5 Reasons to Support Affirmative Action in College Admissions (2024)

For much of American history, elite colleges and universities were largely reserved for wealthy, predominantly white Americans. Only in the 20th century did these institutions begin to actively prioritize diversity and expand access by adopting tools such as affirmative action—the narrowly tailored practice of considering race and ethnicity as part of a holistic evaluation of a student’s application. Affirmative action is one of the best tools colleges and universities have to promote diversity and ensure that those who are otherwise shut out of the American postsecondary system have a chance to earn a quality degree.

While the U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly upheld the use of race in admissions, some groups continue to undermine access for students of color. These forces have found a strong ally in the Trump administration, which has leveraged the might of the federal government to threaten affirmative action. After failing to demonstrate that affirmative action hurts white students, they have changed tactics and began to promote the myth that helping some students of color access education results in discrimination against well-qualified Asian American students. This harmful myth perpetuates inaccurate narratives of hom*ogeneity in Asian American communities; disregards significant socio-economic differences between ethnicities; and ignores the stark intraracial disparities affirmative action helps to alleviate. This tactic is not new; groups and individuals that seek to preserve unfair systems have long attempted to sow division in communities of color.

Despite their efforts to impede the nation’s progress toward educational equity and pit communities of color against each other, leading civil rights groups continue to defend the use of affirmative action, and research continues to demonstrate its need. Race-conscious admissions practices remain necessary in the fight for racial equity in higher education. In this column, we explore five reasons to support affirmative action in college admissions.

1. Students of color remain underrepresented on college campuses

College enrollment and completion rates have risen significantly over the past four decades. However, students of color, especially black and Latinx students, are more underrepresented at selective universities today than they were 35 years ago. In fact, a black student enrollment disparity exists at 45 of the 50 flagship state universities, meaning that the percentage of undergraduates who are black is lower than the percentage of high school graduates in that state who are black. For example, black students constituted 50 percent of 2015–2016 high school graduates in Mississippi, but were just 12.9 percent of University of Mississippi undergraduates.

Banning affirmative action only worsens this persistent problem. For example, one study found that students of color experience a 23 percentage point decline in likelihood of admission to highly selective public colleges after an affirmative action ban goes into effect.

While much progress has been made in recent decades, students of color still remain underrepresented on college campuses nationwide. Prioritizing diversity and employing race-conscious admissions policies are critical for promoting equity in higher education.

2. Prioritizing diversity benefits students of all races

Diversity on college campuses enhances the educational experiences of students of all backgrounds. Evidence gathered by the Century Foundation suggests that racially integrated classrooms can reduce students’ racial bias, improve satisfaction and intellectual self-confidence, and enhance leadership skills. These benefits may translate to better economic outcomes and, among other payoffs, prepare students to work in a diverse global economy, increasing the productivity, effectiveness, and creativity of teams.

Institutions of higher education have placed a greater priority on integration and campus diversity in recent decades. White women may have been among the greatest beneficiaries of this effort. Between 1967 and 2009, female college enrollment more than doubled—from 19 percent of all students to 44 percent. During this period, the percentage of white women age 25 to 35 with college degrees surged from less than 15 percent to more than 40 percent.

People of color have also benefited significantly from college integration and efforts to prioritize campus diversity. Between 1976 and 2008, black and American Indian/Alaska Native people saw their share of total college enrollment increase by 39 percent and 46 percent, respectively. Hispanic and Asian/Pacific Islander people’s enrollment share more than doubled during this period as well.

Overall, an abundance of evidence demonstrates that systematic efforts to prioritize diversity in college admissions can improve the representation of historically excluded groups while bolstering the educational experiences and economic outcomes of all students.

3. Affirmative action in education promotes diversity in ways a focus on income alone cannot

While income can and should be considered as part of a holistic evaluation of applicants, it should complement rather than supplant the consideration of race and ethnicity.Income can serve as a good indicator of a household’s ability to cover regular expenses, but it doesn’t tell the whole story about economic well-being and access to higher education.

Wealth makes it easier for families to relocate to better school districts, purchase test preparation books and classes, and pay or help pay college tuition. But centuries of systemic racism and intergenerational transfers have provided white households with far more wealth than households of color, even after controlling for income. In fact, middle-income white households typically have twice as much wealth as their Latinx counterparts and three times more wealth than their black counterparts. As a result, students of color (especially black students) are more likely than similarly situated white students to attend underfunded and high-poverty K-12 schools.

Even when students of color have wealthy parents or attend the same schools as white students, they experience the U.S. educational system differently. For example, students of color are less likely to be referred to “gifted and talented” programs, even after controlling for test scores, health, socio-economic status, and classroom and school characteristics. Schools are also more likely to suspend or expel students of color than white students. Beginning as early as preschool, these experiences can hinder social-emotional and behavioral development; limit educational experiences; obstruct the process of identifying and addressing underlying issues; and contribute to increased family stress and burden due to challenges in finding an affordable and suitable alternative placement. Data also show that race-based bullying is on the rise, and black and Latinx students who experience bullying are more likely to suffer academically than their white peers. Until the racial wealth gap and other forms of structural racism are eliminated, income alone will be insufficient for promoting diversity on college campuses nationwide.

4. Affirmative action helps colleges take steps toward greater equity in admissions

Overall, affirmative action is a mechanism that has allowed historically excluded groups to attend college. Students of color have long faced systemic barriers in the American education system, including exclusion, segregation, underfunding, fewer resources, and lower familial wealth. As a result, students of color are more likely to fare worse on the indicators of success that colleges evaluate for admission, making it harder for people of color to access top-tier public and private colleges. Race-conscious admissions practices, such as affirmative action, attempt to remedy these inequities by encouraging colleges to take a closer look at some of the nontraditional factors that could make a student successful—factors often overlooked in traditional admissions criteria.

Wealthier, often white, students are more likely to have had a parent that attended college—meaning those students are likely to benefit from practices such as legacy preference. In addition, white students are likely to have greater amounts of wealth and attend K-12 schools that provide multiple extracurricular activities, sports programs, and college prep resources. As a result, these students are particularly competitive applicants for top-tier institutions. Affirmative action allows colleges to use holistic reviews to consider race as one of many factors under evaluation when reviewing applicants. Therefore, affirmative action betters the chances of a student of color receiving fair, comprehensive consideration instead of being overlooked for admission.

5. Affirmative action helps promote social mobility

Despite the barriers low-income students and students of color face to gain access to higher education, research has shown that once admitted to top-tier institutions, low-income students complete their degree at higher rates and earn almost as much as wealthy students postgraduation. These findings suggest that all students, regardless of background, benefit from the value top-tier institutions provide. So while some argue that low-income students and students of color may be overwhelmed by the academic rigor at selective colleges, research suggests the opposite.

Affirmative action can help to level the playing field by ensuring all students—regardless of wealth, privilege, or background—have a chance to benefit from the advantages selective colleges provide. As a result, low-income students and students of color increase their chances of emerging from poverty and stepping into the middle class.

Conclusion

For decades, elite colleges and universities closed their doors to students of color. As a result, students of color remain vastly underrepresented at the country’s top-tier institutions. Affirmative action combats the effects of this discrimination by allowing colleges and universities to be more intentional in the ways they evaluate applicants. Put simply, affirmative action ensures colleges and universities provide opportunity to those historically shut out of the system because of their race, ethnicity, income, or identity. For this reason, it is critically important that policymakers and legislators work to protect the use of race-conscious admissions policies across the country. If not, inequality will continue to persist, and the American higher education system will fail to serve those that could benefit the most.

Connor Maxwell is a policy analyst for Race and Ethnicity Policy at the Center. Sara Garcia is a former senior research and advocacy manager for Postsecondary Education at the Center for American Progress.

5 Reasons to Support Affirmative Action in College Admissions (2024)

FAQs

What are the advantages of affirmative action? ›

Advantages. An obvious benefit of affirmative action is the opportunities they provide to people who otherwise might not have them. These opportunities include access to education for students who may be disadvantaged and career advancement for employees who may be blocked from rising up the corporate ladder.

What is the most important factor in college admissions? ›

Courses and Grades

A student's grades in college-preparatory classes remain the most significant factor in college admission decisions. Highly selective colleges look for students who: Complete core academic requirements.

What are some examples of affirmative action? ›

Affirmative action aims to right historic wrongs by favoring defined groups of individuals that were discriminated against in the past. For instance, a company might post jobs in areas with high numbers of minority job seekers to reach these under-represented candidates.

What elements will be important to you in the college admissions process? ›

According to an annual survey by the National Association of College Admission Counseling (NACAC), foremost among these are academics and admission test scores, with additional factors such as writing samples, recommendations and extracurricular activities rounding out the picture of an ideal candidate.

What is affirmative action in college admissions? ›

Affirmative action is defined as a set of procedures designed to; eliminate unlawful discrimination among applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future. Applicants may be seeking admission to an educational program or looking for professional employment.

Is it easier to get into college as a minority? ›

Yes race is a big factor in college admissions. You'll be competing with other asians who all typically have strong tests scores,gpa, and ECs rather than all applicants. Underrepresented minorities like blacks and latinos however typically aren't as competitive for these schools, so it is easier to get in for them.

What are the top 3 factors that determine your college acceptance? ›

What Are the Most Important Factors in College Admissions? According to a 2019 report from the National Association for College Admission Counseling, the top factors for admissions are overall high school GPA, grades in Advanced Placement or other college-prep classes and the difficulty of the student's curriculum.

What 3 things do you think are most important for colleges to know about you? ›

The Qualities Colleges Want

To gauge what students can bring to their campus, they look for these types of qualities: Leadership. A willingness to take risks. Initiative.

What do colleges look for the most? ›

KEY FACTORS IN COLLEGE ADMISSIONS
  1. Good Grades. Earning good grades is the most critical factor for college applications. ...
  2. Challenging High School Curriculum. ...
  3. Strong Standardized Test Scores. ...
  4. A Well-Written Essay. ...
  5. Extracurricular Participation and Leadership Skills. ...
  6. Diversity. ...
  7. Enthusiasm for the School. ...
  8. Letters of Recommendation.

Which of the following best describes affirmative action? ›

Affirmative action in the United States is the active effort to improve employment, educational, and other opportunities for members of groups that have been subjected to discrimination. Criteria for affirmative action include race, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnic origin, and age.

What is another word for affirmative action? ›

What is another word for affirmative action?
anti-discriminationequal opportunity
fair shakefair treatment
limited choicenondiscrimination
positive discriminationquota system
reverse discrimination
2 more rows

How do you create an affirmative action plan? ›

  1. Step 1: Develop and Post an Equal Opportunity Policy. ...
  2. Step 2: Assign Responsibility for AAP Review and Implementation. ...
  3. Step 3: Develop an Organizational Display. ...
  4. Step 4: Conduct a Workforce Analysis. ...
  5. Step 5: Perform a Job Group Analysis. ...
  6. Step 6: Conduct an Availability Analysis.

What are the top five factors colleges look at in deciding whether to admit a student? ›

What are the Most Important Factors in College Admissions?
  • Grades in college prep courses. ...
  • Strength of curriculum. ...
  • Admission test scores. ...
  • Grades in all courses. ...
  • Extracurricular commitment. ...
  • Letters of recommendation. ...
  • Essay or writing sample. ...
  • Demonstrated interest.

What is the top 10 rule when applying for college? ›

Top 10% Rule

To meet the requirements, you must graduate in the top 10% of your class at a recognized public or private high school in Texas or a high school operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and be a Texas resident or eligible to pay resident tuition.

What is a good essay for college application? ›

The traditional college application essay usually requires an open-ended personal statement in response to broad or general prompts that might have you share a story, reflect on an event, or discuss a topic.

Who qualifies for affirmative action? ›

For federal contractors and subcontractors, affirmative action must be taken by covered employers to recruit and advance qualified minorities, women, persons with disabilities, and covered veterans.

When did affirmative action start in education? ›

In the 1960s and 1970s, colleges and graduate schools began developing affirmative action policies to expand access to disadvantaged and underrepresented segments of society, including racial minorities.

What did affirmative action do? ›

Affirmative action involves sets of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which such groups are underrepresented - such as education and employment.

Does race play a role in college admissions? ›

Students aim to impress admissions officers with above-satisfactory grades and accolades from clubs, teams, or competitions. However, a component that does not often appear in one's mind when told the word “college,” plays a significant role in an application—race.

What percentage of students graduate affirmative action? ›

The dif- ference in graduation rates is larger, with 57% of affirmative action students graduating compared to 73% of their nonaffirmative action peers.

Does being multiracial help college admissions? ›

Many counselors will convey to families that a multiracial applicant — like one who is black and Chinese — often has a better chance of being admitted to a highly selective college than those in any other racial or ethnic category. When asked for advice by an applicant weighing whether to identify as multiracial, Mr.

What do college admissions counselors look for? ›

Admissions officers look at “hard factors” (GPA, grades, and test scores) and “soft factors” (essays, extracurricular activities, recommendations, and demonstrated interest) to gain a full picture of applicants.

What do highly selective colleges look for in applicants? ›

Many applicants to highly selective colleges have perfect GPAs, strong performance in AP and IB courses, sky-high SAT and ACT scores, amazing extracurricular and leadership resumes, enthusiastic letters of recommendation, and compelling personal statements.

How can I improve my college admissions process? ›

9 ways to increase college admissions and enrolment
  1. Create situations for Prospects to react first. ...
  2. Create a story of your institution. ...
  3. Nurturing student interest. ...
  4. Create the hype in your graduates. ...
  5. Beat the response time through Automation. ...
  6. Active and flexible engagement strategy. ...
  7. Power your technology.
10 Jan 2022

How do I make my college essay stand out? ›

Tips for a Stellar College Application Essay
  1. Write about something that's important to you. ...
  2. Don't just recount—reflect! ...
  3. Being funny is tough. ...
  4. Start early and write several drafts. ...
  5. No repeats. ...
  6. Answer the question being asked. ...
  7. Have at least one other person edit your essay. ...
  8. Test Your College Knowledge.

How do you answer why should we accept you into our college? ›

College authorities want to know more about your academic interests and commitments. Talk about the specific educational, research, and other academic opportunities offered by the college that appeal to you. Expand on this idea by talking about how these opportunities help support your future goals.

What do admissions officers look at first? ›

Admissions officers are looking for students that will best thrive and contribute to the unique milieu at their college. Specifically strong grades in a rigorous curriculum along with strong standardized test scores are seen first.

How do I sell myself to college? ›

  1. Make the grade. The first thing colleges want to figure out is whether you will thrive academically. ...
  2. Express yourself. ...
  3. Show a little love. ...
  4. Find your fans. ...
  5. Go for depth. ...
  6. Take the interview. ...
  7. Practice full disclosure. ...
  8. Clean up your online act.
16 Aug 2010

What GPA do colleges look at? ›

A transcript with a mix of A-s and B+s will produce a grade point average in the range of 3.5, which is an important cutoff for many colleges. In general, admissions officers want to see more As than Bs, so having an unweighted GPA of above 3.5 can make a big difference.

What is affirmative action in higher education? ›

Affirmative action in the United States is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" that include government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs.

What is the current affirmative action policy? ›

The affirmative action enacted by the government is presently in the form of reservation policies by granting quota to SC, ST, OBC and EWS in higher education and public employment.

What impact did affirmative action design have? ›

What impact was affirmative action designed to have? Affirmative action was designed to decrease discrimination based on race and gender in the educational and employment sectors. Policies required institutions to admit or hire quotas of individuals of certain racial ethnicities to increase representation.

What is it called when you hire someone based on race? ›

Race discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race (such as hair texture, skin color, or certain facial features).

Which of the following is considered to be the most plausible argument against affirmative action? ›

Of these four arguments, which of the following is the most plausible argument AGAINST affirmative action? Affirmative action violates the rights of white men to equal treatment.

When did affirmative action begin in the US? ›

On September 24, 1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, prohibiting employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin by those organizations receiving federal contracts and subcontracts.

What are the three basic elements of an affirmative action plan? ›

An affirmative action plan or program under this section shall contain three elements: a reasonable self analysis; a reasonable basis for concluding action is appropriate; and reasonable action.

What is an example of an affirmative action plan? ›

Affirmative action aims to right historic wrongs by favoring defined groups of individuals that were discriminated against in the past. For instance, a company might post jobs in areas with high numbers of minority job seekers to reach these under-represented candidates.

Why do we need an affirmative action plan? ›

This plan makes sure you are providing employment opportunities to all people. It ensures equality regardless of their race, gender, creed, or status as a disabled person. Not following this compliance can lead to serious penalties.

What are some of the benefits and costs of affirmative action policies? ›

Many companies now employ affirmative action policies as part of their business models, but there are still some pros and cons to this practice.
  • Advantage: Diverse Workplace. ...
  • Disadvantage: Creates a Stigma. ...
  • Advantage: Attracts New Customer Base. ...
  • Disadvantage: Perception of Reverse Discrimination.

What are the negative effects of affirmative action? ›

Affirmative action also implies inferiority, sending a message that minority students are not expected to do as well as white students. Both of these lead to a “debilitating doubt,” where many classmates and future employers view minority students or graduates as products of a policy and not of merit.

What are the benefits of preventing discrimination? ›

The benefits include:
  • a harmonious work environment.
  • increased productivity.
  • reduced absenteeism.
  • decreased turnover.
  • an environment of trust.
  • collaboration and cooperation between employees.
  • increased employee and customer/client satisfaction.
11 Apr 2017

What did affirmative action do? ›

Affirmative action involves sets of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to include particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which such groups are underrepresented - such as education and employment.

What is affirmative action in higher education? ›

Affirmative action in the United States is a set of laws, policies, guidelines, and administrative practices "intended to end and correct the effects of a specific form of discrimination" that include government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs.

Who are the beneficiaries of affirmative action? ›

Kentridge holds that the “legitimate beneficiaries of affirmative action are those disadvantaged by unfair discrimination, that is, those who are, or have been, disadvantaged by measures which impair their fundamental human Page 11 CASES / VONNISSE 449 dignity or adversely affect them in a comparably serious way” ( ...

Which of the following best describes affirmative action? ›

Affirmative action in the United States is the active effort to improve employment, educational, and other opportunities for members of groups that have been subjected to discrimination. Criteria for affirmative action include race, disability, gender identity, sexual orientation, ethnic origin, and age.

Why is affirmative action important in education? ›

Affirmative action remains necessary to provide legal protection to consider race in admissions as part of these institutions' efforts to create a diverse student population. Scientists play a crucial role in assuring equitable access to colleges and universities.

Are minority students harmed by affirmative action? ›

Most importantly, not a single credible study has found evidence that students are harmed by attending a more selective college. There may well be reasons to abolish or reform affirmative action policies, but the possibility that they harm the intended beneficiaries should not be among them.

What percentage of students graduate affirmative action? ›

The dif- ference in graduation rates is larger, with 57% of affirmative action students graduating compared to 73% of their nonaffirmative action peers.

Why is it important to address discrimination in schools? ›

Prevent and challenge discrimination

Help all children to feel good about their race, ethnicity, culture and faith. stereotypes which can undermine their wellbeing and sense of self. foundation stage upwards, schools can include work about acceptance and about avoiding stereotypes and prejudice.

Why is it important to prevent discrimination and promote equality and diversity? ›

Promoting equality and respecting diversity help to ensure that people are valued and have the same access to all opportunities whatever their differences. The Act also provides protection for individuals who experience discrimination by association with someone who has a protected characteristic.

How does diversity help prevent discrimination? ›

Research suggests that a lack of diversity and inclusion in the workplace can promote discriminatory behavior. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) concluded that harassment, which is a form of discrimination, is more likely to happen in the workplace with a lack of diversity.

When did college affirmative action start? ›

In the 1960s and 1970s, colleges and graduate schools began developing affirmative action policies to expand access to disadvantaged and underrepresented segments of society, including racial minorities.

What is another word for affirmative action? ›

What is another word for affirmative action?
anti-discriminationequal opportunity
fair shakefair treatment
limited choicenondiscrimination
positive discriminationquota system
reverse discrimination
2 more rows

Is affirmative action legal? ›

Now, affirmative action is legal if admissions programs seek to assemble varied student bodies, with race as one factor among many — but the enduring element of race is what is being challenged in court today.

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