here refers to the concept of the Seven Ages of Man; see Ovid, Met. xiv. 144-5. 5 Gilo’s poem ends with the triumphant conquest for the Christians of Jerusalem, but it is significant that other sources, such as the Gesta Francorum and Robert of Rheims, continue the ‘action’ and conclude with the crusaders’ victory over the Fatimids at the battle of Ascalon. See above, Introduction, pp. xiii—xiv, lvii—lviii, lxiii.

252

HISTORIA

VIE

HIEROSOLIMITANE

Hec ego composui,! Gilo nomine, Parisiensis Incola, Tutiaci non inficiandus? alumnus.” * inficiendus B m. pr.

375

> After this lineA reads finis historie Iherosolimitane; D

reads explicit liber de Hierusalem; F reads explicit historia [herosololomitana (sic); BC

read explicit libellus Gilonis Parisiensis clerici postea Cluniacensis monachi (B omits monachi) inde cardinalis episcopi de uia Iherosolimitana, quando expulsis et occisis paganis deuicte sunt Nicea, Antiochia et Iherusalem a Christianis. AD only havea verse epilogue as follows: horum scriptorem laurum meruisse Gilonem | et cedro uiua (it cedro uina A) censemus carmine digna |que nobis clare referunt et sub breuitate |tam uarios casus, tot prelia totque tumultus |ictus tam ualidos, tot cedes, totque triumphos. |dum Gilo tanta refert,

dum tantis laudibus effert |Christicolas proceres, heroas (heroes D) ad omnia fortes | laus antiquorum iam laudi (lauda D m. pr.) cedat eorum, |Argus (Arpus AD) Titides et

Larisseus Achilles |Aiax et Thiseus, Polinices et Capaneus (Canapeus AD) |Hugoni (Hugonio D) Magno cedant et utrique Roberto (Ruberto D) |inuictoque duci Godefrido uel Raimundi (Raimundo D)| uiribus inuictis; potior Boimundus Atridis.

' Cf. Ovid, Amores, iii. 15. 3. ” See above, Introduction, pp. xviii—xix. The verses following ix. 375 onwards are dis-

BOOK IX(V)

253

I Gilo,' a resident of Paris and a native of Toucy (which by no means disowns me) composed this poem.’ cussed in the Introd. Sect. VII, and are found only in AD. They are clearly not the work of Gilo, as is apparent from their reference to him in the third person, and equally are not by the Charleville Poet (whose witness ceases in G, the codex unicus for this author, at vii. 471). They are included as an independent colophon to the poem, providing a balance to the Prologue found in BCF but lacking in the AD side ofthe transmission. The reference to cedar-oil is because ofits use as a preservative on book-bindings to prevent decay, and hence it is used as a laudatory term. Cf. Horace, Ars poetica, 332, and Persius,

Sat. i. 42. The Latin text, which is placed in the apparatus, may be translated as follows: We hold that Gilo, the writer of these poetry is deserving of flowing cedar-oil; the various adventures, the many battles slaughter, and the many victories. While

verses, is worthy of the prize, and that his it gives us a lucid account in a short space of and struggles, the mighty blows, the massive Gilo tells of such great events, and with such

praises extols the Christian nobles, heroes brave in every situation, let the praise of the ancients now yield to their praise; Argive Diomedes and Larissaean Achilles,

Ajax and Theseus, Polynices and Capaneus should yield before Hugh the Great and both the Roberts, before the unconquered Duke Godfrey and the invincible prowess of Raymond; Bohemond is greater than the sons of Atreus.

Lee

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ini:

APPENDIX References to Non-Gilo Manuscripts In addition to the seven manuscripts listed in the Introduction, Section VI, a number of other references will be found in Max Manitius’ monumental study Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters (3 vols.,

Munich, 1911-31), iii. 667-70. These are as follows: s. XII s. s. s. s. s.

XII XII XII XII XIII

zu St. Amand (Delisle, le cabinet des mss. 2, 458, 315; ist heute Paris 5129 Bruxell. 629 Bruxell. 10615 Duacensis 838 Paris 5129 Paris St. Germ. 460 Résidu St. Germ. 97.4.12 Valentian. 219

Of these entries, the first and fifth are obvious duplicates, but taken with the seven manuscripts mentioned by Riant, they appear to give a total of thirteen: four from Paris (5129, 12945, Saint-Germain 460, and Résidu Saint-Germain 97.4.12); four from Brussels (629, 7575, 10615, 10707); two from Douai (838, 882); and one each from the Vallicelliana in Rome, from Charleville, and from Valenciennes (if this is meant by Manitius’ ‘Valentian’). This list contains several doublets. Manitius’ Douai 838 is now no. 882; 838 is its old number. The present Douai 838 is a thirteenth-century manuscript containing Saints’ Lives. Similarly, Brussels 10707 is part of the same manuscript as 10615, whose full number is 10615-10729; 10707 is the part that contains Gilo’s work. Although these all appear to be old numbers, none of them is listed in the Tables de Concordance in the catalogue of the Bibliotheque Royale de Bruxelles. Riant’s ‘7575’ is an abbreviated reference for 7575-7585, the part containing Gilo’s poem being numbered 7576; it is now numbered 7442. The present 7576 contains the epitaphs of three nobles from Flanders. Brussels 629 is a gradual; the former 629 is now a part of 1125, which contains works by St Augustine. Moreover, 629 is the number which the present 10615-10729 bore early in the nineteenth century, before the present inventory was inaugurated. Of the four Paris manuscripts, 5129 and 12945 do contain Gilo’s poem; however, the other two listed by Manitius do not. According to

256

APPENDIX

H. Omont, Concordance des nos. anciens et des nos. actuels des MSS latins de la Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris, 1903), ad loc., Saint-Germain 460 became St Petersburg F. 1. 11. This contains the Tripartite History of Cassiodorus and

a life of St Lupus. It was formerly Corbie nos. 292 and 177. To find a connection with Gilo, we have to go back to an earlier Saint-Germain 460, also listed in a 1677 catalogue of the library of Saint-Germain under the

number 796. The concordances of MSS from Saint-Germain (Paris, BN nouv. aqu. frang. 5799) give the later number of this as 505, and then 460. MS 505 of Saint-Germain became the present Bibliotheque Nationale ms. lat. 12607, which on fos. 197’-224' contains Gilo’s Vita Hugonis abbatis Cluniacensis. Again using Omont’s Concordance, we can see that Résidu SaintGermain 97.4.12 became Paris BN Lat. 13090. Like 12607, this also contains Gilo’s Vita Hugonis. A second manuscript which bore the same number became MS Lat. 11944, and contains the book of Deuteronomy, with glosses, and a treatise on the Mass. By ‘Valentian 219’, Manitius appears to have meant the Bibliotheque Municipale of Valenciennes; this does not, however, contain Gilo’s poem. The old 219, now 228, is a collection of theological treatises and sermons; the present 219 (former 210) was formerly Saint-Amand, /ndex Major xxv, former S. 190, Sanderus 184, and is a thirteenth-century collec-

tion of sermons. The final two manuscripts in the list, Biblioteca Vallicelliana B. 33 and Charleville 97, do contain the text of Gilo’s poem. The latter is also the sole repository of the additions to Gilo’s work written by the Charleville Poet. In sum then, seven manuscripts alone contain Gilo’s poem, and these are the seven listed by Riant. Manitius may well have been confused by manuscripts containing Gilo’s other work, the Vita Hugonis abbatis Cluniacensis, though why he used such archaic references for the manuscripts listed is puzzling.

INDEXGOF

CITATIONS

AND ALLUSIONS

Note: Roman and italic type is used in the indexes in the same way as in the text and

translation, to distinguish between the text of Gilo himself (Roman type) and that of the Charleville Poet (printed in italic). AY BIBLICAL

Genesis 10: 8-9 II: I-9

I50-I I50-I

11: 27-8 14: 18 37:8

Exodus 17: 12 Numbers 3 should

4 Kings (2 Kings) 5. 10 25:9

Proverbs 16: 9 17: 3

108-9 40-7

134-5 I50-I

Die 26: 11

108-9 192-3

140-1

Age

46-7

Isaiah 186-7

55:8 sie

142-3

96-7 150-1

108-9

Gant

224-5

IO: 22

BHD)

39: 5-7

2 Kings (2 Samuel)

II: 15

ALLUSIONS

96-7

50: 13

150-1

Seay 52: 9-27 52: 19-27

IS OLL 96-7 150-1

Ezekiel

47: 15-18

96-7

1 Chronicles I: 10

I50-I

Daniel

TT 1 Esdras (Ezra) 6: I-1

150-1

2 Esdras (Nehemiah) Bont

238-9

;

Esther

4: 16 Psalms 8:3 22(23): 4 55(56), heading 109(II0): 4

Hosea

Jo-1

13:3

48-9

Micah 5:6

I50-1

2 Maccabees

182-3 3-4 180-1 6-7 250-1

4: 33 Matthew 233 PE ih 3112 5: 3-4

96-7 140-1 60-1 48-9 226-7

258

INDEX

OF CITATIONS

AND ALLUSIONS 1 Corinthians

Matthew (cont.)

44-5 24-5

28-9 202-3 HES)

Q: 22

I4O-I

TO; 13

186-7

Philippians 2:9 3:7

IO-II 144-5

2 Timothy

4: 18

184-5

186-7

Hebrews Fa i—22

£5

IO-II 140-1

250-1

James Tek 4:4 4:6

186-7 194-5 46-7

1 Peter

238-9 134-5

TESS

206-7

535

46-7

1 John ABS 5:4

194-5 116-17

Revelation 2: 10 3: 18 Reet

B. SOURCES

AND

PARALLELS AND

Alcimus Avitus, Carmina

i. 130 1. 167 v.1 V2 Arator, Historia apostolorum

i. 356 i. 361 i. 626 i. 1012 ii. 600

Augustine, De ciuitate Dei

Xviii. 3

MEDIEVAL

CLASSICAL,

186-7

206-7 70-1

PAR TSA Ves

TEXTS

Avienus, Descriptio orbis terrae

34, 66, 717 etal. Boethius, Philosophiae Consolatio il. met. 2. 6

55-9

60-1

Caesar, De bello Gallico

i. 1, 1-2 vi. 25-8 Chanson de Roland I-2 597

8-9, 12-13 22-3

130-1 122-3

975-8

1r8—19

1031-3

174-5

INDEX OF CITATIONS 1367-78

120-1

1724-7

36-7

2368-70

64—5

Claudian, /n Rufinum ioe 2-3 i. 107-8 236-7 i. 219 230-1 — , Panegyricus dictus Olybrio et Probino consulibus 131 IO-II

259

AND ALLUSIONS

Juvenal, Saturae 198

62-3

ii. 108

132-3

viii. 87 viii. 269-71

224-5 46-7

40-7

Lucan, Bellum ciuile yl i. 72

120-1 168-9 12-13 12-13 212-13 74-5 52-3

i. 201

i. 419-49 Corippus, lohannidos Praef. 37

18-19

Etheria, Peregrinatio

134-5

i. 509

Eusebius, Onomastikon, trans.

Jerome

150-1

Fredegar, Chronicle eZ

’

2-3

Fulgentius, De aetatibus mundi et hominis xiii. 23 Jo-I Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum

ii. 7

— , In gloriam martyrum 31-2

54-5

—, Carmen saeculare 59-60 — , Epistulae

iv. 776

12-13 QO-I, 104-5

74-5

v. 480-1 Vi. 7 vi. 42 vi. 603 vi. 759

46-7, 86-7 124-5 26-7 124-5 186-7

vii. 568 viii. 304

118-19 88-9

ix. 1044

102-3

Lucretius, De rerum natura Vv. 656

164-5

134-§

Guy of Amiens, Carmen de Hastingae proelio 259 172-3 Horace, Ars poetica 332

li. 501-2 ii. 674 iii. 78 iii. 496

252-3 60-1

iat. 10 —., Sermones

Jo-1

ii. 1. 36

20-1

i. 4. 34

20-1

Hyginus, Fabulae ii. 4 vili. 3-4

52-3 52-3

Ilias Latina 173 359 oye 1064

20-1 74-5 94-5 68-9

Marie de France, Guigemar 99

172-3

Maximianus, Elegiae

v. 36

2-3

Orosius, Historia aduersum paganos ii. 6. 8-9 ii. 8. 1-2 vi. 13. 3-4

Ovid, Amores ieee? 185; 23 Mh, Tet ii. 1. 29 ii. 8. 28 ie TON Dt) eu ii. 11 (12). 16 iii. 1.6 iii. 14. 24 ih BGese) —., Ars amatoria iii. 26

150-1 152-3 132-3

68-9 78-9, 110-11 68-9 68-9 244-5 128-9 68-9 68-9 202-3 252-3 68-9

260

INDEX

OF CITATIONS

Ovid (cont.) —, Ex Ponto iii. 2. 285 —, Fasti

iii. 163 v. 583 —., Heroides xvii (xviii). 2

—., Metamorphoseon i. 1-2 In22r

ii. 226 iv. 58 iv. 450-1 VAT] vii. 17 viii. 818 ix. 289 ix. 159 2.6 Tig x. 652 Xil. 337 xii. 575 xiii. 407 xiii. 183 XIV. 3 xiV. 144-5 XV..753 xv. 763

—

236-7

124 201 273 501 542 599

2-3

84-5

(= (= (= (= (= (=

Aen. i. 69, iv. 5) Aen. viii. 327) Aen. vi. 633) Georg. i. 454-5) Aen. i. 218) Aen. ii. 691)

664 (= Aen. v. 754)

18-19

2-3

QO-I, 124-5 212-13 200-1 242-3 46-7 124-5

14-15

I50-1

52-3

Prudentius, Apotheosis

333-4 708

64-5

6-7 46-7

—., Cathemerion

—

xe tole , Psychomachia Praef. 1-2 478

7O-1

250-1 212-13

Servius, /n Vergilii carmina commentarit

Georg. iii. 7 Aen. iii. 583-6

52-3 228-9

Sidonius Apollinaris, Carmina

ii. go

12-13

y. 288-9

236-7

V. 474-9

Vv.451

Prol. 1-2 i. 42 iv. 7

Vil.

28-9

12-13

52-3

197

2-3

Vii. 285

48-9

Xi. 104

Peruigilium Veneris

94-5

Vv. 27-9 Vv. 376

Persius, Saturae

242-3

Silius Italicus, Punica

Vil. 42

Pliny, Historia Naturalis

4-5

Solinus, Collectanea rerum memorabilium 1S-19

52-3 52-3 132-3 ISO-1

Pomponius Mela, De chorographia

22-3

Priscian, Jnstitutio Grammatica

ii. 53 Vili. 14

22-3

17 (= Georg. iii. 11)

Soa:

ie)

i. 108

, Periegesis 275-8

Proba, Cento Vergiliana

20-1 5a)

—., Remedia amoris

iii. 38 iv. I iv. II V. 105 vi. 121

AND ALLUSIONS

10 20. 3 Statius, Achilleid

i. 484 i. 844

6-7 122-3

li. 34

46-7

Vn eis

1023

—,

164-5

162-3

52-3 22-3

Siluae Thebaid

ii. 595-601

6-7

Vi. 522-4

226-7

INDEX OF CITATIONS Vili. 398-9 xi. 247

AND ALLUSIONS

60-1

32-3

Terence, Andria

114

26-7

Tibullus, Carmina eA ue

12-13

Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica vi. 236-7

156-7

Vergil, Georgics

i.43

i. 440 1sr2) dent

ii. 364 iil. 1

64-5

112-13

ili. 630 iv. 5

226-7

iv. 158-9

234-5 40-1

vi. 159

68-9

v1. 459

iV. 359

Vie Sis. vii. 717 vil. 749

1. 241

viii. 25 ix. 87 ix. 316 X. IOI ne 11) 20 BY) x1. 473 xii. 284

i. 421

xil. 345

—,, Aeneid i. 206

“hen

nr eit

uit

wit

de |

lets

wie vr

ips

ale ” tee Puplay oy

voce!

Pe2)

‘

level s2 ve beg

7] Se

atk “Vi

GENERAL

INDEX

Note: for the principal protagonists in the First Crusade, only the first reference and subsequent significant references are given.

Abgar V, ruler of Edessa 134-5 Achard of Montmerle 238-9, 240-1 Acre 234-5 Adela, wife of Stephen of Blois 16-17 n. Adhémar, bishop of Le Puy xxv, ro-z1,

18-19, 64-5, 184-5, 200-1, 244-5 Ahmad ibn-Tutin 192-3 Al-Afdal, vizier to al-Musta‘li 152-3, 155-9 Albara 200-3 al-Batrun 232-3 Albert of Aachen xvii, lxi-lxiii al-Buqarah, see De Sem Alemannians 12-13 Aleppo 104-5, 198-9 Alexius Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium xv, 14-15, 56-7, 66-7,

114-15, 174-5, 194-5, 202-3

Anselm of Ribemont 108-9 n., 126-7, 148-9, 222-3 Antioch lviii, 16-17, 92-3, 96-7, 152-3,

174=5; 202=3 Apulians 172-3, 174-5 Aregh, castle near Antioch 106-7, 110-11 Armenians, at Antioch 102-3 “Arqah 220-1, 228-9, 232-3 Ascalon, battle of 76-17 n., 250-1 n. Aubrey of Grandmesnil 178-9 n. Babylon, see Cairo Baldric of Bourgeuil, archbishop of Dol xli, lvii, Lxiii

Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon, count of Edessa, king of Jerusalem xv, xxiv, lvii, lxiv,

14-15, 50-1, 132-3, 138-9 Baldwin II of Hainault, count of Mons xvi, 16-17, 194-5

Baldwin of Le Bourg, cousin of Eustace and Baldwin of Boulogne 14-15 Banu Mungidh 216-7 Bari 54-5

Bartholomew Boel, brother of Fulcher of

Chartres 164-7 Bartolf of Nangis xxxix, lvii Bathys 80-1 Beirut 234-5

Bela Palanka 30-7 n. Belgrade 28-9, 52-3 Bernard of Clairvaux xxi Bohemians 12-73 Bohemond I, duke of Taranto xiii, xiv,

xxv, lviii, Ixiv, 78-19, 58-9, 64-5, 162-3, 172-3, 184- 5, 202-3, 212-15 Bouillon xii Braim, river, see Nahr al Kalb

Bridge ofboats, at Antioch 98-9, 114-15 Brindisi 54-5 British 12-73 Byzantines 174-5, 194-5

Caesarea 234-5 Cairo 148-55 Calabrians 172-3 Camela, see Homs

Camp River 228-9 Caphalia 218-19 Casianus, see Yaghi Siyan Chanson d’Antioche \x, \xi, \xiii, 176-7 n.,

Igo-I n. Chanson d’Antioche en Provencal \x Chanson du Chevalier au Cygne 120-1 n.

Charlemagne, 4-5 ”., 130-1 n. ‘Charlemagne’s Castle’ 56-7 Charleville Poet, previous attribution as ‘Fulco’, xiii, xvii, xxii—xxiii; Godfrey.of Bouillon as hero, xiv—xv, xvii, xxii-xxiv; account of Baldwin and Edessa, xv—xvi; treatment of Henry

IV, xvi; debt to oral tradition, xvi—xvii;

knowledge of classics, xxvii-xxvili. Civetot 24-5, 30-1, 42-3 Clarembald of Vendueil lxi, 190-3 Clergy, part played in First Crusade 20-1 Nn.

264

GENERAL INDEX

Clermont, council ofxiv, lviii—lx, lxii,

2-3 n., 8-13, 18-19, 70-1 Cologne 44-5 Coloman, king of Hungary 22-3, 26-9, 48-51 Constantinople 40-1, 52-5, 58-67, 174-5 Conversion of Muslims 76-7 Cyrus, king of Medes and Persians I5O-I David, tower of at Jerusalem 246-7

De Sem 218-19, 230-1 Dome ofthe Rock 246-7 n. Dorylaeum, battle of lx, 80-3, 86-7

Dracon 34—5 Drogo of Nesle lxi, 748-9, 190-3 Dukak, emir of Damascus 104-5, 126-7,

188-9

German participants in First Crusade 12-13, 30-1, 36-7 Gesta Francorum \vii, |x, \xiii Gilo of Paris, cardinal bishop of Tusculum, monk at Cluny xvili—xix; early career at Paris, xviii—xix, xxiv; life of St Hugh, xix; embassy to Hungary and Poland, xix; embassy to

Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, xx—xxi; activity in papal schism, xxi-xxii; corresponds with Peter the Venerable, xxi-xxii; death, xxii; date of poem, xxiv; parallels with Robert of Rheims, lvii-lx; with Chanson d’Antioche, \x-1xi; with Albert of Aachen, Ixii—lxiii; Bohemond as hero, xiv

Godfrey of Bouillon xiii, xiv, lxiv, 4-5 1., 6-7, 12-15, 72-3, 170-1, 228-9, 242-5, 250-1 Gothia, marquisate of 1-79

Edessa, expedition to xiv—-xv, 132-3, 160-1; see also Thoros Edgar Atheling 106-7 n., 112-13 n. Egypt, expedition to xiv, 148-9

Ekkehard of Aura lvii Emicho, count of Leiningen 24-5 n., 28-9 N., 42-3 N., 145-9 n., 190-1 N. English participants in First Crusade 12-13, 112-13 Eustace III, count of Boulogne 14-15, 244-5 Euthymius, patriarch of Jerusalem, mission ofxvi, 6-7 Everard of Le Puiset lx, 126-9, 188-9 Everard the Hunter 206-7 Farfar, see Orontes

Fatimids, rulers of Egypt 16-17 n.,

250-1. Feigned flight, tactic of 84-5 Firuz, 98-9, 160-9 Flanders, people of 2-3 »., ro-r1 n. Folkmar, German priest 24-5 n., 42-3 n. Franks 2-3, 12-13 Fulcher of Chartres lvii, lxiii, 164-7 Gaston of Béarn 242-3, 248-9 Gauls 12-13, 18-19 Genoese 112-13, 242-3

Geoffrey of Esch 48-9 n. Geoffrey of Lastours 208-9 Gérard of Melion lviii, lxi, 192-3

Gottschalk, German priest 24-5 n., 34-5 N., 42-3 N. “Greek fire’ 206-7 Gualo of Chaumont-en-Vexin lx, 126-7 Guarin of Petramora lviii, 230-1 Guibert of Nogent xxiv, lvii, lxiii Guynemer of Boulogne 106-7 n. Haifa 234-5 Hamah 198-9 Harim 102-3 Harluin, Frankish interpreter 182-3 n. Hartmann of Dillingen-Kybourg 42-3 n. Henry IV, emperor of Germany, duke of Lower Lorraine xvi, lxii, 8-9 Holy Fire, miracle of 4-5 Holy Lance 180-1, 184-5 Holy Sepulchre 2-5, ro-rz, 18-19, 32-5,

42-3; 50-7

Homs 220-1 Hugh of Vermandois, ‘the Great’ xv,

16-17, 64-5, 184-5, 194-5 Humberga xxv, xxxvi, lx, 126-7

Hungary 22-7

Iconium 92-3 n. Idols, supposed worship of 4-5 Iftikar ad-Daulah 246-7 Iron Bridge, at Antioch 98-9 Italian participants in First Crusade* 12-13, IS—19

GENERAL Jabala 228-9 Jaffa 238-9 Janah ad-Daulah, emir of Homs 104-5,

220-1 Jerusalem 4-5, 8-11, 34-7, 104-5, 152-3, 196-7, 236-7, 244-5, 250-13 pilgrimages to, xvi, 4-5 ”., 70-1, 158-9 Jordan, river 158-9 Jubail 232-3 Kafartab 216-17 Kerbogha, atabeg of Mosul, 124-s, 136-7, 170-9, 182-5, 188—g1, 230-1 Kilij Arslan ibn Suleiman 38-9, 72-3,

77-81, 86-7 ‘La Mahomerie’, fortress at Antioch

112-13, 124-5 Lambert, count of Clermont 178-9 n. Latakia 106-7, 226-7 Le Puy 6-7 n., 44-5 Lethold of Tournai Ix, 244-5 Lycea, see Latakia

Lydda 234-5 Ma’arrat an-Nu'man 196-9, 202-5,

214-17 Maccabees 160-1 Mainz 20-7 Malregard, castle near Antioch 102-3 n., 106-7 n.

Mandelos 52-3 n. Maragqiyah 224-5 Marash 132-3 n. Masyaf 218-19 Meran, valley of g2-3 n. Melchizedek 250-1 Nahr al Kalb 234-5 Nahr Ibrahim 234-5 Nicaea lviii, 30-7, 36-43, 66-7, 70-1, 74-5; siege of 76-7, 80-1; council of

38-9, 70-1

Nicomedia 30-1, 66-7

Ninevites 182-3 Nish 28-9, 52-3 Noricians, 12-13 Noricum 42-3

Odo of Beaugency, standard-bearer to Hugh of Vermandois Ixi, 190-1 Orontes 96-7, 98-9, 104-5, 108-9

INDEX

265

Pagan, crusader lxi, 190-1 Paulicians 220-1 Peasants’ Crusade xiv, xv, 22-3, 42-3 Pelecanum 72-3 n. Peter Bartholomew, vision of 180-1,

232-3 Peter Desiderius 244-5 n. Peter of Narbonne 202-3 Peter the Hermit xv, xvi, lxii, 22-5, 182-3

Peter the Venerable xxi Peter Tudebode lvii Philip I, king of France Ixii, 6-9 Philomelium 16-17, 92-3n, 174-5 n., 194-5 n. Pisan participants in First Crusade 12-13, 112-13 Plovdiv 52-3 n. Pons of Balazun 230-1 Rafaniya, see Caphalia Rainald, Italian noble 30-7 n., 34-5 n. Rainald of Beauvais lxi, 190-1 Rainald of Toul 188-9 Ralph of Caen lvii Rambaud of Chateaudun 238-9 Ramle 234-5 Raymond IV, count of Toulouse xv, 18-19, 72-3, 184-5, 200-1, 214-15,

228-9, 242-3, 246-7

Raymond ofa*guilers lvii Raymond Pilet 196-7, 222-3, 226-7, 238-41 Raymond, viscount of Turenne 222-3 Regensburg 20-7 Ridvan of Aleppo 96-7, 110-11, 198-9 Robert, duke of Normandy 14-15, 64-5,

72-3 Robert I, ‘the Frisian’ 14-15 Robert II, duke of Flanders xvi, 14-15,

64-5

Robert Guiscard 18-19 Robert of Rheims xxxix, lvii, lviii, lxi, Ixiii

Roger of Barneville 176-9 Rugia 202-3, 214-15 Rum, sultanate of 55-9

Sabaria 50-7 St Andrew 180-1 St George, church of at Lydda 234-5; monastery of at Antioch 124-5

St Martin 50-7

266

GENERAL

St Nicholas, relics and tomb of 20-7

St Peter 96-7, 174-5 St Simeon, port 102-3, 112-17 St Thomas, apostle 734-5 Saxons 12-13 Semlin 28-9 n. Sergius, abbot of Jerusalem xvi, 6-7 n. Shams-ad-Daulah, son of Yaghi Siyan 124-5, 170-1 Sidon 234-5 Siloam 238-9 Simon, brother of Walter the Penniless

24-5 Nn. Sokman ibn Artuk, emir of Jerusalem 104-5

Statinus, Byzantine general Ixi, 114-15 Stephen, count of Blois and Chartres Ixii, 16-17, 64-5, 72-3, 178-9, 194-5 Stephen I, king of Hungary 26-7 n. Stephen of Valence 180-1 Suleiman ibn Kutulmish 38-9 Swabian participants in First Crusade,

12-13 Tancred, prince of Galilee, regent of Antioch lxiv, 75-19, 64-5, 72-3, 126-7,

248-9 Taranto 54-5 Tarsus 92-3 Tell Bashir 132-3 Tell-Mannas 196-7 Theobald III, count of Chartres 16-77 n. Thomas of Marle Ixi, 190-3 Thoros, Armenian ruler of Edessa xvi,

132-3, 136-7, 140-3, 146-7 Tortosa 196-7, 222-3

INDEX Tripoli 220-1, 228-9. 232-3 Troy 2-3 Tughtigin, atabeg of Dukak of Damascus

104-5

Tyre 234-5 Urban II, pope 2-3, 8-11, 15-79 Varangian guard 78-9 n. Venetians 112-13, 166-7

Walter of Poissy, ‘the Penniless’ 24-5 Wicherus 246-7 Wieselberg, siege of 44-5 n. William, bishop of Orange 12-73, 78-79, 214-15 William, brother of Tancred 18-19, go-1 William, brother of Walter the Penniless

24-5 n. Embriaco 242-3 of Benium Ixi, 190-1 of Grandmesnil 178-9, 194-5 of Montpellier 206-7 of Picardy 230-1 of Sabran Ix, 238-9

William William William William William William William Worms

of Tyre xx 20-1

Xerigordon, battle of xvi, 30-7 n.,

34-7 mn. Yaghi Siyan, governor of Antioch 96-7, 98-9, 104-5, 110-11, 124-5, 170-1,

202-3 Zion, Mt. 238-9

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